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Ein EU-LIFE Projekt Klagenfurt Graz Bozen
PM10 modeling for the city ofKlagenfurt, Austria
Dietmar ÖttlChristian KurzWolfgang Hafner1
Peter Sturm
Graz University of Technology1Department of Environment Protection Klagenfurt
Ein EU-LIFE Projekt Klagenfurt Graz Bozen
Model Model aproachaproach
NEMO (Network Emission Model, Rexeis et al. 2005)enables detailed calculation of traffic emissions fordifferent vehicle categories for large road networks.
GRAMM (Graz Mesoscale Model, Oettl 2000)prognostic non-hydrostatic.terrain following grid (tetrahedronal, Almbauer 1995).
GRAL (Graz Lagrangian Model, Oettl et al. 2000, 2002,2003a,b,c)all wind speed (>70% u<1.5m/s), stability conditionstopographyline-sources, point-sources, tunnel portals, areasources.
Ein EU-LIFE Projekt Klagenfurt Graz Bozen
Non-exhaustNon-exhaust PM10 PM10 emissionemission factorsfactors
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
0.90
1.00
Jan Feb Mär Apr Mai Jun Jul Aug Sep Okt Nov Dez
EF
[g
/km
/ve
h]
Völkerm. TSP 2003
Völkerm. TSP 2004
St. Veiter Str. 2005
Völkerm. PM10 2004
Ein EU-LIFE Projekt Klagenfurt Graz Bozen
Total PM10 Total PM10 emissionemission factorsfactors
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
Gehrig et al.
2003
Omstedt et
al. 2005
Ketzel et al.
2005
This study
Total PM10 EF
[g/km/veh]
Share of dieselPC in A: >50%
Ein EU-LIFE Projekt Klagenfurt Graz Bozen
Emission inventory fordomestic heating for 2001[kg/a/ha]
Emission Emission inventoryinventory forfor Klagenfurt Klagenfurt
Ein EU-LIFE Projekt Klagenfurt Graz Bozen
Wind Wind fieldfield simulationssimulations
Ein EU-LIFE Projekt Klagenfurt Graz Bozen
Wind Wind fieldfield simulationssimulations
Ein EU-LIFE Projekt Klagenfurt Graz Bozen
AQ AQ simulationssimulations withwith GRAL GRAL
• Public transport not included yet.
• Relatively high uncertainty regarind non-exhaust PM10EF.
• Evaluation using NOx has still to be done.
• Winter services are not considered yet.
Ein EU-LIFE Projekt Klagenfurt Graz Bozen
AQ AQ simulationssimulations withwith GRAL GRALTraffic-exhaustTraffic-non-exhaustDomestic heatingTradeAgriculturing
Ein EU-LIFE Projekt Klagenfurt Graz Bozen
AQ AQ simulationssimulations withwith GRAL GRALTotal PM10 annualmean [µg/m³]
Ein EU-LIFE Projekt Klagenfurt Graz Bozen
ComparisonComparison withwith observedobserved annualannual meanmean PM10 PM10
y = 1.07x + 20.88
R2 = 0.87
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0 5 10 15 20
GRAL (without background) [µg/m³]
obse
rved
[µ
g/m
³]
Ein EU-LIFE Projekt Klagenfurt Graz Bozen
Total PM10 annualmean [µg/m³]
Background
43.1%
Traffic
11.8%
Non-Exhaust
30.0%
Agriculture
1.0%
Domestic heating
8.8%
Trade
5.3%
Südring
annual mean PM10
Background
52.8%Non-Exhaust
19.8%
Agriculture
0.3%
Domestic heating11.8%
Trade
6.4%
Exhaust
8.9%
Völkermarkterstraße
annual mean PM10
Background
67.8%
Traffic
4.2%
Non-Exhaust
10.7%
Agriculture
0.2%
Domestic heating
10.4%
Trade
6.5%
Koschatstraße
annual mean PM10
AQ AQ simulationssimulations withwith GRAL GRAL
Background
81.5%
Traffic
2.5%
Non-Exhaust
4.9%
Agriculture
5.6%
Trade
1.7%
Domestic heating
3.8%
Hörtendorf
annual mean PM10
Ein EU-LIFE Projekt Klagenfurt Graz Bozen
Brief Brief summarysummary
Direct traffic contribution PM10urban background - kerbside 15%-45%
Regional backgroundkerbside >50%urban background >70%
More research necessary toget a better understandingof the formation of highregional background
Ein EU-LIFE Projekt Klagenfurt Graz Bozen
NowcastingNowcasting System Klagenfurt System Klagenfurt
GRAL
Data bank:
Stored 2-D concentrationfields for different sourcesand dispersion conditions
(about 1000/source)
Sonic anemometer
Online-traffic data
Hourly surface concentrations
Online background PM10
Ein EU-LIFE Projekt Klagenfurt Graz Bozen
OutlookOutlookSimulated mean wind speeds for thecity of Graz
Ein EU-LIFE Projekt Klagenfurt Graz Bozen
Chem. AnalysenChem. Analysen
TU-WienTU-Wien, Puxbaum et al., 2004., Puxbaum et al., 2004.
