Plant Vocabulary

1. Photosynthesis 2. Eukaryotic 3. Monocot

4. Dicot 5. Cotyledon 6. Roots

7. Stems 8. Leaves 9. Xylem

10. Phloem 11. Capillary action 12. Meristem

13. Apical meristem 14. Vascular Cambium 15. Gymnosperm

16. Angiosperm 17. Female cone 18. Male cone

19. Stamen 20. Carpel 21. Sepal

22. Petal 23. Stigma 24. Style

25. Ovary 26. Filament 27. Anther

28. Pollinator 29. Seed coat 30. Fruits

Define

PlantsWhat makes a plant a plant?

Plants are Eukaryotic.

Plants have cell walls.

Plants make their own energy through photosynthesis

What other characteristics can you recall?

What plants need to survive

1. Sunlight

2. Water

3. CO3. CO22 & Oxygen & Oxygen

4. Nutrient and water movement

Early Plants

Mosses and fernsEarliest relatives

Cooksonia – 470 MYA

Photosynthetic bacteria - as early as 1.5 BYA

(billion years ago)

Algae – around 750 MYA to 1 BYA

(million years ago)

All early plants were heavily dependent on water

Plant Distribution

0

50,000

100,000

150,000

200,000

250,000

1st Qtr

FloweringPlants235,000

Mosses15,600

Ferns11,000

ConeBearingPlants 760

Think of your everyday activities. Discuss the importance plants have on your daily life. In 4 to 6 paragraphs elaborate (give details) on 5 examples of how plants impact all of those activities.

Plant Essay:

I. Nonvascular Plants (Bryophytes):- lack tissue to move water and sap

throughout the plant- small, short plants that most live in

moist environment(mosses, liverworts, hornworts

Types of plants

II. Vascular Plants (3 Subdivisions):1. Seedless Vascular (ferns, horsetails, clubmosses)

- sperm travels in water to reach egg2. Naked Seed Vascular called Gymnosperms (Conifers, cycads, ginkos)

- Male cones release pollen in the spring, which is spread by the wind

- Female cones release sticky fluid to capture pollen

- Overtime, pollen burrows into female cone’s ovule to reach & fertilize egg

- Eventually cone falls and turns into conifer tree

Types of plants (cont’d)

Gymnosperm ReproductionGymnosperms have both male and

female cones

Male conesMale cones – usually found at the highest parts of the tree. Contain pollen that is carried by wind to female cones

Female conesFemale cones – usually found lower on the tree than male cones. Will open to take in pollen then close tightly for germination, then open again to release the seeds

II. Vascular Plants (3 Subdivisions):c. Protected Seed Vascular called Angiosperms (Flowering plants, grasses, deciduous trees)

- Angiosperms are seperated into 2 categories Monocotyledons (seeds which create 1 leaf when sprouting & Dicotyledons (seeds which create 2 leaves when sprouting)

- Flower grows to attract pollinators & house the ovule with eggs inside as well as holding sperm that will release pollen

- Once eggs are fertilized the ovule becomes fruit which protects the seeds

Types of plants (cont’d)

Flowering PlantsTwo different Types:

Monocots and Dicots1. Monocot Characteristics

Single Cotyledon – a seed that creates a single leaf at sprouting

Leaves with parallel veins

Flower parts in multiples of three (3)

Vascular tissue throughout the stem

Fiberous root system

Monocots are usually “grassy” plants

Examples : Corn, Bamboo, Sugar Cane, and grass.

2. Dicot CharacteristicsTwo cotyledons

Leaves with branched veins

Flower parts in multiples of four (4) or five (5)

Vascular tissue in a ring in the stem

Tap root systems

Dicots are usually non-grassy with branching stems which may be woody

Examples : Most trees, roses, daisies,

Comparative Characteristics.

Another view of the seeds of Monocots and Dicots

Plant Type QuestionsPlant Type Questions1. What is a gymnosperm? Angiosperm?2. Define Xylem and Phloem.3. Differentiate nonvascular and vascular

plant.4. Why most nonvascular plants live so close

to water?5. Why most seedless vascular plants live so

close to water?

Cell / Tissue Type Characteristics / Structure

Functions

Parenchyma

Collenchyma

Sclerenchyma

Dermal Tissues

Vascular Tissues

Ground Tissues

Meristematic Tissues

Plants are able to perform a variety of functions due to their specialized cells and tissues. Use resources available to you to fill in the table below.

Roots, Stems, and LeavesSeed plants generally have three structures

Roots - a system for absorbing dissolved nutrients and water, and anchoring.

Stems - a structure used to support the body of the plant, and store sugar.

Leaves - the main photosynthetic region of the plant.

How does a plant get water and nutrients around in the plant?

Xylem Tissue

- cells that make hollow tubes that are water-proof and allow water to rise in a plant (capillary action)

Phloem Tissue - cells that form tubes that allow foods and minerals to move in the plant

Xylem Phloem

How do plants grow?Meristematic Tissue - tissue that

allows the plant to grow up, down, or out.

Apical Meristem - the meristematic tissue that allows growth at the tips of the root and the tips of the branch

Vascular Cambium-meristematic tissue in the outer layer of the stem/trunk that allows growth outward (thicker)

Root tip

Bundles in a non-woody plant

Angiosperm Flower Parts(Complete flower)

Complete flowers have four parts.

1. Stamen – male part

anther and filament

2. Carpel (pistil) –female part

stigma, style and ovary

4. Petals – protection for flower as well as attracting

pollinators

3. Sepals – protection for flower during development

The Stamen have a stalk (filament) that is tipped with a pad (anther) covered in pollen grains that are barbed, or sticky.

The Carpel is “vase-shaped” with a ovary filled with waiting seeds, a long stalk (style), and a sticky top (stigma).

1. When a pollen grain reaches the stigma, it sticks and begins to grow a “root”.

Creation of a seed

2. The root of the pollen continues down the style until it reaches the ovary.

3. When it reaches the seed, it fuses with it and creates a fertilized seed.

Fruits are used to protect the seed, and also to get animals to eat the seed for dispersal elsewhere.

Once the Dicot seed is planted, it follows a very specific process.

1. It opens the seed coat and releases it’s embryonic root and stem

2. Upon emerging from the ground, the cotyledons open and the first leaves appear.

3. Meristematic tissue continues development past the first pair of leaves (both roots and stems) 1. 2. 3.

Monocots follow the same three steps.

1. 2. 3.