Poetry and New Media

8/7/2019 Poetry and New Media

1/74

9>>8 Uca ^bauyx @bqgeduhbg

^BAUYXDGEGAZ FAEHD?

D Q[AY[JQHEA

Ya~byu b` uca ^bauyx dge Gaz Faehd Zbylhgj Jybq~Cdyyhau Fbgyba ^bauyx Hg{uhuqua

^bauyx dge Gaz Faehd Zbylhgj Jybq~ Fafiay{?

Fhkcdam Kbmmhay-Zxg Kbb~ay- Yhud Ebpa- Kbygamhq{ Adex- Edphe @agd- Ldua Jdma- Lhfhlb Cdcg-

Mazh{ Cxea- @hbgd FkKyda- Ybiayu ^hg{lx- Kmdqehd Ydglhga-Dmiayub Yb{- Ebg [amix- Yhkl [uapag{-

Oaggh`ay Qyidg- Fbghkd Xbqg

Deph{by{?

Lducdyhga Kbma{- Ehyakuby b` uca Cdyyhau Fbgyba ^bauyx Hg{uhuqua- Iauc Dmmag- dge Odqga Apdg{

EH[KMDHFAY?Ucybqjc kbg{heayhgj dkka{{ ub ~bauyx h{{qa{-za b`uag `bqge bqy{ampa{ jyd~~mhgj zhuc majdm kbgka~u{ {qkc d{ kb~xyhjcu mdz-uca `dhy q{a ebkuyhga-a{udua

~mdgghgj- ~ayfh{{hbg{- dge mhkag{hgj'Uca eh{kq{{hbg{ b` uca{a h{{qa{ hg uch{ ebkqfagu dya ~ybpheae d{ zdx{ ub jagaydmmx ea{kyhia uca h{{qa{ du cdge hg yamduhbg ub dkka{{

ub ~bauyx' Uch{ hg`byfduhbg h{ jagaydmhae dge eba{ gbu deeya{{ dgx yadeay*{ {~akh`hk {huqduhbg' Hu h{ gbu majdm dephka' Yadeay{ b` uch{ ebkqfagu {cbqme {aal ucahy bzg hgehpheqdm majdm

kbqg{am ub deeya{{ ucahy bzg {~akh hk khykqf{udgka{- zh{ca{- gaae{- dge yamapdgu mdz{ d{ ucax yamdua ub dgx b` uca huaf{ eh{kq{{ae hg uch{ ya~byu'


2/74

^yadfima? D Kd{a `by Dkka{{? Gaz Faehd dge Dkka{{ ub ^bauyx ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' 5

[akuhbg H? Majdm H{{qa{- Iq{hga{{ ^ydkuhka{- dge Ubbm{ `by Eadmhgj zhuc Ucaf ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' :

Kb~xyhjcu dge @dhy Q{a ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' 3Bqumhga dge Eh{kq{{hbg b` uca H{{qa{' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' 3[cdyhgj pay{q{ Bzgay{ch~ ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' 8^bau{ dge Ucahy Asaykh{a b` @dhy Q{a ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' 4>

Kbgkayg{ ^dyuhkqmdy ub ^bau{ d{ Yhjcu{Cbmeay{ ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' 45

Ybxdmuha{- âyfh{{hbg{- dge Mhkag{hgj ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' 41Bqumhga dge Eh{kq{{hbg b` uca H{{qa{ ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' 41Yauchglhgj Uydehuhbgdm Iq{hga{{ @ydfazbyl{ `by âyfh{{hbg{ ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' 40Yahfdjhghgj Uydehuhbgdm Iq{hga{{ @ydfazbyl{ `by ^qimh{chgj- Eh{uyhiquhbg-dge Kbguydku{ ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' 4:Gaz Mhkag{hgj @ydfazbyl{ ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' 43

A{udua{ ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' 9;Bqumhga dge Eh{kq{{hbg b` uca H{{qa{ ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' 9;Tqa{uhbg{ ^bau{ [cbqme Kbg{heay ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' 90

Majdm Kcdgja? D @az Zbye{' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' 98

Yakbffageduhbg{ `by Dkuhbg bg Majdm H{{qa{ dge Iq{hga{{ ^ydkuhka{ ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ;4

[akuhbg HH? Uca Mhàmhga b` ^bauyx? Kyaduhgj B~~byuqghuha{ `by Dkka{{ ubdge d Mhàmbgj Agjdjafagu zhuc uca ^mad{qya{ b` ^bauyx ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ;1

Agjdjhgj âb~ma zhuc ^bauyx Dkyb{{ Dja{ dge [auuhgj{ ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ;0

Kyaduhbg b` d Gduhbgdm [uqex Jybq~ ub Eapamb~ d [au b` Fbeqmdy ^bauyx Jqhea{ ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' 54Zcdu uca Jqhea{ Eb Gbu [aal ub Eb ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' 5;

Zcdu uca Jqhea{ Eb [aal ub Eb ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' 5;

D Ph{hbg `by Agjdjhgj Aeqkduby{- Hg{uhuquhbg{- dge Kbffqghuha{ ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' 5:

D~~agehs 4? [qffdyx b` ^bauyx dge Gaz Faehd Yakbffageduhbg{ ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' 58

D~~agehs 9? 9>>8 ^bauyx dge Gaz Faehd Pdmqa{ [uduafagu ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' 14

KBGUAGU[

9 ^bauyx dge Gaz Faehd? D Q{ay{ Jqhea


3/74

D~~agehs ;? Gaz Faehd Zbylhgj Jybq~ ^dgam Fafiay{ ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' 11

D~~agehs 5? ^bauyx dge Gaz Faehd? D Q{ay{ JqheaDkuhbg Huaf{ ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' 04

^yhfdyx Zbyl{ Kbg{qmuae ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' 0;

Deehuhbgdm Yadehgj ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' 03

^bauyx dge Gaz Faehd? D Q{ay{ Jqhea ;


4/74

apag zhuchg uca kbguasu b` uca gaz faehd as~mb{hbg ucdu iajdg hg uca 483>{ dge

cd{ mae ub dg qg~yakaeaguae hgkyad{a hg ~ab~ma{ dkka{{ ub hg`byfduhbg dge dm{b ub pdyhbq{ kyaduhpa

zbyl{- 9>>3 dge 9>>8 cdpa iaag yafdyldima xady{ `by mhuayduqya- hgkmqehgj ~bauyx- dge gaz

faehd' Uch{ ~ayhbe fdylae uca yh{a b` uca Lhgema- zchkc eqyhgj 9>>8 yb{a `ybf bi{kqya kqyhb{hux

ub qgyafdyldima kbffbg~mdka- d {qkka{{ ucdu ~ybf~uae hu{ ~yaeaka{{by- uca [bgx Yadeay- dmbgjzhuc uca gazkbfay h^cbga- ub kcdmmagja Lhgema by d ~haka b` uca iqyjabghgj aibbl fdylau' Uca

~ayhbe dm{b iybqjcu uca ~yb~b{ae {auumafagu b` uca Dqucby{ Jqhme{ mdz{qhu djdhg{u Jbbjma Ibbl{-

d {auumafagu ucdu {bfa hg uca mhuaydyx kbffqghux ~ydh{ae `by hu{ ~buaguhdm ub fdla bqub`~yhgu dge

by~cdgae zbyl{ dpdhmdima ub gaz jagayduhbg{ dge ub iyhgj gaz hgkbfa {bqyka{ ub {bfa zyhuay{-

dge ucdu bucay{ kbgeafgae `by cdphgj askmqeae hgea~ageagu dge mhuaydyx ~qimh{cay{ dge `by hu{

~buaguhdm ub kyadua dg amakuybghk fbgb~bmx' Yajdyema{{ b` cbz bga phaz{ uca{a dge bucay eapamb~fagu{ hg mhuayduqya dge gaz faehd- uca ~bauyx kbffqghux hjgbya{ ucaf du hu{ ~ayhm'

Zhuchg uca kbguasu b` uch{ eh{kq{{hbg- hu h{ q{a`qm ub yafafiay ucdu uca `hy{u fbpafagu b` ~bauyx