Messstelle AKH-Wien (städt. Hintergrund)
direkter Verkehrsbeitrag: 19%Auspuff: 8%
Ruß: 5%org. Material: 3%
Reifenabrieb: 1%org. Material: 1%
Aufwirbelung: 10%Mineralien: 7%Ca, Mg: 3%
Ein EU-LIFE Projekt Klagenfurt Graz Bozen
ChemicalChemical analysisanalysis in in ViennaVienna (Puxbaum et al., 2005)(Puxbaum et al., 2005)
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Jun-
99
Jul-9
9
Aug-9
9
Sep-9
9
Oct
-99
Nov
-99
Dec
-99
Jan-
00
Feb-0
0
Mar
-00
Apr-0
0
May
-00
µg
m-3
UNID
Fe
Carbonates
Minor Ions
OC
Ein EU-LIFE Projekt Klagenfurt Graz Bozen
WindfeldsimulationenWindfeldsimulationen
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4N
NNE
NE
ENE
E
ESE
SE
SSE
S
SSW
SW
WSW
W
WNW
NW
NNW
0
2
4
6
8
10
12N
NNE
NE
ENE
E
ESE
SE
SSE
S
SSW
SW
WSW
W
WNW
NW
NNW
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4N
NNE
NE
ENE
E
ESE
SE
SSE
S
SSW
SW
WSW
W
WNW
NW
NNW
0
2
4
6
8
10N
NNE
NE
ENE
E
ESE
SE
SSE
S
SSW
SW
WSW
W
WNW
NW
NNW
0
5
10
15
20N
NNE
NE
ENE
E
ESE
SE
SSE
S
SSW
SW
WSW
W
WNW
NW
NNW
Ein EU-LIFE Projekt Klagenfurt Graz Bozen
ObservedObserved annualannual meanmean PM10 PM10 concentrationsconcentrations
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Salzburg Klagenfurt Graz
Annual m
ean P
M10 [
µg/m
³]
Local traffic
Urban background
Rural background
Regional background
GW
Ein EU-LIFE Projekt Klagenfurt Graz Bozen
ObservedObserved annualannual meanmean PM10 PM10 concentrationsconcentrations
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Salzburg Klagenfurt Graz
Local traffic
Urban background
Rural background
Regional background
Ein EU-LIFE Projekt Klagenfurt Graz Bozen
WeekdayWeekday//weekendweekend analysisanalysis
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
Mon
day
Tuesd
ay
Wed
nesd
ay
Thurs
day
Friday
Satur
day
Sunda
y
Rela
tive c
oncentr
ation
PM10
NO
Werk
Son
Werk
Son
E
E
C
C
s
−
−
=
1
1
Ein EU-LIFE Projekt Klagenfurt Graz Bozen
WeekdayWeekday//weekendweekend analysisanalysis
Direct traffic contributions PM10 NOxVölkermarkterstreet 25-40% 75%Koschatstreet 20-30% 55%
Decreasing concentrations onsundays not only due to less traffic,but also due to less economicactivities
Ein EU-LIFE Projekt Klagenfurt Graz Bozen
Situation in Situation in summersummer
Ein EU-LIFE Projekt Klagenfurt Graz Bozen
Situation in Situation in winterwinter
8 days > 50µg/m³ as daily mean PM10 at urban background AQM75 days > 50µg/m³ as daily mean PM10 at kerb site AQM
Ein EU-LIFE Projekt Klagenfurt Graz Bozen
Wind Wind fieldfield simulationssimulations
Prognostic non-hydrostatic wind field model GRAMM (GrazMesoscale Model):
400 m horizontal resolution, 15 vertical levels (10m lowest cellheight)Terrain following grid (tetrahedronal grid)Steady-state wind fields for classified meteorological situationsderived from a single point observation in the domain
Numerical instabilities in the region of the mountain PredigtstuhlChanged from explicit to implicit time integration
Constant surface cooling in stable conditions (20W/m²)Spatial variable surface heat flux in convective conditions(shadowing effects of topography)