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Plants water and mineral movement
TracheidDescription: dead plant cells
Separate tubes for separate directly traveling water
More water can travel in more places
Vessel MemberDescription: dead plant cells
One huge tube for water transport
Movement of water in plantsProcess Explanation/details
1. Water moves down concentration gradients
Water moves through osmosis from an area of higher to lower concentration.
2. Water lost by transpiration is replaced by water from vessels
Water moves through osmosis from an area of higher to lower concentration. Water goes from a high water potential to area of lower water potential. (analogy: straw)
3. Vessel water column is maintained due to cohesion and adhesion
Charges in water molecules and xylem attract and repel each other to defy gravity.
4. Tension occurs in the columns of water in the xylem
A lot of water retained in xylem. Charges in water molecules and xylem attract and repel each other to defy gravity.
5. Water is pulled from the root cortex into xylem cells
This is caused by capillary action – this is when something is transport throughout the system through concentration difference.
6. Water is pulled from the soil into the roots
This is caused by capillary action – this is when something is transport throughout the system through concentration difference.
Reproduction in Angiosperms
Reproduction in Angiosperms
Flower Part Function
Sepals Support the petals and the rest of the flower
petals Attract pollinators by having pretty colours and scents
anther Pollen is produced and located here
filament Attaches the anther to the rest of the plant, makes pollen available to pollinator
stigma The top of the pistil, where the pollen enters
Style Holds up the pistil, path pollen takes to ovary
Ovary Where the “eggs” are, where fertilization takes place to form a zygote.
Reproduction in Angiosperms
Pollination Fertilization
1. When pollen is carried to plant by pollinators
2. Gametophyte generation: haploid3. Methods of Pollination: wind, water,
pollinators (insects, animals), artificial pollination
4. Types of Pollination: CROSS POLLINATION: across two different plants – creates genetic diversity of plants. SELF POLLINATION: within the same plant, No variation, increases harmful mutations, continuation of a specific species.
1. Sporophyte generation: diploids
1. Steps: after pollen is caught by the stigma, it
goes down the pollen tube within the style, into the ovules. The haploid cells of pollen fertilize the ovule haploids to produce a zygote.
Reproduction in Angiosperms
micropyle
hilum
Seed Part Functiontesta Protect the embryocotyledons Food for the embryoMicropyle Attaches the embryo to
food source, where the pollen once entered
Embryo root/shoot/radicle
The actual plant growth
Reproduction in Angiosperms
micropyle
hilum
Conditions for Seed germination
1. Warm temperatures: allows chemical reactions in seed to occur to start growth. Optimal temperature needed – too hot will denature proteins, too cold will slow down progress.
2. Moisture: not provided by the cotyledon, softens testa to allow embryo to grow
Reproduction in Angiosperms
Plant Type Flowering and light Examples
Long Day plants Bloom when days are longests and nights are shortest
Radishes, spinach, and lettuce
Short Day Plants Bloom in spring, late summer, and autum when days are shorter
Poinsettias, chrysantheumums, and asters
Day-neutral plants Flower without regard to day length Roses, dandilions and tomatoes
Reproduction in Angiosperms
Pr PfrRapid reaction
660 nm red light
730 nm red light
Pfr reverts to Pr in the dark very slowly
Growth Response(promoted
or inhibited)
Growth Response(promoted
or inhibited)