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Plate theory 1
Plate theory
Vibration mode of a clamped square plate
In continuum mechanics, plate theories are
mathematical descriptions of the mechanics of flat
plates that draws on the theory of beams. Plates are
defined as plane structural elements with a small
thickness compared to the planar dimensions.[1]
The
typical thickness to width ratio of a plate structure is
less than 0.1. A plate theory takes advantage of this
disparity in length scale to reduce the full
three-dimensional solid mechanics problem to a
two-dimensional problem. The aim of plate theory is to
calculate the deformation and stresses in a plate
subjected to loads.
Of the numerous plate theories that have beendeveloped since the late 19th century, two are widely
accepted and used in engineering. These are
the KirchhoffLove theory of plates (classical plate
theory)
The MindlinReissner theory of plates (first-order shear plate theory)
KirchhoffLove theory for thin plates
Note: the Einstein summation convention of summing on repeated indices is used below.
Deformation of a thin plate highlighting the displacement, the
mid-surface (red) and the normal to the mid-surface (blue)
The Kirchhoff
Love theory is an extension of
EulerBernoulli beam theory to thin plates. The theory
was developed in 1888 by Love[2]
using assumptions
proposed by Kirchhoff. It is assumed that there a
mid-surface plane can be used to represent the
three-dimensional plate in two dimensional form.
The following kinematic assumptions that are made in
this theory:[3]
straight lines normal to the mid-surface remain
straight after deformation straight lines normal to the mid-surface remain
normal to the mid-surface after deformation
the thickness of the plate does not change during a
deformation.
Displacement field
The Kirchhoff hypothesis implies that the displacement
field has the form
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Plate theory 2
where and are the Cartesian coordinates on the mid-surface of the undeformed plate, is the coordinate for
the thickness direction, are the in-plane displacements of the mid-surface, and is the displacement of the
mid-surface in the direction.
If are the angles of rotation of the normal to the mid-surface, then in the KirchhoffLove theory
Displacement of the mid-surface (left) and of a normal (right)
Strain-displacement relations
For the situation where the strains in
the plate are infinitesimal and the
rotations of the mid-surface normals
are less than 10 the
strains-displacement relations are
Therefore the only non-zero strains are in the in-plane directions.
If the rotations of the normals to the mid-surface are in the range of 10 to 15 , the strain-displacement relations
can be approximated using the von Krmn strains. Then the kinematic assumptions of Kirchhoff-Love theory lead
to the following strain-displacement relations
This theory is nonlinear because of the quadratic terms in the strain-displacement relations.
Equilibrium equations
The equilibrium equations for the plate can be derived from the principle of virtual work. For the situation where the
strains and rotations of the plate are small, the equilibrium equations for an unloaded plate are given by
where the stress resultants and stress moment resultants are defined as
and the thickness of the plate is . The quantities are the stresses.
If the plate is loaded by an external distributed load that is normal to the mid-surface and directed in the
positive direction, the principle of virtual work then leads to the equilibrium equations
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Plate theory 3
For moderate rotations, the strain-displacement relations take the von Karman form and the equilibrium equations
can be expressed as
Boundary conditionsThe boundary conditions that are needed to solve the equilibrium equations of plate theory can be obtained from the
boundary terms in the principle of virtual work.
For small strains and small rotations, the boundary conditions are
Note that the quantity is an effective shear force.
Stress-strain relations
The stress-strain relations for a linear elastic Kirchhoff plate are given by
Since and do not appear in the equilibrium equations it is implicitly assumed that these quantities do not
have any effect on the momentum balance and are neglected.
It is more convenient to work with the stress and moment results that enter the equilibrium equations. These are
related to the displacements by
and
The extensional stiffnesses are the quantities
The bending stiffnesses (also called flexural rigidity) are the quantities
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Plate theory 4
Isotropic and homogeneous Kirchhoff plate
For an isotropic and homogeneous plate, the stress-strain relations are
The moments corresponding to these stresses are
Pure bending
The displacements and are zero under pure bending conditions. For an isotropic, homogeneous plate under
pure bending the governing equation is
In index notation,
In direct tensor notation, the governing equation is
Transverse loading
For a transversely loaded plate without axial deformations, the governing equation has the form
where
In index notation,
and in direct notation
In cylindrical coordinates , the governing equation is
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Plate theory 5
Orthotropic and homogeneous Kirchhoff plate
For an orthotropic plate
Therefore,
and
Transverse loading
The governing equation of an orthotropic Kirchhoff plate loaded transversely by a distributed load per unit area is
where
Dynamics of thin Kirchhoff plates
The dynamic theory of plates determines the propagation of waves in the plates, and the study of standing waves and
vibration modes.
Governing equations
The governing equations for the dynamics of a KirchhoffLove plate are
where, for a plate with density ,
and
The figures below show some vibrational modes of a circular plate.
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Plate theory 6
mode k= 0,p = 1 mode k= 1,p = 2
Isotropic plates
The governing equations simplify considerably for isotropic and homogeneous plates for which the in-plane
deformations can be neglected and have the form
where is the bending stiffness of the plate. For a uniform plate of thickness ,
In direct notation
MindlinReissner theory for thick plates
Note: the Einstein summation convention of summing on repeated indices is used below.