`ybf bydm `byf{ hgub ~yhgu mae ub d ydehkdm gdyybzhgj b` dkka{{ #d ya{qmu b` uca mdibyhguag{hpaga{{

b` fdlhgj ibbl{ ix cdge(- iqu {hgka uca hgpaguhbg b` uca ~yhguhgj ~ya{{ dkka{{ cd{ {uadehmx

hgkyad{ae zhuc adkc gaz eapamb~fagu hg uakcgbmbjx' Uch{ uyage kbguhgqae zhuc uca hgpaguhbg

b` uca `hy{u amakuybghk faehqf- ydehb- zchkc {uhmm ~ybphea{ uca dihmhux ub iyhgj ~bauyx ub mdyjadqehagka{ hg hu{ bydm `byf'

Ehjhudm dge bgmhga faehd ~ybfh{a ub ~ybphea apay fbya ~bzay`qm b~~byuqghuha{ `by dqehagka{

ub dkka{{ ~bauyx hguaguhbgdmmx d{ zamm d{ ub agkbqguay hu dkkheagudmmx' Hg fdgx kd{a{- d {hgjma eamhp

ayx fakcdgh{fzcaucay d ydehb iybdekd{u- d ~bekd{u- by d zai{huafdx ~ybphea fdgx yadeay{

zhuc dkka{{ ub dg aguhya zbyme b` ~bauyx dge ~bauyx kbmmakuhbg{' [qkc iybde dkka{{ ea~age{ gbu

^YADFIMA


D KD[A @BY DKKA[[?GAZ FAEHD DGE

DKKA[[ UB ^BAUYX


5/74

bgmx bg uca `qmm fbpafagu b` ~bauyx hgub gaz faehd- cbzapay- iqu dm{b bg uca dihmhux b` ~buaguhdm

yadeay{ ub yadkc gaz faehd ucybqjc kbffqghux&came eaphka{ {qkc d{ mhiydyx dge {kcbbm kbf~quay{

dge ucybqjc ucb{a eaphka{ bzgae dge kbguybmmae ix hgehpheqdm{'

Ucq{- oq{u d{ dkka{{ ub ibbl{ `by apayxbga iakdfa dg hf~byudgu pdmqa hg yakagu eakdea{- dkka{{

ub dmm pdyhauha{ b` amakuybghk faehd fq{u iakbfa d ~yhbyhux gbz' Za fq{u `bkq{ ~dyuhkqmdymx bg

ucb{a jybq~{ zcb{a dkka{{ ub dmm faehd fhjcu ia kqyudhmae ix eh{depdgudja{ yamduae ub mbkduhbg

#zcaucay hg yqydm dyad{ by hggay khuha{(- kmd{{- gduhbgdmhux by aucghkhux- ydka- eh{dihmhux- mdgjqdja dgekqmuqya- jageay dge {asqdmhux- aeqkduhbg- by bucay `dkuby{'

Hg deehuhbg ub ~ybphehgj dqehagka{ b` ~bauyx zhuc jyaduay dkka{{ ub gaz faehd- za fq{u dm{b

zbyl ub hgkyad{a uca dkka{{ b` ~bau{ d{ ~ybeqkay{' H` hu zd{ gbu mbgj djb ~b{{hima `by D' O' Mhaimhgj

ub d{{ayu ucdu `yaaebf b` uca ~ya{{ h{ jqdydguaae bgmx ub ucb{a zcb bzg bga- gbz za fhjcu {dx

ucdu uca `yaaebf ub ~qimh{c h{ mhfhuae bgmx ix bga{ dihmhux ub dkka{{ dge q{a uca Hguaygau' ^bau{ dge

d{~hyhgj ~bau{ kdg {q``ay uca {dfa idyyhay{ ub dkka{{ d{ ~buaguhdm yadeay{' Deeya{{hgj uca zdx{ hgzchkc kayudhg idyyhay{ fdx kqyudhm yadeay dkka{{ ub ~bauyx fdx {hfqmudgabq{mx deeya{{ uca {dfa

eh{depdgudja{ d{ ucax d~~mx ub ~bau{' Uca{a yakbffageduhbg{- ucag- dya fadgu ub d~~mx atqdmmx ub

~bau{ dge yadeay{ b` ~bauyx'

Depbkduhgj dkka{{ `by dmm ~baf{ h{ gbu ub d{{ayu ucdu apayx ~baf h{ d{ jbbe by d{ pdmqdima d{

apayx bucay' Iqu za eb iamhapa ucdu hu h{ jbbe `by apayx ~baf ub cdpa dg atqdm kcdgka ub fdla hu{

kd{a `by duuaguhbg zhuchg uca ~bauyx fdylau~mdka' Yadeay{ zhmm kbguhgqa ub q{a jdualaa~ay{ ucaxuyq{u~qimh{cay{- hgea~ageagu ibbl{ammay{- kbguagu ~ybpheay{- mhiydyhdg{- aeqkduby{- imbjjay{-

`yhage{- dge bucay{ub zhggbz uca `hame `by ucaf dge ub fdukc ucaf zhuc ~baf{- iqu uca

Hguaygau zhmm dm{b ~ybphea ~buaguhdm yadeay{ zhuc uca b~~byuqghux ub fdla dkkheagudm agkbqguay{

ucdu fhjcu iyhgj ucaf zbyl{ ucax `hge gaz dge askhuhgj' Ucq{- apag bgka uca hg`yd{uyqkuqya `by

kbguagu eamhpayx h{ ucaya- hu h{ hf~byudgu ucdu kbguagu- ibuc b` uca chjca{u tqdmhux dge b` uca

jyadua{u ehpay{hux- ia yadehmx dpdhmdima ub yadeay{'Uca dpdhmdihmhux b` tqdmhux kbguagu h{ oq{u d{ hf~byudgu `by ucb{a {aalhgj ub madyg dibqu ~bauyx

hgea~ageagumx d{ hu h{ `by aeqkduby{ {aalhgj ub iyhgj ~bauyx hgub ucahy kmd{{ybbf{' Za iamhapa yadeay{

zhmm fdla jbbe eakh{hbg{ dibqu zchkc ~baf{ ucax zh{c ub yade h` uca ~baf{ dya yadehmx dpdhmdima

ub ucaf' Iqu za dm{b iamhapa ucdu hu h{ aeqkduae yadeay{- yadeay{ zcb dya `hyfmx jybqgeae hg bqy

kqmuqydm majdkx iybdemx kbg{uyqae- zcb zhmm fdla askammagu eakh{hbg{ dibqu zcdu ub yade dge dibqu

^bauyx dge Gaz Faehd? D Q{ay{ Jqhea 1


6/74

cbz ucdu kqmuqydm majdkx {cbqme kbguhgqa ub ia {cd~ae dge agyhkcae ix gaz zbyl' @by uch{ yad{bg-

za {aa hgpa{ufagu hg aeqkduhbg- hg uca iybdea{u {ag{a b` uca zbye- d{ lax ub d cadmucx ~ya{agka `by

~bauyx hg bqy kqmuqya'

@hgdmmx- zchma za iajdg ix uchglhgj dibqu cbz ub deeya{{ uca fbpafagu b` ~bauyx {~akh`

hkdmmx bgub gazfaehd ~mdu`byf{- za dya zamm dzdya ucdu fb{u b` uca yakbffageduhbg{ za dya

fdlhgj caya ~ayudhg ub dkka{{ ub ~bauyx hg dgx faehqf- dge za yamh{c uca head ucdu uca kbffqghux

fhjcu ia ~bh{ae ub kcdgja hu{ uchglhgj dibqu dkka{{ hg ucdu mdyjay {ag{a'

^YADFIMA



7/74

[AKUHBG BGA

^bauyx dge Gaz Faehd? D Q{ay{ Jqhea :

