NITRATE: AND PEIOSPETATE CONCI N'I'RA'TION

IN KOTA KINABALU CITY BIRD SANCTUARY

(KKCBS)

ANESII AiL GANASON

THIS DISSERTATION IS PRODUCED TO FULFILL A PART OF THE CONDITION

IN OBTAINING A BACHELOR OF SCIENCE WITH HONOURS DEGREE IN

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE

PLFUfTAKAAN UNIVERSRI MAIAý'. 14 SAPAN

SCHOOL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLO(IY

UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAH

KOTA KINABALU

FEBRUARY 2004

I

PF: 1(; AKI*Ati

Saya akul ini adalah hasil kerja saya sendiri kecuali nukilan dan rinbka_san yang setiap

satunya telah dijelaskan sumberma.

8 FFBRUAR12004

ANESH A/L GANASON

1152001-2597

ii

DIPF: RAKI'KAti ()I. F: 11

1. SUPERVISOR

(Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mohd. Harun Abdullah)

2. EXAMINER I

([)r. Anja Gassner)

3. EXAMINER 2

(Ms. Farrah Anis Fazliatul Adnan)

4. DEAN'

Si6mature

J

ý ý» ^ º'Z. ý-, ý

(Assoc. Prof. Dr. Amran Ahmed)

III

A('KtiOW I . F: D(: F: N1 F: ti7'ti

I would like to convey my sincere gratitute to my supervisor, Assoc. Prof. I)r. Mohd.

Harun Abdullah for his time, patience and guidance throughout the study.

The blessing and support from my father Mr. Ganason Vamathevan, my mother Mrs.

Selvamalar Muthuthamby and my sister Ms. Anucia Ganason will always be cherished

I would also like to thank Prof. A. Sasekumar from UM and Dr. S. Sivapalan from UKM

for their help in obtaining information for this study. I gratefully appreciate the co-

operation given by the manager and the stabs at the Kota Kinabalu City Bird Sanctuary

(KKCBS) for allowing me to obtain water samples from their vicinity. The guidance and

assistance by tijh. Zainab Aman and Pn. Habibah Awang Arsat will always be

remembered. Thank you to all my colleagues that had stood by me in making this study a

success. I would also like to thank UMS for providing financial aid in the form of IJMS

Grant no. B-0801-01-ER/U068.

ANESH A1L GANASON

HS2001 - 2597

iv

ABtiTRA('. 1.

This study provides information about the phosphate and nitrate concentration in water at

Kota Kinabalu City Bird Sanctuary (KKC13S). The levels of nutrients at KKC13S were

compared with the Interim Malaysian Water Quality Standards 1987. The findings will

act has a guideline for future recreational developments at KKCBS. Ultraviolet Screening

method was used to obtain the nitrate concentration and the Stannous Chloride method

was used to obtain the phosphate concentration. The phosphate levels were found to be in

the range of 0.01 - 0.07 mgl-' and nitrate levels were 0.003 - 0.012 mgl-'. The main drain

flowing through the sanctuary was found to be the main contributor of phosphate in the

water bodies and soil sediments are the main source of nitrate. KKCBS has a low

concentration of nutrients in the water compared to the Interim Malaysian Water Quality

Standards 1987 and Likas Lagoon. Future development at the area is considered feasible:.

ý

ANAI. ISIti

KAtiDI*ti(; Ati til'I'RA'1' DAti H`()tiNA"I'

DI TANIA\ BURU\(; K(YfA KI\ABAI. I (KK('Bti)

AßtiTRAK

Kajian ini memberikan maklumat tentang kandungan fosfat dan nitrat dalam air di Kota

Kinabalu City Bird Sanctuary (KKCBS). Paras nutrient dalam air dibandingkan dengan

Standard Kualiti Air Malaysia. Ilasil kajian mengenai paras nutrient ini juga akan

digunakan sebagai garis panduan kepada pembangunan rekreasi di kawasan tersebut pada

masa akan datang. Bagi memperolehi bacaan fosfat, kaedah penyaringan spektrometer

ultraunggu telah digunakan. Bagi bacaan nitrat pula, kaedah stannous klonda telah

digunakan. Paras fosfat yang diperolehi adalah berjulat antara 0.017 - 0.100 mgl" dan

paras nitrat yang diperolehi berjulat antara 0.001 0.012 mgl" . Didapati penyumbang

utama kepada nutrient dalam KKCBS adalah sebuah longkang besar yang mengalir

melalui kawa_san paya tersebut dan juga sedimen-sedimen tanah disitu. Perbandingan

dengan Piawai Interim Kualiti Air Malaysia 1987 Kelas lIB menunjukkan kandungan

nutrient dalam KKCBS adalah rendah. Selain itu perbandingan dengan Likas Lagoon

menunjukkan KKCBS mempunyai kandungan nutrient yang lebih rendah.. Ilasil kajian

ini menunjukkan bahawa pembangunan rekreasi dikawasan KKC13S holeh dijalankan.

