PLANTS reviewChapters 29, 30, 38

Bryophytes & Pteridophytes Gymnosperms & Angiosperms

Angiosperm Reproduction

One of the four main types of land plants that contains mosses and lacks vascular tissue

BRYOPHYTES

Which is the dominant stage in the life cycle of this group? sporophyte gametophyte

gametophyte

One of the four main types of land plants that contains ferns and has vascular tissue

Pteridophytes

Which is the dominant stage in the life cycle of this group? sporophyte gametophyte

sporophyte

One of the four main types of land plants that contains flowering plants and possess vascular tissue

Angiosperms

Which is the dominant stage in the life cycle of this group? sporophyte gametophyte

sporophyte

One of the four main types of land plants that contains the conifers, have “naked” seeds, and vascular tissue

Gymnosperms

Which is the dominant stage in the life cycle of this group? sporophyte gametophyte

sporophyte

The mutualistic association of plant roots and fungi

mycorrhizae

90% of all plant species today are in which group?

Angiosperms(flowering plants)

Evidence suggests that land plants evolved from which group of protists 500 million years ago?

Green algae (Charophytes)

What evidence suggests that land plants evolved from green algae 500 million years ago?

•Both produce cellulose for cell walls in same unique way•Both only groups with peroxisomes (to reduce effects of photorespiration)•Similar sperm structure•Make cell plates during mitosis is similar way•Nuclear and chloroplast DNA closely related

If a plant is “nonvascular” it means it doesn’t have _____________xylem or phloem

The female gametangia in plantsis called the __________ archegonia antheridia

archegonia

All land plants have a life cycle that consists of two multicellular stage called

ALTERNATION OF GENERATIONS

Another key feature of plants isthe production of gametes inmulticellular organs called

gametangia

The gametophyte stage is__________

haploid diploid

haploid

The male gametangia in plantsis called the __________ archegonia antheridia

antheridia

The zygote produced by fusion of sperm and egg is ________ haploid diploid

diploid

What advantages did becomingterrestrial provide plants?

Increased sunlight (unfiltered by water)More carbon dioxide in air than watersoils rich in nutrientsfewer predators

The sporophyte stage is__________

haploid diploid

diploid

What challenges did plants facewhen they became terrestrial?

Lack of water, dessication, lack of structural support against gravity

The sporophyte divides using_________to produce spores.

mitosis meiosis

meiosis

The antheridia in the gametophyte produces____________Multiple sperm

The archegonia in a gametophyteproduces _____________

The gametophyte divides using_________to produce gametes.

mitosis meiosismitosis

a single egg

Which plant group requires water for their sperm to swim to the egg?

All seedless plantsBryophytes & Pteridophytes

Structures in the sporophytestage where meiosis occurs to produce spores sporangia

Spores produced by plants are____________

haploid diploid

haploid

The megasporagium, megaspore,and protective tissue around themmake an _________ovule

What are the 5 crucial adaptations that led to the success of seed plants?

•Reduced gametophytes (protects antheridia/archegonia)• Heterospory (2 types of spores)• Ovules (protect egg/developing zygote)• Pollen (no need for water)• Seeds

Megaspores produce______________Female gametophytes

The production of TWO types ofspores seen in seed plantsis called ___________heterospory

Microspores produce______________male gametophytes

A pollen grain contains____________2 sperm nuclei

Identify the following flower parts

Anther

filament

stamen1

2

34

5

6

7

8

9

10

stigma

style

ovary

Carpel

ovule

sepalpetal

In angiosperms and gymnospermsa male gametopyte

= a _______Pollen grain

What advantages do seeds havecompared to spores?

Seeds are multicellular with several layers of tissue protecting embryoSeeds have supply of stored energy so embryo can wait for good germination conditions and use stored energy for early growth

Plants with “naked” seeds arecalled __________Gymnosperms

In a flowering plant the mature ovaries are called _________fruits

Angiosperm that has onecotyledon in the seed, parallel leaf veination, scattered vascular tissue and flowering parts in multiples of threes

monocot

Give an example of the above

Corn, orchids, lilies, grasses

Angiosperm that has twocotyledon in the seed, net leaf veination, vascular tissue in a ring and flowering parts in multiples of fours or fivesEudicot (dicot)

Give an example of the aboveRoses, peas, beans, oaks

Flowering plants are classifiedin the PHYLUM ______________

ANTHOPHYTA

The stamens with anthers are the _________ part of a flower. male female

male

The ________ in a flower ismade up of the stigma, style, and ovary.

carpel

Plant pollen is _________ haploid diploid

haploid

Gymnosperms have seeds oftenexposed on modified leavescalled _________ cones

The carpel including the stigma and style is the_________ part of a flower. male female

female

CONTRAST MONOCOTS & DICOTS

one two

MONOCOTS DICOTSNumber of cotyledonsin seed

Vein pattern

Flower partsin multiples of ?