MAJDM H[[QA[-IQ[ HGA[[ ^YDKUHKA[ -

DGE UBBM[ @BYEADMHGJ ZHUC UCAFIakdq{a za iamhapa ucdu majdm ubbm{ dge dg

qgeay{udgehgj b` cbz ucax hguaydku zhuc iq{hga{{

~ydkuhka{- a{~akhdmmx bg gaz&faehd ~mdu`byf{- dya

kyqkhdm ub kyaduhgj jyaduay dkka{{ ub ~bauyx- za cdpa

eapamb~ae yakbffageduhbg{ dge asdf~ma{ ub cam~

~bau{ dge yhjcu{&cbmeay{ uchgl dibqu ~ayfh{{hbg{-

mhkag{hgj- dge mhuaydyx a{udua{ dge fbya {~akh`hkdmmx

dibqu kbguydku{- zhmm{- dge bucay majdm ebkqfagu{'Zchma za hgkmqea ibuc fbya dge ma{{ ya{uyhkuhpa

asdf~ma{- za yad``hyf bqy bzg kbffhufagu ub uca

jyadua{u ~b{{hima b~agga{{ ucdu dkkbqgu{ `by uca

gaae{- pdmqa{- dge bucay kbg{heayduhbg{ du ~mdx

zhuchg d jhpag {huqduhbg' Bqy ~yhfdyx jbdm- hg uca

age- h{ ub cam~ yhjcu{&cbmeay{ fdla eakh{hbg{ucbqjcu`qmmx dge kbg{khbq{mx hg{uade b` fayamx

kd~huqmduhgj ub ibhmay~mdua kbguydku{ by ash{uhgj

kbgpaguhbg{'


8/74


9/74

kyaduhpa zbyl{' Uca{a aska~uhbg{ dya dm{b fadgu ub agkbqydja kyaduhphux d{ zamm d{ uca `yaa

askcdgja b` head{- {b ucax dya a{~akhdmmx d~~mhkdima zcag uca q{a{ kyadua gaz dge eh{uhgkumx

eh`àyagu zbyl{ `ybf bmeay bga{ by zcag ucax hgpbmpa ahucay aeqkduhbg by {kcbmdymx eh{kbqy{a

dge eh{{agu'

Za {q~~byu uca headm{ iachge kb~xyhjcu mdz- ibuc hu{ bzgay{ch~ ~ybuakuhbg{ dge hu{ ~ybuak

uhbg{ `by gaz as~ya{{hbg dge kyaduhphux- ~dyuhkqmdymx `dhy q{a' Za cdpa qgeayudlag bqy zbyl

zchma yakbjghhgj ucdu d phjbybq{ eaidua dibqu kb~xyhjcu dge `dhy q{a h{ bkkqyyhgj hg uca dyuh{uhk-

uakcghkdm- dge {khaguh`hk kbffqghuha{' Za iamhapa ~bau{ kdg madyg `ybf uch{ eaidua dge dm{b `ybf

{uduafagu{ dibqu `dhy q{a ucdu cdpa iaag eapamb~ae hg bucay kbffqghuha{'

[cdyhgj pay{q{ Bzgay{ch~

Fafiay{ b` uca hguammakuqdm kbffqghux cdpa mbgj yamhae bg uca b~ag {cdyhgj b` head{ d{ d ~yhfdyx

pdmqa ub ~ybuaku uca hguajyhux b` dkdeafhk eh{kbqy{a- dge ucaya cd{ afayjae dg atqdmmx phjbybq{b~ag {bqyka fbpafagu hg uca {bùzdya kbffqghux' [au djdhg{u uch{ pdmqa dya uca majhuhfdua

yhjcu{ b` kyaduby{ d{ zamm d{ uca hgkyad{hgj ~ya{{qya fdgx ya{adykcay{ àam- {bfauhfa{ `ybf zhuchg

ucahy dkdeafhk hg{uhuquhbg{ dge bùag hg ya{~bg{a ub `hgdgkhdm b~~byuqghuha{ ya~ya{aguae ix uca

kbffaykhdmhduhbg b` hguammakuqdm ~yb~ayux #a{~akhdmmx hg ihbuakc dge bucay {khagka dge uakc

gbmbjx hgeq{uyha{(- ub mhfhu dkka{{ apag ix bucay ya{adykcay{ ub ucahy eh{kbpayha{' [hfhmdy hg{uhgku{

fdx kdq{a ~bau{ dge ~qimh{cay{ ub mhfhu ~ayfh{{hbg{ dge mhkag{a{ `by uca q{a b` ~baf{bùag id{aegbu bg d kqyyagu fdylau `by d jhpag ~bau{ zbyl iqu yducay bg uca faya ~b{{hihmhux ucdu uca zbyl

fhjcu kbffdge chjc ~ayfh{{hbg{ àa{ ebzg uca mhga' Za gbua ucdu fb{u ~bauyx ~qimh{cay{ udla

bg uca ~qimh{chgj b` ~bauyx bqu b` mbpa `by uca dyu yducay ucdg d ea{hya ub fdla d ~yb`hu- dge ucax

uage ucaf{ampa{ ub ia bpayzbylae dge qgeay~dhe' D {hgjma {qkka{{`qm ~bau by kbmmakuhbg b` ~baf{

fhjcu fdla uca eh`àyagka iauzaag {qyphpdm dge dhmqya by d ~bauyx ~qimh{cay- {b {bfa ~qimh{cay{

admbq{mx jqdye uca q{a{ b` dmm uca zbyl{ hg zchkc ucax cbme yhjcu{ hg cb~a ucdu {bfa b` ucaf fhjcuapaguqdmmx iakbfa ~yb`hudima'

Gbu apayxbga iamhapa{ ucdu mhfhuhgj dkka{{ ub head{ by dyuh{uhk zbyl{ h{ dmzdx{ uca ia{u zdx

ahucay ub fdla fbgax `ybf ucaf by ub ag{qya ucahy ~yb~ay q{a' Fdgx kyaduby{ dge iq{hga{{a{-

hgkmqehgj {bfa ~qimh{cay{- cdpa deb~uae b~agga{{ ub d jyaduay by ma{{ay eajyaa- yakbjghhgj ucdu

hu kdg ia d ~bzay`qm ubbm ibuc hg eapamb~hgj ~ybeqku{ dge hg kqmuhpduhgj ucahy zhea{~yade



10/74

deb~uhbg ix uca ~qimhk' Mhlazh{a- ~bau{ dge ~qimh{cay{ kdg kcbb{a dgx b` d ydgja b` {uyduajha{- dge

apag eh`àyagu {uyduajha{ `by eh`àyagu zbyl{- hg eakhehgj zcaucay dge cbz ub ~ybuaku d zbyl'

Za agkbqydja ~bau{ dge ~bauyx yhjcu{&cbmeay{ fdlhgj eakh{hbg{ dibqu dkka{{ ub kbg{heay

uca pdmqa b` dkka{{ hg kyaduhgj d fdylau `by d jhpag ~bau{ zbyl d{ {ayhbq{mx d{ ucax zahjc

`hgdgkhdm kbg{heayduhbg{'

^bau{ dge Ucahy Asaykh{a b` @dhy Q{a

Zhuchg dyuh{uhk kbffqghuha{- uakcgbmbjha{ ucdu dmmbz ad{x d~~yb~yhduhbg dge yafhshgj b` ash{uhgj

kyaduhpa ~ybeqku{ hgub gaz zbyl{- bùag zhucbqu yafqgayduhbg by duuyhiquhbg- cdpa mae ub mdz{qhu{

hg zchkc yhjcu{cbmeay{ dya d{{ayuhgj apay fbya {zaa~hgj kmdhf{ ub di{bmqua bzgay{ch~ b` zbyl{

dge head{'

Hg {~hua b` bqy kbffhufagu ub uca hf~byudgka b` ~yb~ay duuyhiquhbg dge uca ~ya{aypduhbg

b` uca byhjhgdm ~baf zcaya d~~yb~yhdua- uca{a kmdhf{ fdx ~ya{agu d ~ybimaf `by ~bau{- ~bauyxaeqkduby{ dge kyhuhk{- dge bucay{ hg uca ~bauyx kbffqghux- `by zcbf `dhy q{a h{ dg a{~akhdmmx

hf~byudgu ebkuyhga' Fdgx ~ydkuhka{ hgcayagu hg uca kyaduhbg b` ~bauyx fadg ucdu ~bau{ hguaya{u{

hg ~ybuakuhgj `dhy q{a dya payx ~bzay`qm' Zchma za fdla gb kmdhf{ ucdu uca `bmmbzhgj asdf~ma{ dya

hg `dku `dhy q{a{- {hgka uca{a tqa{uhbg{ dya deoqehkduae kd{a ix kd{a ix uca kbqyu{- {bfa dyad{ hg

zchkc `dhy q{a h{ dg h{{qa `by ~bau{ hgkmqea uca `bmmbzhgj?