`I

CONTENTS

PENGAKUAN

PENGAKUAN PEMERIKSA ii

ACKNOWLI: I)G1: MI: NI'S iii

ABSTRACT iy

ABSTRAK V

CONTENTS Vi

LIST OF I ABL S viii

LIST OF FIGLJRFS ix

LIST OF SYMBOLS x

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

I. I. Identification of Research 1

1.2. Objectives of Study 5

('IIAPTE: R 2 LITERATURE REVIEW

21. Water Quality Analysis 6

2.2. Nutrients 10

2.3. Mangroves 14

2.4. Usage of Wetland Products 17

2.5. Sampling Methods 24

2.6. Other Studies 29

2.7. Summary 38

CHAPTER 3 ME7'IIODOI, o(: 1'

3.1. Location 40

3.2. Sampling 44

3.3. Latx ratory Analysis 48

3.3.1. Ultraviolet Spectrophotometric Screening Method 48

33.2. Stannous Chloride Method 50

CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1. General Findings 51

4.2. Phosphate Concentration 54

4.3. Nitrate Concentration 64

% 11

('HAP'I'F R5 CONCLUSION

CHAPTER 6 RECOMMENDATIONS

REFERENCES

APPE11)1X

72

74

78

83

ýin

LIST OF TABLES

4. I. Temperature, pH and Electrical conductivity at KKCBS high tide 53

4.2. Temperature, pH and Electrical conductivity at KKCBS low tide 53

4.3. Phosphate concentration at KKCBS during low tide 54

4.4. Phosphate Concentration at KKCBS during high tide 55

4.5. Estimated Phosphate loading Values 57

46 Phosphate Comparisons of 1997 and 2003 Findings at KKCBS 59

4.7. Phosphate comparison in Likas Lagoon and KKCBS 61

4.8. Comparison of present study with the Malaysian Interim Water Quality 63

4.9. Nitrate concentrations in KKCBS during low tides 64

4.10. Nitrate concentration at KKCBS during high tide 65

4.11. Estimated nitrate loading values 66

4.12. Nitrate Comparisons of 1997 and 2003 Findings at KKCBS 68

4.13. Nitrate concentration in Likas Lagoon and KKCBS 70

4.14. Comparison of present study with the Malaysian Interim Water Quality 71

1\

LIST OF FI(; I RES

3.1. Plan of the sampling site in KKC 13S 43

3.2. Location of Sampling Stations 47

X

I. Iti'1, OF SYMBOLS

C Concentration

"C Degree Celsius

I'C Electrical Conductivity

IWQ Interim Malaysian Water Quality Standards

Gram

kg day-' Kilogram per day

KKCI3S Kota Kinabalu City Bird Sanctuary

mg Miligram

mgl-' Miligram per litre

ml Mililitre

m's- ' litre per second

nm Nanometre

NO2 Nitrate

Q Velocity x area

QxC Load

PO; '- Phosphate

ugml-' Microgram per millilitre

I

(IIAPlIRI

INTRODUCTION

I. I. Identification of Research

Water is the catalyst of' evolution and the sign of life Water is the only significant

element that differentiates earth from the rest of the planets in the universe. It is used in

every aspect of life. Water is an important element in the growth of cells and also in the

equilibrium system in the body. Domestic chores like bathing, cooking, washing are

usually done around water (Botkin & Keller, 2000). The basics of industrial development

revolve around water. Cooling agents, lubricants and some raw materials are water based.

The development of human civilization has brought the idea of water quality. The more

development there is the more pollution and the deterioration of water quality will occur.

(Tehbutt, 1971).

In Malaysia water quality is determined by looking into some major parameters

like dissolved oxygen (DO), biological oxygen demand (ROD), ammonium nitrate (Nll, -

N), chemical oxygen demand (COD), suspended solids (SS) pH value and nutrients

([X)l, 1987). Nutrients concentration in water is considered an important aspect to water

I

quality determination This is because many of the parameter involved are altered %%hen

nutrient levels in water are high 1I Jammer &I lammer Jr., 1996).

