Please check, just in case…. APA Tip of the Day: Ampersand When there are two authors for a...
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Please check, just in case…
Please check, just in case…. APA Tip of the Day: Ampersand When there are two authors for a reference you cite, you need to cite both of them every time
APA Tip of the Day: Ampersand When there are two authors for a
reference you cite, you need to cite both of them every time. When
you cite them in a sentence, but not within parentheses, use and.
When you put the citation within a parenthesis (a parenthetical
citation), use an ampersand (&).
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APA Tip of the Day: Examples According to Gomez and Garcia
(2012), this is very interesting (p. 107). This is very interesting
(Gomez & Garcia, 2012, p. 107).
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Announcements 1.We will be talking about symbols next week.
Bring in some examples of symbols and icons to share with the
class. 2.I will assign the interventions within the next few days
send me an email by Friday morning with your THREE preferences.
Otherwise, I will assign you to one without your input.
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Quick questions or quandaries?
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Todays Topic: Cultural differences in the development of
communication
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Small Group Activity: What differences can you identify in how
children from different cultural groups are raised and how they are
taught to communicate? Focus primarily on differences during early
childhood.
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Video http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BT0kzF4A
-WQ&feature=related
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What does this have to do with students with intensive
communication needs?
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Does a student need to have fully developed their first
language in order to learn a second language?
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What is bilingual education? Who might be a good candidate for
it?
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What is the difference between ESL and Special Education? If we
are teaching a student to begin to use language, why would he/she
need ESL?
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Quick Write Why might it be important for teachers of students
with intensive communication needs to understand cultural
differences in communication/language development and language
socialization?
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What does it mean to know a language?
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Linguistic Competence Linguistic theory is concerned primarily
with an ideal speaker-listener, in a completely homogeneous
speech-community, who knows its (the speech communitys) language
perfectly and is unaffected by such grammatically irrelevant
conditions as memory limitations, distractions, shifts of attention
and interest, and errors (random or characteristic) in applying his
knowledge of the language in actual performance. (Chomsky, 1965, p.
3)
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Communicative Competence: the socially appropriate use of
language. (Paulston, 1992, p. xiv)
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Communicative competence involves knowing not only the language
code but also what to say to whom, and how to say it appropriately
in any given situation. It deals with the social and cultural
knowledge speakers are presumed to have to enable them to use and
interpret linguistic forms...
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Communicative competence extends to both knowledge and
expectation of who may or may not speak in certain settings, when
to speak and when to remain silent, whom one may speak to, how one
may speak to persons of different statuses and roles, what
appropriate nonverbal behaviors are in various contexts, what the
routines for turn-taking are in conversation,
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how to ask for and give information, how to request, how to
offer or decline assistance or cooperation, how to give commands,
how to enforce discipline, and the like - in short, everything
involving the use of language and other communication dimensions in
particular social settings. (Saville-Troike, 1989, p. 21)
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Five Language Parameters: 1.Phonological 2.Morphological
3.Syntactic 4.Semantic 5.Pragmatic
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Phonological differences Sounds and sound combinations that
occur in one language may not occur in another. This may cause
difficulties for a student who has a primary home language other
than English. Examples: ship/sheep, thumb, ski,
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Misconception Alert! It is important to know that studies
suggest that typically developing infants begin learning the
phonological system for their language community before they even
speak one word. Some studies suggest the effect of different
language environments can begun to be observed as early as six
months. (Stoel-Gammon & Menn, 1997).
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Morphological differences Not all languages put words together
in the same way. For example, English uses suffixes (two dog-s).
Other languages may be variable in morpheme order and/or the
morpheme may occur in a different place in the word. For example,
Portuguese has prefixes, suffixes, and mesoclises (in- fixes).
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Syntactic Differences Students with a home language other than
English may use a word order that differs from English. This might
be due to an influence (interference) of the home language, rather
than a language disorder. This can be true as well for students who
speak different varieties of English.
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Semantic Differences Words are rarely exact translations there
are subtle shades of meanings, even between people who assume they
are speaking the same variety. It is critical to understand what a
student means when s/he says something, rather than assuming that
s/he uses a words in the same way that we might.
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Differences in Language Use Turn-taking Interruptions Volume
Rate Eye gaze Gestures Proximity Repetition Silence/pauses Response
to direct questions Discourse structure Amount of assumed
information Context cues Questioning Joking Agreement
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Why is it important to understand cultural differences in
communication for students who might not have yet developed
language?
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Main Points: 1.There are significant and pervasive differences
in how children in different communities are raised, including
basic assumptions and expectations, which are revealed in how
adults (and older children) interact with infants and toddlers.
2.These differences play out in different ways of communicating eye
gaze, turn taking, nonverbal communication, proxemics, gestures,
etc.
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Main Points, cont.: 3.Language communities will differ in all
aspects of a language: phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics,
and pragmatics. 4.Language differences do not mean that an
individual has a language disorder. However, individuals with a
language disorder may also have a language difference. It is
critical to differentiate the two and address them
respectfully.
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Looking ahead Pre-symbolic vs. symbolic communication
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Please take a minute for the minute paper. And dont forget to
turn your phone back on.