DMMQ[HBG DGE YAFHSHGJ' Zcdu h{ gbz kdmmae yafhshgj h{ dg asuyafa pay{hbg b` dmmq{hbg-

zchkc cd{ mbgj iaag dg hf~byudgu ~dyu b` ~bauhk ~ydkuhka dge yafdhg{ bga b` ~bauyx{ fb{u ~bzay&

`qm mhuaydyx eaphka{' Iakdq{a uca ~mad{qya{ hgcayagu hg dmmq{hbg dyh{a `ybf hu{ d{{qf~uhbg ucdu uca

yadeay dmyadex lgbz{ uca zbyl yaàyyae ub- dmmq{hpa ~baf{ zhmm gbu hgkmqea as~mhkhu duuyhiquhbg{

qgma{{ uca zbyl{ dmmqeae ub dya qgq{qdmmx bi{kqyadge ~aycd~{ gbu apag ucag' Zchma fb{u kd{a{ b`

dmmq{hbg `dmm kmadymx hgub uca `dhy q{a kbmqfg- dmmq{hbg du uhfa{ {cdea{ hgub yafhshgj by ~bauhk kbmmdja'

^DYBEHA[ DGE [DUHYA[' [hfhmdymx- ~dybeha{ dge {duhya{ bùag eb as~mhkhumx gdfa uca ~baf by

~bau iahgj {agu q~- iqu uca obla ea~age{ bg zcaya dge cbz uca ~dybex by {duhya asdjjaydua{ by

ea~dyu{ `ybf uca byhjhgdm' Mhla kyhuhk{- ~dybex zyhuay{ dya cdyemx mhlamx ub {aal #by jau( ~ayfh{{hbg

ub eb ucahy zbyl'

KB^XYHJCU DGE @DHY Q[A

4> ^bauyx dge Gaz Faehd? D Q{ay{ Jqhea


11/74

A^HJYD^C['

TQBUHGJ @BY ^QY^B[A[ B@ EH[KQ[[HBG- KBFFAGUDYX- DGE KYHUHKH[F'

Mhuaydyx kyhuhkh{f dge uca mhuaydyx a{{dx fdx yatqhya `by ucahy a``akuhpaga{{ ucdu asaf~mdyx ~baf{

ia ya~ybeqkae ahucay mdyjamx by hg ucahy aguhyaux' Fh{~ayka~uhbg{ hg ibuc uca ~bauyx kbffqghux

dge uca ~qimh{chgj kbffqghux dibqu zcag ~bau{ gaae ub jau ~ayfh{{hbg `by {qkc q{a{ #zchkc fdx

gbu ia jydguae du dmm h` uca yhjcu{cbmeay eh{djyaa{ zhuc uca kbguagu b` uca kyhuhkh{f by a{{dx by cd{

d yhjhe ~ayfh{{hbg{ ~bmhkx( kdg dge kqyyagumx eba{ {ayhbq{mx hf~aea uca `yaa `mbz b` head{ dybqge

~bauyx dge hu{ ~ybeqkuhbg'

YAKHUDUHBG' Zcaucay `ybf fafbyx by `ybf uca ~dja- hg ~ay`byfdgka by ub {q~~byu d ~bhgu

hg dyjqfagu by kbgpay{duhbg- yakhuduhbg h{ dg a{udimh{cae dge cbgbyae `byf b` eh{kbqy{a zhuchg uca

kbffqghux'

[^AKH@HK @BYF[' Ma{{q{ae iqu {uhmm hf~byudgu ~ydkuhka{ yamxhgj bg dhy q{a hgpbmpa {qkc byf{

d{ `bqge ~bauyx- zchkc fdx udla hu{ aguhya kbguagu `ybf dgbucay {bqyka- ~mdxhgj bgmx zhuc

kbguasu- byeay- by `byf #d{ hg deehgj mhga dge {udgd iyadl{ by bucay ux~bjyd~chkdm dmuayduhbg{('

UADKCHGJ DGE [KCBMDYMX Q[A[' Uca {uyagjuc b` ~bauyx d{ dg dyu `byf dm{b yamha{ bg~ydkuhka{ iaxbge uca kbf~b{huhbg b` ~baf{ by mhuaydyx kyhuhkh{f~ydkuhka{ agjdjae hg ix fdgx

~bau{ d{ zamm d{ bucay{' Hg deehuhbg- fdgx h` gbu fb{u ~qimh{cae ~bau{ dya aeqkduby{ zcb uadkc uca

~baf{ b` bucay{ hg ucahy kmd{{ybbf{ by q{a ucaf d{ asdf~ma{ b` ~dyuhkqmdy uakcghtqa{' Ucaya h{

qgkayudhgux hg uca ~bauyx uadkchgj kbffqghux dibqu zcaucay hu h{ `dhy q{a ub ~ybphea d kmd{{ zhuc

dg aguhya ~baf `ybf d kbmmakuhbg b` ~baf{ ix d {hgjma ~bau zhucbqu biudhghgj ~ayfh{{hbg `by uca

q{a' ^bau{ dge bucay aeqkduby{ dm{b cdpa tqa{uhbg{ dibqu uca lhge{ b` d{{hjgfagu{ ucdu kdg iajhpag- hgkmqehgj zcaucay d{{hjgfagu{ `dmm qgeay `dhy q{a zcag ucax d{l {uqeagu{ ub q{a uca ~baf{

b` bucay{ ub- `by asdf~ma- fdla pheab{- kbfhk ded~uduhbg{- iybde{hea{- by bucay ded~uduhbg{ ucdu

fhjcu ia eh{~mdxae ~qimhkmx'

Zcag kbg{heayhgj ucahy yhjcu{ qgeay `dhy q{a- ~bau{ {cbqme ia dzdya b` uca zdx{ hg zchkc

iq{hga{{ ~ydkuhka{ cdpa {bfauhfa{ zbylae ub {cd~a hguay~yauduhbg b` kb~xyhjcu mdz ub `dpby



12/74

`by~yb`hu hguaya{u{ yducay ucdg kyaduhpa hguaya{u{ by dkka{{' Uca payx mdkl b` kmdyhux hg kb~xyhjcu mdz

ucdu fdla{ hu `mashima dge ~bzay`qm fdx hguaydku zhuc bùag eh{~yb~byuhbgdua yafaeha{ `by hg`yhgja&

fagu ub kyadua qgdkka~udima yh{l{ `by ucb{a zh{chgj ub d{{ayu ucahy yhjcu{ qgeay `dhy q{a' D xbqgj

Qudc ~cbubjyd~cay- Ubf @by{xuca- {cbu d {ayha{- @bbe&Kcdhg Idyiha- àduqyhgj Idyiha ebmm{ hg

qgbyucbebs ~b{a{' Ca {qyphpae d mdz{qhu ix Fduuam bgmx iakdq{a majdm jybq~{ phjbybq{mx ubbl q~ ch{

kdq{a' Mhlazh{a- d xbqgj ~bau zbqme ia qgmhlamx ub cdpa uca ya{bqyka{ ub eaàge chf{am` h` ca zaya

{qae ix d Cbmmxzbbe {uqehb `by ~qimh{chgj d ~baf kbf~b{ae b` mhga{ udlag `ybf d `hmf- yajdyema{{

b` uca fayhu{ b` ch{ kd{a' Ucq{- kb~xyhjcu mdz {aaf{ bg d ~ydkuhkdm mapam gbu dmzdx{ ub ~ybuaku `dhy q{a

by {aypa uca iaxbge&~yb`hu hguaya{u{ dge pdmqa{ b` uca hguammakuqdm dge dyuh{uhk kbffqghuha{'