The main effect of high nutrient levels in water is eutrophication. Futrophication

is the overgrowth of' algae in the surface waters. l: utrophication can occur in fresh and

also saline water (i'rivedi and Raj, 1992). The overgrowth of algae and weeds will

decrease the level of dissolved oxygen in the water. Besides that some algae can also

produce toxins that could kill aquatic organisms and also in some cases cause death of'

human beings (St. Amand, 2002). As the level of [X) decreases the level of ROD

increases and also the population of bacteria and also viruses in water will increase. This

could lead to spread of diseases and also many fishes and birds that use the water will

perish (Coed, 2000). Besides that the increase of toxins in water will increase the p11

level and could lead to mutagenic aquatic organisms and even worse the water body

becoming dead.

These shows how important nutrients in water quality, because the impact of

nutrient pollution can cause all the other parameters to alter and also shows a overall

water standard. That is why looking into nutrient concentration in water is considered

important. Besides that social impact of nutrient pollution can be direct and indirect to

human beings. The decreasing of water standards could lead to the spread of diseases and

also lowering the health standards in a country (Hallis, 1990). Spreading of water borne

diseases like cholera, typhoid and denggi fever becomes much frequent. Besides that the

3

reduction of aesthetic values of water txxlies also reduces the activities of swimming and

also fishing. These sometimes could cause the increase of stress in peoples' lifestyle.

This study will discuss on nitrate and phosphate concentration in the water bodies

of a natural wetland in Sabah. Nitrate and phosphate are the major nutrients that are

looked upon in determining eutrophication in Malaysia (Spring, 1997). Besides that

nitrate and phosphate sources are related to daily human use. Activities related to

washing, farming and also maintenance contribute to these nutrients. The usage of

detergents, fertilizers and pesticides are some of the major contributors of' nitrate and

phosphate (Cunningham & Saigo, 1999). Subsurface runoffs and also groundwater

leachate delivers these nutrients into water sources (Magmedov, 1987). When there is an

excess of nitrate and phosphate in water eutrophication will occur that reduces the quality

of' water. Subsequently this occurrence will change all the other parameter in the

determining the water quality.

The study site is a coastal wetlands subjected to the impact of fresh water and also

saline water Pollution of phosphorus in fresh water will ignite cutrophication while

nitrate causes the same effect in saline water (Correll, 1998). So the effect of both

nutrients can be seen in the wetlands. Besides that the location of study is also a

recreational area. Having information of nutrient concentration in this area will aid the

government in making decisions on further recreational development in that area.

4

Wetlands can be transfiarmed to ecological recreational spots. Wetlands hale a

rich hiodiversity of species. Variation of trees and also wetlands are habitats of aquatic

organisms and also avian organisms (Bandaranavake, 20(X)). This rich ecological treasure

within the city like the Kota Kinabalu Bird Sanctuary can be developed to attract people

to enjoy the environment. Having such a facility within the city is convenient ft r school

children to be exposed to the environment and learn to appreciate it. Besides that by

providing substantial information of water quality will also help in introducing boating,

fishing and also swimming activities in that area. This will make interaction between

humans and nature even closer. When awareness of protecting the environment is

developed among the public, only than conservation of the cnironment will become

successful (Davison, 2001).

This study will look at nitrate and phosphate concentration in the water bodies of

Kota Kinabalu City Bird Sanctuary (KKCBS). The finding is used to evaluate the water

quality in that area and also provide information to the management whether future

development for recreational usage is feasible or not.

S

1.2. Objectives of Study

The main purpose of this study is to achieve these objectives through out the period of

study

I. To obtain the concentration of nitrate and phosphate in the water body of Kota

Kinabalu City Bird Sanctuary

2. To evaluate the quality of water at Kota Kinabalu City Bird Sanctuary for

recreational and natural usage.

3. To compare nitrate and phosphate concentration in Kota Kinabalu Bird Sanctuary

with other location in Sabah.

6

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Water Quality . 1nal}sis

Water quality is based on the characteristics of any physical, chemical and biological

components in the water body. This can he the pi I level, salinity, conductivity, suspended

solids, dissolve oxygen level, biological oxygen demand, L'AchericI ul cob population,

nutrient concentration, heavy metals, chancing temperature and many more attributes

(Kotkin 2000). The concern of determining water pollution is to see whether is there any

significant changes in levels of attributes that cause a negative impact to organisms and

also the environment surrounding it. In general we can say that water pollution refers to

any type of aquatic contamination between two extremes.