In the theory of thick plates, or theory of Raymond Mindlin[4]
and Eric Reissner, the normal to the mid-surface
remains straight but not necessarily perpendicular to the mid-surface. If and designate the angles which the
mid-surface makes with the axis then
Then the MindlinReissner hypothesis implies that
Strain-displacement relations
Depending on the amount of rotation of the plate normals two different approximations for the strains can be derived
from the basic kinematic assumptions.
For small strains and small rotations the strain-displacement relations for MindlinReissner plates are
The shear strain, and hence the shear stress, across the thickness of the plate is not neglected in this theory. However,
the shear strain is constant across the thickness of the plate. This cannot be accurate since the shear stress is known
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Plate theory 7
to be parabolic even for simple plate geometries. To account for the inaccuracy in the shear strain, a shear
correction factor ( ) is applied so that the correct amount of internal energy is predicted by the theory. Then
Equilibrium equationsThe equilibrium equations have slightly different forms depending on the amount of bending expected in the plate.
For the situation where the strains and rotations of the plate are smallthe equilibrium equations for a
MindlinReissner plate are
The resultant shear forces in the above equations are defined as
Boundary conditions
The boundary conditions are indicated by the boundary terms in the principle of virtual work.
If the only external force is a vertical force on the top surface of the plate, the boundary conditions are
Constitutive relationsThe stress-strain relations for a linear elastic MindlinReissner plate are given by
Since does not appear in the equilibrium equations it is implicitly assumed that it do not have any effect on the
momentum balance and is neglected. This assumption is also called the plane stress assumption. The remaining
stress-strain relations for an orthotropic material, in matrix form, can be written as
Then,
and
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Plate theory 8
For the shear terms
The extensional stiffnesses are the quantities
The bending stiffnesses are the quantities
Isotropic and homogeneous Mindlin-Reissner plates
For uniformly thick, homogeneous, and isotropic plates, the stress-strain relations in the plane of the plate are
where is the Young's modulus, is the Poisson's ratio, and are the in-plane strains. The
through-the-thickness shear stresses and strains are related by
where is the shear modulus.
Constitutive relations
The relations between the stress resultants and the generalized displacements for an isotropic MindlinReissner plate
are:
and
The bending rigidity is defined as the quantity
For a plate of thickness , the bending rigidity has the form
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Plate theory 9
Governing equations
If we ignore the in-plane extension of the plate, the governing equations are
In terms of the generalized deformations , the three governing equations are
The boundary conditions along the edges of a rectangular plate are
ReissnerStein theory for isotropic cantilever plates
In general, exact solutions for cantilever plates using plate theory are quite involved and few exact solutions can be
found in the literature. Reissner and Stein[5]
provide a simplified theory for cantilever plates that is an improvement
over older theories such as Saint-Venant plate theory.
The Reissner-Stein theory assumes a transverse displacement field of the form
The governing equations for the plate then reduce to two coupled ordinary differential equations:
where
At , since the beam is clamped, the boundary conditions are
The boundary conditions at are
where
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Plate theory 10
Derivation of ReissnerStein cantilever plate equations The strain energy of bending of a thin rectangular plate of
uniform thickness is given by
where is the transverse displacement, is the length, is the width, is the Poisson's ratio, is the Young's
modulus, and
The potential energy of transverse loads (per unit length) is
The potential energy of in-plane loads (per unit width) is
The potential energy of tip forces (per unit width), and bending moments and (per unit
width) is
A balance of energy requires that the total energy is
With the ReissenerStein assumption for the displacement, we have
and
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Plate theory 11
Taking the first variation of with respect to and setting it to zero gives us the Euler equations
and
where
Since the beam is clamped at , we have The boundary conditions at can be found by integration by
parts: where
References
[1] Timoshenko, S. and Woinowsky-Krieger, S. "Theory of plates and shells". McGrawHill New York, 1959.
[2] A. E. H. Love, On the small free vibrations and deformations of elastic shells, Philosophical trans. of the Royal Society (London), 1888, Vol.
srie A, N 17 p. 491549.
[3] Reddy, J. N., 2007, Theory and analysis of elastic plates and shells, CRC Press, Taylor and Francis.
[4] R. D. Mindlin,Influence of rotatory inertia and shear on flexural motions of isotropic, elastic plates, Journal of Applied Mechanics, 1951,
Vol. 18 p. 3138.
[5][5] E. Reissner and M. Stein. Torsion and transverse bending of cantilever plates. Technical Note 2369, National Advisory Committee for
Aeronautics,Washington, 1951.
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Article Sources and Contributors 12
Article Sources and ContributorsPlate theorySource: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=534223791 Contributors: Bbanerje, Buenasdiaz, Dhollm, Gpayette, Hmains, Kahoolie, Mcapdevila, Mjohnrussell, Myasuda,
Nicoguaro, OnePt618, Pdcook, R'n'B, 6 anonymous edits
Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsImage:ESPIvibration.jpgSource: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:ESPIvibration.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Epzcaw
Image:Plaque mince deplacement element matiere.svgSource: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Plaque_mince_deplacement_element_matiere.svgLicense: Creative Commons
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