Apag fbya ~ybimafduhk cd{ iaag uca qgzhmmhgjga{{ b` aeqkduhbgdm hg{uhuquhbg{ dge ~qimh{cay{

b` kyhuhkdm dge {kcbmdymx zbyl{ ub eaàge aeqkduby{ dge kyhuhk{ agjdjae hg ~ydkuhka{ ucdu zbqme

mhlamx ia eaafae `dhy q{a ix uca kbqyu{ iakdq{a b` uca {~akhdm ~mdka uca `dhy q{a ebkuyhga kdypa{

bqu `by aeqkduhbgdm dge {kcbmdymx q{a{' Hgkmqeae hg uch{ kduajbyx h{ uca bgkakbffbg ~ydkuhka b`bkkd{hbgdmmx ~ybphehgj {uqeagu{ zhuc cdgebqu{ kbgudhghgj zcbma ~baf{- d ~ydkuhka gbz eh{kbqy

djae ix qghpay{huha{ gbu iakdq{a hu cd{ dkuqdmmx iaag yqmae ub `dmm bqu{hea b` `dhy q{a iqu iakdq{a

uca qghpay{huha{ eb gbu zh{c ub eaàge mdz{qhu{'

Mhlazh{a- {kcbmdy{ dge kyhuhk{ fdx zamm ia agjdjae hg `dhy q{a zcag ucax ya~yhgu aguhya ~baf{

hg uca kbguasu b` kyhuhkdm yadehgj{ by bucay kbffagudyx- iqu ~qimh{cay{ qgzhmmhgj ub yh{l mdz{qhu{

yatqhya ucahy {kcbmdy{ ub {aal ~ayfh{{hbg `by apayx q{a- hgkmqehgj fhgby q{a{' Hu kbqme ia dyjqaeucdu ~qimh{cay{ cdpa d kbg`mhku b` hguaya{u hg {qkc kd{a{- {hgka ucax zh{c ucaf{ampa{ ub yakahpa àa{

`by ~ayfh{{hbg{ dge {b cdpa d `hgdgkhdm {udla hg ~ay~auqduhgj uca {x{uaf d{ hu h{- a{~akhdmmx {hgka

~qimh{chgj kbguydku{ q{qdmmx yatqhya uca {kcbmdy yducay ucdg uca ~qimh{cay ub ~dx `by ~ayfh{{hbg{'

Iakdq{a ~ayfh{{hbg{ dya ibuc uhfakbg{qfhgj dge bùag as~ag{hpa ub biudhg- a{~akhdmmx yamd

uhpa ub uca fadjay ~yb`hu{ d {kcbmdymx zbyl fhjcu jagaydua- {qkc ~ydkuhka{ fdx fadg ucdu uca{a

zbyl{ dya gapay ~qimh{cae' Zcag Yb{dggd Zdyyag qgeayubbl ub biudhg ~ayfh{{hbg{ `by@dima{ bùca [am`- [uqeha{ hg Mxyhk ^bauyx- {ca eh{kbpayae ucdu ~ayfh{{hbg{ àa{ zbqme ubudm zamm bpay %4:->>>-

zhuc ~qimh{cay{ kcdyjhgj q~ ub %51 ~ay mhga by q{a{ d{ {fdmm d{ ucyaa mhga{ ybf d {hgjma ~bau{ aguhya

ibex b` zbyl' Apag dùay {ca yakahpae kbgka{{hbg{ `ybf {bfa ~qimh{cay{ dge jydgu{ ub cam~ zhuc

~ayfh{{hbg{ as~ag{a{- {ca ageae q~ cdphgj ub ~dx %4>->>> bqu b` ~bklau `by ~ayfh{{hbg{uzhka

cay depdgka' Mhlazh{a- uca eh{uhgjqh{cae kyhuhk Camag Pagemay dmfb{u cde ub ~qmm cay ibbl bg




13/74

Zhmmhdf Iqumay Xadu{- Bqy [akyau Eh{kh~mhga? Xadu{ dge Mxyhk @byf- `ybf ~qimhkduhbg- `hy{u iakdq{a

[hfbg dge [kcq{uay bquyhjcu eaghae cay ~ayfh{{hbg ub q{a uca uchyux`hpa ~baf{ {ca gaaeae #cay

ibbl kbpayae Xadu{{ aguhya kdyaay(- dge ucag iakdq{a- zcag {ca `hgdmmx yakahpae ~ayfh{{hbg ub

q{a uca ~baf{- uca kb{u `by q{a- djdhg ub kbfa `ybf cay ~bklau- zbqme cdpa iaag %4;-1>>' Hu zd{

bgmx zcag {ca eakheae gbu ub jb `byzdye zhuc ~qimhkduhbg ucdu cay ~ya{{ djyaae ub ~dx `by uca

~ayfh{{hbg{' Dge hu h{ gbu bgmx ~qimh{chgj cbq{a{ ucdu kdg ia yhjhe bg uca {qioaku b` ~ayfh{{hbg{

`by {kcbmdymx zbyl{< cahy{ dge asakquby{ b` mhuaydyx a{udua{ fdx ia oq{u d{ yhjhe- d{ pdyhbq{ zheamx

~qimhkhae dkkbqgu{ b` [ua~cag Obxka{ fdgdjafagu b` uca Odfa{ Obxka a{udua cdpa {cbzg'

Fafiay{ b` uca ~bauyx kbffqghux {cbqme ia dzdya ucdu zcag `dhy q{a h{ gbu ~ydkuhkae dge

ea`ageae zhuchg d kbffqghux- uca kbffqghux yh{l{ mb{hgj uca yhjcu ub `dhy q{a hg ~ydkuhka' Hg a``aku-

kmdhf{ {aalhgj ub mhfhu `dhy q{a bg iacdm` b` hgehpheqdm kb~xyhjcu cbmeay{ fdx dkuqdmmx ucyaduag ~ydk&

uhka{ du uca cadyu b` ~bauyx' [qkc kmdhf{ dkyb{{ eh{kh~mhga{ cdpa mae ub d kbqguayfbpafagu hg zchkc

depbkdua{ `ybf pdyhbq{ hguammakuqdm kbffqghuha{ dya yadyuhkqmduhgj dge yad{{ayuhgj uca ebkuyhga b`

`dhy q{a dge eapamb~hgj kbffqghux&jagayduae ia{u ~ydkuhka{ {uduafagu{ ucdu ~ybphea jqheamhga{ `by

~ydkuhuhbgay{' Zchma ia{u ~ydkuhka{ {uduafagu{ eb gbu cdpa uca `byka b` mdz- ucax fdx- zcag ucax dyh{a

`ybf uca ash{uhgj ~ydkuhka{ dge pdmqa{ b` d kbffqghux- af~bzay ~ydkuhuhbgay{ ub asaykh{a `dhy q{a

zhuchg ash{uhgj mdz' Askammagu asdf~ma{ b` `dhy q{a ia{u ~ydkuhka{ jqheamhga{ by {~akh`hk kbffqghuha{

dya ucb{a jagayduae ix uca Dfayhkdg Qghpay{hux{ Kaguay `by [bkhdm Faehd dge uca Zd{chgjubg

Kbmmaja b` Mdz{ ^ybjydf bg Hg`byfduhbg Oq{uhka dge Hguammakuqdm ^yb~ayux hg kbgoqgkuhbg zhucpdyhbq{ jybq~{- hgkmqehgj ebkqfagudyx `hmffdlay{ dge faehd mhuaydkx uadkcay{' Uca eh{kq{{hbg b`

`dhy q{a hg uch{ ebkqfagu h{ payx fqkc {cd~ae ix uca{a jqheamhga{- d{ zamm d{ ix uca zbyl b` Mdzyagka

Ma{{hj- Ihmm Hpax- dge uca Kyaduhpa Kbffbg{- dfbgj bucay uchglay{ dge byjdghduhbg{'

Za d``hyf uca hf~byudgka b` `dhy q{a dge- zchma za yakbjgha uca bzgay{ch~ yhjcu{

b` ~bau{ dge ~qimh{cay{ qgeay kb~xyhjcu mdz- za gbgaucama{{ agkbqydja yhjcu{&cbmeay{ ub

ia mhiaydm hg ucahy hguay~yauduhbg{ b` uca `dhy q{a ebkuyhga hg byeay ub ~ya{aypa `by ucakbffqghux uca yhjcu{ jydguae qgeay ucdu ebkuyhga' Hg deehuhbg- za agkbqydja uca ~bauyx

kbffqghux ub kyadua d kbffqghux&jagayduae ia{u ~ydkuhka{ {uduafagu `by `dhy q{a hg ~bauyx'