The National Water Commission of India 1973 quoted that water are polluted if

its usage cannot be maximized by human beings because of its insufficient standard of

water quality (Trivedi & Raj, 1992) .

This shows that determining the quality of a water

body is considered the very first step in distributing and also to maximize the usage of

water. By determining the water quality a scientist can extrapolate the actual

7

charactenstic of the water and will be able to suggest the correct purification actions and

also mitigation measures to counter the pollution if then: is any (Trivedi & Raj, 1992).

The quality of water is determined by comparing analyzed results of water

samples with a particular standard. Standards differ from one country to another so the

level of a water quality also differs from one place to another. This is because there are

many outside factors that affect the standards of a particular country. First of all there is

the meteorological aspect, which is out of control of scientists. The weather changes from

one region to another. Besides that the geological aspect of a region is also important.

"These two aspects give significant variances of the standards (Trivedi, 1992).

Meteorological and geological aspect also determines the distribution of

organisms' habitats. Some organisms can be found in one area but cannot be found in

another and in some place one can witness all of the organisms living together in the

same area. So having a standardize water quality standard could cause a problem to the

environment if there is wrong interpretation of mitigation measures and pollution control

by altering the concentration of attributes in the water bcxiy. These actions will not

protect or save the environment but destroy it because the natural condition has been

tampered with. Wrong mitigation or conservation measures can also be considered

polluting (Corbett, 1998).

9

To prevent this from occurring extensive water analysis should be done to

improve or create water standards. This kind of research needs a lot of resources and also

researchers from various fields to obtain the right results. This has been very successful

in developed countries but there is lack of research and also the resources in developing

countries and also the underdeveloped. According to Spring (1997), sustaining of' the

economy is the main priority and environmental issues are not given the limelight

because of its unimportance. To save cost these countries make do with the limited

research that have been done in these regions to make their own standards and to provide

a formidable application for water analysis. Sad to say that most of it does not portray the

actual situation because using standards from other countries which are too ngid and

scrutinise makes recovery projects cost demanding. So the public are supplied with lower

quality water and this causes the spread of diseases like typhoid.

Much pain and rigid analysis is done for the evaluation of water for drinking

supply. This analysis covers the physical-chemical and biological aspect of the water

body. This is because humans become into close contact with water and the health

condition is taken into consideration. All aspect of the attributes is compared with

national health standards and other standards that are relevant. E)etermining the

population of coli forms in the water helps scientist to avoid outbreaks of pathogenic

diseases. Heavy metals and toxins in water should be in a scare concentration because

these could lead to cell mutation and also other health complications (Corbett, 1998).

y

Water analysis can also be used l or economic purposes, in the sense of'developing

aquaculture activities, food processing and also in the tourism activities. The main

attributes that are looked into are the distribution of nutrients, metals and also the level of

dissolve oxygen in the water. A few other analyses on biological parameter like the

population of coil form is also taken into consideration to allow the development of beach

side resorts. With the information of these analyses obtain it help entrepreneurs to

develop their industries and maximize productions. Besides that it also gives the

authorities the guidelines to execute monitoring processes to prevent pollution from

abundance of these industries. But compared to analysis on drinking water supply,

analysis on industries are not that complex or rigid but stern enough for the idea of

protecting the quality of the water.

10

2.2 Nutrients

In this thesis water quality analysis will look into nutrient concentration in the wetlands.

Nutrient analyses are important in water quality standards if there is extensive vegetation

and animals that makes water its natural habitat. Nutrients can be contributed naturally

through erosion and anthropogenic ally through farm runoffs ('I'riýedi, l99? ) I Pere we

will look into two major organic nutrients that are found in water bodies. These nutrients

are nitrates and phosphates. The concentration of these nutrients are minute in water and

if there is any excess of these nutrients in the water, an unnatural burst of alga blooming

will occur at the surface of water which is known as euthrophicunun (Cunningham &

Saigo, 1999). This is because these nutrients help in accelerations of growth in plants and

is an important nutrient but available in a scares amount in the water.

The main contributors to nutrient lodging in water bodies are agriculture

activities, domestic sewage disposal, detergents and industries linking with the usage of

nitrogen and phosphate based products like pulp and paper, fertilizer and also the

extraction of coal (Parker, 1977). Agriculture activities that are a concern are livestock

breeding, disposal of manure, and usage of fertilizer and also disposal of waste products.

These items are either dumped directly to water sources or are transported deliberately in

to water by storm water runotTs and subsurface runoffs (Trivedi, 1992).

