Plants are divided into four phyla

3 distinguishing features

• Leaves/roots/stems – true/deep/woody?

• Reproductive features – spores/cones/seeds?

• Another distinguishing features

• Knowing an example

Bryophyta

No true leaves or stems

Filicinophyta (Ferns)

• Roots, leaves and short stems

• Symbiotic rhizomes underground

• Have vascular tissue

• Up to 15m

• Leaves (Fronds) uncoil as develop.

• Sporangia (produce spores) grow under leaves.

• Spores released explosively to produce tiny gamete forming plant (haploid). This produces the zygote.

Angiospermophyta

(Flowering plants)

• Flowering plants – ovary & seeds

• Seeds dispersed through fruits

• Herbaceous or woody stems

• Vascular tissue

• Up to 100m

• Monocotyledons & Dicotyledons.

Name that Phyla! Giving a reason…

1. 2.

4. 3.

Animals are divided into six phyla

3 distinguishing features

• Symmetry (non/bilateral/radial)

• Body layers (mouth/anus/digestive system

present)

• Another distinguishing feature

• Knowing an example

Porifera

(Sponges) • Simplest multi-cellular animals

(colonies of cells)

• No symmetry

• Aquatic

• Sac-like structure 2 layers around central gastric cavity

• No Nervous System

• Cells specialise for – feeding

– support

– reproduction

• Feed on plankton

• Asexual budding

• Sexual free-swimming larva (dispersal)

Cnidaria (Jellies & anemones) (coelenterates = ‘hollow gut’)

• Aquatic

• Radial symmetry

• Body cavity is gut with single opening for ingestion and egestion (mouth – no gut)

• Body wall – Outer ectoderm (inc. stinging

cells on tentacles)

– Middle jelly mesoglea

– Inner endoderm

• Behaviour coordinated by mesoglea nerve net

• Body forms – Sessile (hydroid e.g.Hydra

and corals)

– Floating (medusa e.g. jelly fish)

– Have many stinging cells

Platyhelminthes (Flatworms)

• Flat unsegmented with 3 cell layers (triploblastic)

• No cavity (mesoglea) instead a mouth, branched gut but no anus

• Scavenging/ predation of small animals

• No circulatory system (flat so easy diffusion)

• ‘flame cells’ regulate water/ions and excretion

• Hermaphrodites but minimal self-fertilisation

• Free-living flatworms, or parasitic flukes and tapeworms

Taenia solium tapeworm

• Bilaterally symmetrical, segmented worms

• Intestine complete and regionally specialized (mouth & anus)

• Closed circulatory system

• Nervous system well developed.

• Paired, segmentally arranged bundles of epidermal setae

• Head consists of a presegmental prostomium and peristomium

• Sexes separate or hermaphroditic

• Marine, freshwater and terrestrial species

• May have bristles

Include earthworms and leaches

Meet Nereis commonly known as a ragworm

Not a millipede/centipede they are arthropods

Annelida (Segmented Worms)

Mollusca (mussels & octopi) • 2nd largest number of spp.

in a Phylum

• Aquatic e.g. Limpets; mussels (a few terrestrial e.g. slugs /snails)

• Soft, flexible bodies with little/no segmentation

• Head/flattened muscular foot/Hump or visceral mass (often coated by shell)

• Shell produced by tissue layer called the Mantle

• Gills (lungs) and Blood Circulation well developed

• Rasping, tongue-like radula used for feeding

Abdopus aculeatus octopus

Arthropoda (jointed limbs)

• 5 distinct groups – Crustaceans

– Arachnids

– Centepedes

– Millipedes

– Insects

• Segmented bodies

• Exoskeleton (chitin) which is regularly moulted

• Tubular heart and open blood circulation (in a haemocoel cavity)

• Nervous system (concentrated at front of body)

Arthropoda continued • INSECTS

• Body divided into

sections

– Head (Compound eyes and

pair of antennae)

• Mouthparts are modified

limbs

– Thorax (2 Pairs jointed legs

and 2 pairs wings)

– Abdomen

• Air is piped to tissues via

tracheae