^bauyx dge Gaz Faehd? D Q{ay{ Jqhea 4;


14/74

Kbgkayg{ ^dyuhkqmdy ub ^bau{ d{ Yhjcu{&cbmeay{

@hgdgkhdm kbgkayg{ dya gbu uca bgmx bga{by hg {bfa kd{a{ apag uca fb{u hf~byudgu bga{ucdu fhjcu

made yhjcu{&cbmeay{ ub mhfhu dkka{{ ub ~bauyx' ^bau{ cdpa majhuhfdua kbgkayg{ dibqu `dhy q{a h{{qa{ ibuc

d{ yhjcu{&cbmeay{ dge d{ dyuh{u{ zcb yamx bg ~yaash{uhgj mhuaydyx zbyl{ hg ucahy bzg ~ydkuhka{'

Ucahy kbgkayg{ d{ yhjcu{cbmeay{ hgpbmpa ibuc ucb{a ucdu dya kbffbg ub dmm yhjcu{cbmeay{ dge

ucb{a ucdu fdx ia qghtqa ub ~bau{?

Uca ea{hya ub {cdya hg dgx ~yb`hu{ fdea `ybf ucahy zbyl ix ibuc gaz dge bmefaehd kbguagu~ybpheay{ dge ucb{a zcb fhjcu ded~u ~baf{ `by ~qyamx kbffaykhdm q{a{ #ub {amm ~ybeqku{-

`by asdf~ma(

Hg {bfa kd{a{- uca ea{hya ub {cdya hg ~yb`hu{ fdea ix dyuh{u{ zcb q{a ~bau{* zbyl{ hg yafhsa{

by hg bucay zdx{

Uca yhjcu ub cdpa ucahy gdfa{ duudkcae ub ucahy zbyl

Uca yhjcu ub cdpa ucahy zbyl ya~ybeqkae dkkqyduamx- hg d zdx ucdu ~ya{aypa{ gbu bgmx uca

zbye{ hg byeay iqu dm{b `byfduuhgj- mhga iyadl{- dge bucay ux~bjyd~chkdm kcbhka{ hgcayagu

hg uca ~baf d{ d zbyl b` dyu

Uch{ ea{hya `by dkkqydua ya~ybeqkuhbg h{ a{~akhdmmx hguag{a `by ~bau{ iakdq{a dg qgq{qdm mapam b`

duuaguhbg ub mhgjqh{uhk eaudhm dge eh{kh~mhga h{ hgcayagu hg uca dyu b` ~bauyx' ^bau{ fauhkqmbq{mxkbg{heay ~qgkuqduhbg- mhga iyadl{- {xguds du uca {fdmma{u mapam- dge apag {~ammhgj hg uca kbg{uyqk

uhbg b` ~baf{- {b ucax dya qgq{qdmmx kbgkaygae ucdu ucahy ~baf{ ia ya~ybeqkae gbu gadymx d{ ucax

d~~ady iqu ~yakh{amx d{ ucax d~~ady'

Uca dibpa kbgkayg{ ~ybf~u q{ ub {uybgjmx yakbffage ucdu zcag dg ash{uhgj ~bauhk zbyl h{

ahucay tqbuae by q{ae ub fdla d gaz zbyl ucdu h{ gbu {duhya by ~dybexucyaa asdf~ma{ iahgj

kbmmdja{ by yafhsa{- fq{hkdm {auuhgj{- dge pheab{uca fdlay b` uca gaz zbyl {cbqme ya~ybeqkauca byhjhgdm d{ {kyq~qmbq{mx d{ ~b{{hima- decaya {uyhkumx ub uca ~yhgkh~ma{ `by ~yb~ay duuyhiquhbg-

dge dm{b {aal ~ayfh{{hbg `by dgx q{a{ ucdu dya gbu `dhy q{a{' Du uca {dfa uhfa- za yakbffage

ucdu ~bau{- ~qimh{cay{- dge bucay yhjcu{cbmeay{ udla d{ d ea`dqmu ~b{huhbg ucdu ucax zhmm jydgu ~ay

fh{{hbg `by q{a di{agu d yad{bg gbu ub- yducay ucdg uca bucay zdx dybqge- dge ucdu ucax zhmm gbu

{aal ub mhfhu q{a{ ucdu dya mhlamx `dhy q{a{- apag h` ucax dya gbu aguhyamx kbf`byudima zhuc uca q{a{'




15/74

Bqumhga dge Eh{kq{{hbg b` uca H{{qa{

Majdm H{{qa{ pay{q{ Iq{hga{{ ^ydkuhka{

Kb~xyhjcu mdz jhpa{ yhjcu{cbmeay{ uca dihmhux ub jydgu ~ayfh{{hbg by by ub mhkag{a uca q{a b` zbyl{

ub bucay ~dyuha{ d{ zamm d{ ub mhfhu uca zdx{ hg zchkc bucay ~dyuha{ fdx q{a uca zbyl{' Caya- d{ zhuc

`dhy q{a- uca ~mdka zcaya uca mdz dge iq{hga{{ ~ydkuhka{ faau kdg iakbfa d ibuumagakl ub dkka{{- d{

~ayfh{{hbg{ kdg kyadua d eh``hkqmu ~ybimaf `by yhjcu{cbmeay{- ia ucax ~qimh{cay{- ~bau{- mhuaydyx

asakquby{- by bucay{'

Hg `dku- hu fdx ia hg ~ayfh{{hbg{ dge cbz ucax dya cdgemae ucdu uca uag{hbg iauzaag uca pdmqa

b` dkka{{ dge uca ~buaguhdm `by yafqgayduhbg- {bfauhfa{ bpay uca mbgj uayf dge hg d zdx ucdu

fdx cam~ laa~ d ~qimh{cay hg iq{hga{{ by dg cahy hg kbmmaja- h{ fdea fb{u ph{hima' Hg {bfa kd{a{-

yhjcu{cbmeay{ decaya ub uca {kdykhux fbeam- cb~hgj ucdu ix mhfhuhgj ~ayfh{{hbg ub q{a ~baf{ ix

kcdyjhgj chjc àa{ `by hgkmq{hbg hg dgucbmbjha{- bg zai{hua{- by am{azcaya- ucax fhjcu hgkyad{auca ~baf{ pdmqa' Uch{ d~~ybdkc d~~ady{ ub cdpa kyaduae ~yb`hufdlhgj b~~byuqghuha{ gbu bgmx

`by [hfbg dge [kcq{uay hg uca kd{a b` Xadu{- iqu dm{b `by @diay dge @diay- zchkc cbme{ uca yhjcu{

ub U' [' Amhbu{ ~baf{ dge zchkc kdfa hgub d ~dyuhkqmdymx yhkc zhge`dmm zcag hu mhkag{ae uca zbyl

ucdu iakdfa uca fq{hkdm Kdu{'

Du uca bucay age b` uca {~akuyqf- mdyja ~qimh{cay{ zcb{a fdhg iq{hga{{ h{ hg jagya{ fbya

mqkyduhpa ucdg ~bauyx fdx d~~mx uca {dfa ~ayfh{{hbg{ fbeam ub dmm uca zbyl ucax ~qimh{c- zcaucayix a{udimh{cae dge dfbq{ by gaz dge qglgbzg ~bau{- a{{aguhdmmx ~yhkhgj fqkc b` ucahy ~bauyx bqu

b` uca fdylau bqu b` hgeh`àyagka by hgduuaguhbg- bùag ub uca yq{uyduhbg b` uca ~bau{ ucax ~qimh{c'