Location of vascular tissue

Examples

parallel net

Multiples of 3’sMultiples of 4’s & 5’s

Corn, orchids, lilies, grasses

Peas, beans, roses,oaks

scattered In ring

Mosses, hornworts, and liverworts belong in which group of plants?

Bryophytes (nonvascular plants)

As plants evolved from algae toangiosperms which generationincreases in dominance?

sporophyte

Most angiosperms are_____________ meaning theyhave both male and female parts on the same flower.

monoecious

Ferns, horsetails, club mosses belong in which group of plants?

Pterophytes

Ginko, cycads, Ephedra, and conifers belong in which group of plants?Gymnosperms

Plants with male and femaleflowers on separate plants arecalled _____________dioecious

Flowering plants belong in whichgroup of plants?

Angiosperms

How do monoecious plants preventself pollination?Male and female parts may be physically separated (anthers/stigmaat different heights) or mature atdifferent times.

Double fertilization is only seenin which group of plants?

Angiosperms

Seed leaves are called_____________cotyledons

CONTRAST PLANT REPRODUCTION

Mosses Ferns

Bryophytes Pteridophytes Gymnosperms

Angiosperms

Example

Dominantgeneration

Alternategeneration

How spermmove

Relationship ofgametophyte &sporophyte

Ginko, conifersFlowering plants

gametophyte sporophyte

sporophytegametophyte(small)

sporophyte(tree)

sporophyte

Requireswater to swim

Requireswater to swim

Sporophytegrows on topof & providednourishmentby femalegametophyte

Sporophyte grows out offemale archegonium of gametophyte;receives nourishment; independent atmaturity

Wind, insectscarry pollen

gametophyte(pollen, ovary)

Gametophytereduced in size;relies onsporophyte for protectionand nourishment

Wind, animalscarry pollen

gametophyte(pollen/ovule)

Gametophytereduced in size;relies onsporophyte for protectionand nourishment

Many angiosperms and theirpollinators show which pattern of evolution?coevolution

Endosperm is __ n3

7. _______________________

8. _______________________

9. ________________________

10. _______________________

Match the derived characters with the correct branch points in the diagram

embryos

Vascular tissue

From:Campbell and Reece Chap 30 Self quiz

seeds

flowers

FlowersEmbryosSeedsVascular tissue

Flowers that have both maleand female parts are called____________monoecious

Tell what happens to the 2 spermnuclei in double fertilizationOne sperm fertilizes the egg and becomes the embryo; the 2nd sperm nuclei fertilizes 2 polar bodies and becomes the endosperm

Plants that produce flowers that have either male or female parts, but not both are called _____________dioecious

Mature ovaries = __________fruits

In angiosperms diploid cells in pollen sacs(microsporangia) undergo ________ to make haploid microspores

mitosis meiosis

meiosis

In angiosperm reproduction, themale gametophyte = _________Pollen grain

In an angiosperm seed theembryonic root is called the__________radicle

In angiosperm reproduction,seeds grow into __________ gametophytes sporophytes

sporophytes

In angiosperms diploid cells in pollen sacs(microsporangia) undergo meiosis to make haploid _________________

microspores

In angiosperm reproduction, thefemale gametophyte = _________Embryo sac

In angiosperms diploid cells in ovules undergo meiosis to make 4 haploid _________________megaspores

In angiosperms, the ovule developsinto the _______ and the ovarydevelops into the __________

seedfruit

The transfer of pollen from theanther of a flower on one plant to the stigma of a flower on another plant is called _____________

pollination

The shoot tip with miniatureleaves attached inside a seed is called the _________epicotyl

Tell some mechanisms that prevent plants from self pollinating

Dioecious flowers- pollen making and egg makingflowers are on separate plants

Monoecious flowers- male and female parts are physically separated by height or mature at different times

Molecular barriers-biochemical block prevents pollen from same plant from developing pollen tube and fertilizing own egg