II

According to Hammer (1996), the common förms of nitrogen substance are in the

form of ammonia, nitrate, nitrite and other oxidised forms. In %%astewater the form of

nitrogen substance as follows in a decreasing oxidation order, nitrate, nitrite, ammonia

and other nitrogen substance (API IA, 1988). The contributors of nitrate are disposal from

Poultry farms and also other livestock like cattle and pigs. The most obvious source is the

manure of these animals that contain a rich source of nitrate in the form of ammonia.

Cw`aoe dt, mnino by local municipal into waters also contributes to the rise of nitrate:

level. Beside that nitrate is also a by-product of coal extraction. This occurs during the

coke period of the whole process (Trivedi, 1992). Fertilizers also are main causes of

nutrient influx Ruinnf % from cropland that have a rich concentration nf'fi'rtili/ere an' the

main contributors. In the United States it shows that about 80-2001h of nitrate based

fertilizer and about 10-401b of phosphate based fertilizers are used in per acre of farmland

(Parker, 1977).

Phosphorus appears has orthophosphates, condensed phosphates (gyro-, meta-,

polvphosphorus) and organically bounded phosphates in water or wastewater

(APHA, 1999). All elements of phosphorus will hydrolyse in water to become in the

ortho form which is much stable and in certain conditions decaying organic compounds

will compost in the water to release phosphorus (Hammer, 1996). According to lrivedi

(1992), detergents are the main contributors of phosphate in the water. Phosphate was

used has the main hate. of deteme'nts during 1970s This is because of the ability of the

phosphorus as a cohesion entity to combine water and hydrocarbons together. Phosphates

can also be found in high concentration in domestic waste and sewage (Parker, 1977).

12

The main reason of nutrient study in water is the ability of these elements to alter

water conditions. L'uthrophicanon is the excessive growth of phytoplankton and blue-

green algae in the water surface (l'arker, 1977). Has we know that these nutrients are

found in small quantities in high quality water. But with the influx of these nutrients into

water will provide extra food to the organisms in the water. This will trigger a bloom of

algae and phytoplankton in an absurd volume. The blooming will cover the surface of the

water body and these will disturb the entry of sunlight (Cunningham & Saiga, 1999).

These will cause organisms in the bottom to suill sate and die because the lack of

oxygen. Besides that the algae and phytoplankton will also discrete toxins that will

release odours and also toxin in the water in the form of ammonia.

The normal level of nitrates and phosphates in natural water and also tier

recreational purposes differs from one country to another. This will be discussed later in

the study. According to the [X)F. Malaysian Interim Water Standards (1987), it is allowed

that the water body contains about 7 mg/I of nitrate and 0.2mg/I of phosphate. These: are

only a standard based on various locations in the country But the change of time and also

land use could alter the natural level of nutrients. The reading could be higher but there is

no sign of euthrophuunon shows that the standard is only a guideline and gives one an

idea of what to expect. In the United States there was a study done in the Savage River,

Maryland that shows that the natural level of phosphorus in water was 0.004-0.2mg I and

the level of nitrate was about 04-1.5mg/I (Mary land, 200 I). Here we can see a difTerence

in the standard so sampling and comparing with surrounding data is the best way to

identify whether the nutrient level is high or low.

13

The emergent of certain algae and macrophytes species have become indicators of

sedimentation of nitrate and phosphorus in water. According to a study done by Malthus

et al (1990), these occurrences help in recycling phosphorus in lakes. The decaying of

these species at the end of each growing season affects the level of nutrients in the water

column in lakes. When the population level of these organisms increase it gives an

indication that there is an excess of nutrients in the water. These organisms use the

nutrients to multiply and metabolise energy. The concentration of nutrients will be

transferred from the water into the biomass of these organisms. When overpopulation

arises the marcrophytes will start to decay and the biomass is trapped in the body.

Sedimentation of the body will indirectly trap all the nutrients and consequently remove

the nutrients from the water. The study shows how these organisms help in recycling

nutrient.

Researches on nutrients in water quality have been done extensively in many

countries like the United States, Africa, Netherlands, South Asia and South East Asia and

also the Scandinavian Peninsular. But researches on nutrients in the waters of wetlands

are quite limited in this part of the region. There are a lot of these researches done in the

west especially in the United States and Scandinavia. The reason of this effect is because

the distributions of wetlands are limited in the world and also the aspect of resources for

research. So before we go into depth on nutrient concentration in wetlands water we

should get familiar with what are wetlands.

78

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