Du bucay uhfa{- ~bau{- ~qimh{cay{- by bucay yhjcu{cbmeay{ fhjcu ia kbgkaygae dibqu uca kbf~dgx

d ~baf h{ laa~hgj- iamhaphgj ucdu d ~bau{ zbyl {cbqme ia hgkmqeae bgmx hg dgucbmbjha{ by bucay

hgkmq{hpa zbyl{ ucdu decaya ub ~dyuhkqmdy heabmbjhkdm- da{ucauhk- by bucay {udgedye{< ucq{- ucax fdx

kdya`qmmx uage uca ya~quduhbg b` d ~bau ix mhfhuhgj by yajqmduhgj ucdu kbf~dgx' Uzb a{udua{ ucducdpa asaykh{ae uch{ lhge b` kbguybm dya uca [xmphd ^mduc dge uca Ybiayu @yb{u a{udua{- ibuc b` zchkc

dya payx kdya`qm dibqu uca gduqya dge ubga b` uca ~yboaku{ `by zchkc ucax jydgu ~ayfh{{hbg{' Uch{

h{ dm{b uca ~ydkuhka b` fdgx mhphgj ~bau{ hg yamduhbg ub ucahy bzg zbyl{'

[uhmm bucay yhjcu{cbmeay{ kdya ma{{ dibqu ~dxfagu by yatqa{u{ `by ~ayfh{{hbg `ybf ucb{a zcb

ya~ybeqka ~baf{ am{azcaya ucdg ucax kdya ucdu ucahy zbyl ia ya~ybeqkae d{ zyhuuag #~ya{ayphgj-

YBXDMUHA[- ÂYFH[[HBG[- DGE MHKAG[HGJ



16/74

hg uca kd{a b` ~bauyx- byhjhgdm `byfduuhgj- ~qgkuqduhbg- dge {~ammhgj d{ zamm d{ uca byhjhgdm mdgjqdja(

dge ~yb~aymx duuyhiquae'

Yauchglhgj Uydehuhbgdm Iq{hga{{ @ydfazbyl{ `by ^ayfh{{hbg{

Za iamhapa ucdu ~bau{ dya aguhumae ub ia ~dhe `by ucahy zbyl dge ucdu yhjcu{&cbmeay{ dya

aguhumae ub kbguybm dge ia ~dhe `by uca q{a b` ucahy hguammakuqdm ~yb~ayux ub uca `qmm asuagu

b` ucahy hguammakuqdm ~yb~ayux yhjcu{' Za dm{b iamhapa ucdu h` dgxbga yakahpa{ yafqgayduhbg

`by d ~bau{ zbyl- uca ~bau by yhjcu{&cbmeay b` uca ~baf {cbqme dm{b ia yafqgayduae h`

{qkc yafqgayduhbg h{ ~ydkuhkdm'

Hg deehuhbg- za iamhapa ucdu fdgx ~qimh{cay{ dge ~bau{ kbqme iaga`hu `ybf yauchglhgj

ucahy d~~ybdkca{ ub ~ayfh{{hbg{ dge ucdu fafiay{ b` uca ~bauyx kbffqghux {cbqme

iakbfa fbya dzdya gbu bgmx b` uca h{{qa{ b` ~ayfh{{hbg{ dge mhkag{hgj iqu dm{b b` kcbhka{

b~ag ub ucaf zhuchg uca mdz dge uca ~buaguhdm kbg{atqagka{ b` ucb{a kcbhka{'

B`uag uca cb~a `by yafqgayduhbg `ybf d jhpag ~baf- zchkc fdx by fdx gbu ia yadmhae- fdx

~yapagu d ~bau by ~qimh{cay `ybf kbg{heayhgj bucay- atqdmmx hf~byudgu pdmqa{ zcag eakhehgj cbz

dge zcaya ub mhkag{a uca ~baf' @by uch{ yad{bg- za yakbffage ucdu ~bau{- ~qimh{cay{- dge

yhjcu{&cbmeay{ yakbg{heay cbz ucax idmdgka dkka{{ dge yafqgayduhbg hg ucahy d~~ybdkca{

ub ~ayfh{{hbg{zhuc uca idmdgka uhmuhgj ubzdye b~agga{{ dge dkka{{ zcagapay ~b{{hima'

Za iamhapa ucdu uca zhea dpdhmdihmhux b` hgehpheqdm ~baf{ h{ mhlamx ub iyhgj fbya yadeay{ ibucub hgehpheqdm ~bau{ dge ub ~bauyx d{ dg dyu dge ucaya`bya h{ mhlamx ub hgkyad{a uca {dma{ b` ~bauyx

kbmmakuhbg{ bpaydmm'

Yakbjghhgj ucdu ~qimh{cay{ zhuc `hgdgkhdm dge bucay hgpa{ufagu{ hg d kbmmakuhbg b` ~baf{

fdx ia yamqkudgu ub mau ucb{a ~baf{ hgub uca zbyme `by mhuuma by gbuchgj zcag ucax fdx iyhgj

hf~byudgu yapagqa ub uca iq{hga{{- za yakbffage ucdu ~qimh{cay{ dmbgj zhuc bucay yhjcu{&

cbmeay{ udla gqdgkae ~b{huhbg{ bg ~ayfh{{hbg{- ~b{{himx hgkmqehgj d uhayae d~~ybdkc ucdukbg{heay{ d gqfiay b` `dkuby{ zcag jydguhgj ~ayfh{{hbg `by q{a b` d ~dyuhkqmdy zbyl'

Uca{a `dkuby{ fhjcu hgkmqea uca `bmmbzhgj?

Zcaucay d ~dyuhkqmdy q{a zhmm hgkyad{a dkka{{ ub uca ~baf by ~bau `by d uydehuhbgdmmx qgeay

{aypae jybq~ by- hgeaae- `by d{ zhea d kyb{{ {akuhbg b` uca ~b~qmduhbg d{ ~b{{hima




17/74

Zcaucay uca yatqa{uae `aa h{ {b chjc d{ ub fdla hu qgmhlamx ucdu uca ~baf by ~bau zhmm iakbfa

zheamx lgbzg dge yade

Zcaucay uca jydguaa zhmm ya~ybeqka uca ~baf d{ hu zd{ zyhuuag dge jhpa ~yb~ay duuyhiquhbg ub

uca ~bau dge yhjcu{cbmeay

Zcaucay uca ~bau- h` {ca h{ gbu uca kqyyagu yhjcu{cbmeay- {q~~byu{ uca q{a

Zcaucay uca q{a #d{ hg kyhuhkdm dge {kcbmdymx zbyl{( cd{ uca ~buaguhdm ub hgkyad{a uca ~qimhk{qgeay{udgehgj dge d~~yakhduhbg b` uca dyu

Hg deehuhbg- za qyja ~qimh{cay{ ub uyadu ~ayfh{{hbg{ d{ b~~byuqghuha{ ub `hge dge hgkyad{a

yadeay{ch~ `by d jhpag ~baf by ~bau' Hg ~dyuhkqmdy- za agkbqydja ~qimh{cay{ ub ia a{~a&

khdmmx mhiaydm hg jydguhgj ~ayfh{{hbg{ `by q{a hg `byfdu{ dge faehd ucdu uca ~qimh{cay hu{am`

h{ gbu kqyyagumx q{hgj ub jau ~bauyx ia`bya yadeay{'

Yahfdjhghgj Uydehuhbgdm Iq{hga{{ @ydfazbyl{ `by ^qimh{chgj-

Eh{uyhiquhbg- dge Kbguydku{

Iakdq{a uca ibbl yatqhya{ cadpx q~`ybgu hgpa{ufagu hg hu{ ~cx{hkdm kyaduhbg- eh{uyhiquhbg- dge

{ubydja- akbgbfhk yh{l{ ub ~qimh{cay{ dge ibbl{ubya{ cdpa uydehuhbgdmmx iaag payx chjc' Uca{a

as~ag{a{ cdpa {lazae uca ibbl iq{hga{{ fbeam- kdq{hgj ~qimh{cay{ dge ibbl{ammay{ dmhla ub uyx

ub jqa{{ zcdu uca gasu cbu ibbl by uyage fhjcu ia zchma ~aycd~{ hjgbyhgj by ix~d{{hgj ibbl{-

a{~akhdmmx ibbl{ hg {~akhdmhae ghkca{ {qkc d{ ~bauyx- ucdu fhjcu eapamb~ eapbuae dqehagka{ dge

adyg fbgax bpay uhfa' Gbu bgmx eb {qkc ibbl{ yatqhya ~qimh{cay{ dge ibbl{ammay{ ub udla d mbgj

phaz- ucax dya gbubyhbq{mx cdye ub fdylau' Ucax kdg ia eh``hkqmu d{ zamm `by ucahy dqehagka{ ub `hge

dge uage ub ia `hgedima bgmx ix ucb{a zcb dmyadex lgbz zcdu ucax zdgu'

