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Plug-in Hybrid School Bus Update
Ken DulaneyAdvanced Energy
Presentation Outline
Project HistoryWhy plug-in hybrids?Performance and MonitoringNext Phases
Who is Advanced Energy?
An independent non-profit located in Raleigh, NCOur mission is to create economic, environmental and societal benefits through innovative and market-based approaches to energy issues.Focus on solutions that are economically viable, environmentallyresponsible and reduce energy consumptionWe work in residential, commercial, industrial, and transportation markets
Plug-in Hybrid School Bus Project
Collaborative effort with manufacturers, operators and environmental agenciesIdentified market barriers and reduced risk where possibleFunding support from NC utilities, NC DENR, NC SEO, US DOE, US EPA, and AEGoal is to change the marketplace
How did we get here?
4 PhasesI. Feasibility Study (2003-2005)II. Pre-Production Operation (2006-2009)III. Fleet Testing (2008-2012)IV. Full Market Deployment (2013)
• Technical Feasibility• Business Feasibility• Overall FeasibilityCompleted
How did we get here?
4 PhasesI. Feasibility Study (2003-2005)II. Pre-Production Operation (2006-2009)III. Fleet Testing (2008-2012)IV. Full Market Deployment (2013)
• 20 Bus Purchase• Data Gathering
• Emissions• Fuel Economy• Maintenance
National Scope
• North Carolina (2)
• South Carolina (2)
• Florida (2)
• Virginia (1)
• Washington DC (1)
• Pennsylvania (1)
• New York (2)
• Arkansas (1)
• Iowa (2)
• Washington (2)
• California (1)
• Texas (2)
RFP for buses in June 2006IC Corporation selected based on specific criteria> 80 kW parallel plug-in hybrid > 28 kWh Li-Ion pack from Valence> $140k incremental cost
First buses delivered to Bradenton, FL in March 2007
Bid Award to Buses Delivered
Enova Systems Components
Battery Box
Hybrid Cooling
Motor
MCU
Enova Systems Components
Manatee County Charging
Estimated Benefits
Plugging-in is optional90-100% increase in fuel economy for the first 45 miles40% increase for remainder90% reduction in PM60% reduction in NOxIncreased engine, transmission, and brake lifeElectricity cost of 60¢/gallon equivalentOption for renewable electricity at $1 per gallon
Performance and Monitoring
Web reportingIC AwareEnova LoggingEmissions Testing
Web Reporting
Web Reporting
Fuel Economy Comparison
0.0
2.0
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3/9 4/28 6/17 8/6 9/25 11/14
MPG
Manatee H 1Manatee H 2Manatee C 1Manatee C 2
Web Reporting
Fuel Economy Comparison
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2.0
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4/8 4/28 5/18 6/7 6/27 7/17 8/6 8/26 9/15 10/5 10/25 11/14
MPG
Columbia HColumbia CNazareth H 1Nazareth H 2Nazareth C 1Nazareth C 2Napa HWake H
Web Reporting
0.00
1.00
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7/17/2007 7/27/2007 8/6/2007 8/16/2007 8/26/2007 9/5/2007 9/15/2007 9/25/2007 10/5/2007
Date
MPG
Not Plugged In
Plugged In
Wake County, N.C., Hybrid School Bus
Web Reporting
Average Fuel Economy
0.0
1.0
2.0
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AVG
MPG
Columbia HColumbia CNazareth H 1Nazareth C 1Nazareth H 2Nazareth C 2Napa HWake HManatee H 1Manatee C 1Manatee H 2Manatee C 2
IC Aware
Parameters> Fuel economy> Speeds> Stops> Fleet location> Odometer
> Engine run time> Brake count and duration> Alert reports
Fault conditionsOut of range parameters (rapid accelerations or decelerations)
IC Aware
IC Aware
IC Aware vs Web Reporting
Average Fuel Economy
0.0
1.0
2.0
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AVG
MPG
Columbia HColumbia CNazareth H 1Nazareth C 1Nazareth H 2Nazareth C 2Napa HWake HManatee H 1Manatee C 1Manatee H 2Manatee C 2
IC Aware Data
Enova Logging
Monitors hybrid system operationDetailed output every second> Speed, SOC, Voltage, Current, Gear, RPM, Motor
Temperature, Brakes, Throttle, etc.
Enova Logging
Power Versus Speed
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Speed (mph)
Pow
er (k
W) First Gear
Second GearThird GearFourth GearFifth Gear
Emissions Testing
Portable analyzer and Large Chassis DynamometerCorrelate engine operations and drive cycle with emissions
Next Steps
2 Year period of watching and recording emission, fuel economy, maintenance, general operation and driving performance. Program will be expanding with utility support> Approximately 300 buses> Estimated $80,000 incremental cost
Form on website for emailed program updates
Incremental Cost per Unit
$0
$40,000
$80,000
$120,000
$160,000
$200,000
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000Number of Units Sold
Incr
emen
tal C
ost (
$)
Cost Share
$0
$40,000
$80,000
$120,000
$160,000
$200,000
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000Number of Units Sold
Incr
emen
tal C
ost (
$)
Push vs. Pull Methodology
R&D Deployment
Leve
l of A
ctiv
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nd F
undi
ng
Time (Years)
Push Methodology
R&D Deployment
Leve
l of A
ctiv
ity a
nd F
undi
ng
Time (Years)
Insert Money and Effort Here
Pull Methodology
R&D Deployment
Leve
l of A
ctiv
ity a
nd F
undi
ng
Time (Years)
Insert Money and Effort Here
Balanced Methodology
R&D Deployment
Leve
l of A
ctiv
ity a
nd F
undi
ng
Time (Years)
Insert Money and Effort
Here and Here
Advanced EnergyHybrid Buses
Plug-In Conversions
AE as Facilitator
School Districts
Bus Manufacturers
Drive Manufacturers
Battery Manufacturers
Government Agencies