Amakuybghk faehd kdg {hjgh`hkdgumx yaeqka {bfa q~&`ybgu kb{u{ ub ~qimh{cay{- kdg mau ~buaguhdm

yadeay{ lgbz du mhuuma as~ag{a dibqu zbyl ucdu fdx ia b` hguaya{u ub ucaf- dge kdg ~ybphea tqhkl

dge ad{x zdx{ `by yadeay{ ub dkka{{ ucdu zbyl- ahucay bgmhga h` ucax dmyadex lgbz zcdu ucax zdgu by

ucybqjc uyq{uae ibbl{ammay{ h` ucax ebgu' Za gbua agucq{hd{uhkdmmx ucdu- zchma {qkc eaphka{ d{ uca

[bgx Yadeay- uca Lhgema- dge uca h^cbga fhjcu d~~ady bg uca {qy`dka ub ucyaduag uydehuhbgdm ibbl&

{ubya{- uca Dfayhkdg Ibbl{ammay{ D{{bkhduhbg #DID( dge fdgx ph{hbgdyx hgea~ageagu ibbl{ubya

^bauyx dge Gaz Faehd? D Q{ay{ Jqhea 4:


18/74

bzgay{ dya afiydkhgj uca ~buaguhdm b` uca{a gaz eamhpayx fakcdgh{f{- ~dyuhkqmdymx ucb{a- mhla

uca [bgx Yadeay- ucdu dya zbylhgj djdhg{u ~mdu`byf fbgb~bmha{ bg mhuaydyx zbyl{' Fdgx ibbl&

{ammay{ qgeay{udge ucdu uca as~mb{hbg b` kcbhka{ kbfhgj zhuc gaz faehd zhmm fdla ucaf dge

ucahy as~ayuh{a apag fbya pdmqdima ub ucahy kq{ubfay{- dge ucax iamhapa ucdu uca{a gaz eamhpayx

fakcdgh{f{ zhmm ~ayfhu ucaf ub q{a ucahy ~ay{bgdmhae {dma{ fbeam{ ub ~ybphea iauuay {ayphka

zhucbqu yatqhyhgj iqyeag{bfa- q~&`ybgu hgpa{ufagu hg ~cx{hkdm {ubkl ucdu fdx by fdx gbu fbpa'

[qkc kcdgja{ hg uca uydehuhbgdm ~qimh{chgj dge ibbl{ammhgj iq{hga{{ fbeam{ dya dmyadex b~ag

hgj uca ebby ub eh``ayagu lhge{ b` kbguydku{ iauzaag ~bau{ dge ~qimh{cay{- kbguydku{ hg zchkc

kqyyagu zdx{ b` {cdyhgj ~yb`hu{ fhjcu ia ya{cd~ae' Uch{ h{ bga dyad hg zchkc gaz faehd fhjcu

b~ag hguaya{uhgj gaz ~b{{hihmhuha{' @by asdf~ma- uca hguybeqkuhbg b` gaz kb{u dge uhfa a``hkhagkha{

{cbqme dmmbz ~qimh{cay{ ibuc ub yaeqka ~yhka{ bg ibbl{ hg dmm `byf{ #{bfauchgj ucdu zhmm cam~

ibbl{ammay{ d{ zamm( dge dm{b ub {cdya fbya b` uca ~yb`hu{ bg {bfa b` ucb{a ibbl{ zhuc ~bau{' Du

uca uhfa za dya zyhuhgj uch{- mhfhuae dgakebudm apheagka- hgkmqehgj kbgpay{duhbg{ zhuc zyhuay{ dge

d kcakl b` uca Dqucby{ Jqhme zai{hua- {qjja{u{ ucdu ybxdmux ydua{ `by amakuybghk yhjcu{ bg jyb{{

yakah~u{ dya jagaydmmx cbpayhgj iauzaag 41 dge ;> ~aykagu' Za {aa uch{ ydgja d{ ya~ya{aguhgj uca

kqyyagumx qg{auumae agphybgfagu hg zchkc amakuybghk eadm{ dya iahgj fdea' Za yakbffage ucdu

~bau{- ~qimh{cay{- dge ibbl{ammay{ afiydka dge as~mbya uca ~b{{hihmhuha{ dge b~~byuqghuha{

ya~ya{aguae ix amakuybghk faehd- dge ucdu ~qimh{cay{ ia b~ag ub uca head b` {cdyhgj dgx

kb{u {dphgj{ fdea ~b{{hima ix gaz faehd zhuc ~bau{- hg uca `byf b` chjcay depdgka{ dge

ybxdmuha{- dge zhuc ibbl{ammay{- hg uca `byf b` mbzay zcbma{dma ~yhka{'

Gaz Mhkag{hgj @ydfazbyl{

Fdgx jybq~{ dge hgehpheqdm{ ya~ya{aguhgj ~ab~ma agjdjae hg kyaduhpa dge hguammakuqdm ageadpby{

cdpa dmyadex iajqg ub deeya{{ ~ybimaf{ hg mhkag{hgj dge dkka{{hgj kyaduhpa ~yb~ayuha{ ucdu cdpa

bgmx iaag fdea fbya ~ya{{hgj ix uca depagu b` amakuybghk faehd' Hu fdx ia {qy~yh{hgj ub gbua ucduuca Kyaduhpa Kbffbg{ cd{ q{ae d payx ybiq{u hguay~yauduhbg b` kb~xyhjcu mdz ub jagaydua jagay

bq{ mhkag{a{ ucdu dya `yaa ub q{a dge ucdu fdgx dyuh{u{- hguammakuqdm{- dge apag kby~byduhbg{ duudkc

ub ucahy zbyl' D{ zhuc dgx mhkag{a{- Kyaduhpa Kbffbg{ mhkag{a{ `mbz `ybf yhjcu{ jydguae ix kb~x

yhjcu mdz ub uca kb~xyhjcu cbmeay' Iakdq{a uca{a mhkag{a{ dya id{ae bg uca d{{qf~uhbg ucdu dyuh{u{

cdpa ybiq{u bzgay{ch~ yhjcu{ bpay ucahy zbyl- ucax dmmbz dyuh{u{ ub ~ayfhu by eagx kayudhg q{a{ b`




19/74

zbyl{ qgeay ucdu bzgay{ch~' Qgmhla uydehuhbgdm kb~xyhjcu mhkag{a{- cbzapay- Kyaduhpa Kbffbg{

mhkag{a{ dya id{ae bg uca d{{qf~uhbg ucdu fdgx kyaduby{ zbqme mhla bucay{ ub q{a dge iqhme q~bg

ucahy zbyl{' Hg uch{ zdx- uca mhkag{a{ uqyg uydehuhbgdm mhkag{hgj ~ydkuhka{ dge ~yaphbq{ q{a{ b` kb~x

yhjcu mdz q~{hea ebzg- hg ucdu ucax hgpbla d yhjcu ucdu cd{ ~yaphbq{mx iaag asayuae ub mhfhu q{a ub

~ayfhu q{a hg{uade' Zchma uca mhkag{a{ `mbz `ybf uca yhjcu hu{am`- ucag- uca Kyaduhpa Kbffbg{ jbdm

h{ `by ~ab~ma ub ia dima ub mhkag{a ucahy zbyl{ jagaybq{mx dge ad{hmx zchma dmmbzhgj ucaf ub ea`hga

dge mhfhu uca uayf{ b` eh{{afhgduhbg dge q{a hg zdx{ ucdu dya kbffbgmx ea{hyae' Uca mhkag{a{-

zchkc kdg ia {aag hg ucahy ubudmhuha{ du kyaduhpakbffbg{'byj- ~ayfhu q{ay{ ub {amaku `ybf dfbgj

pdyhbq{ mhkag{hgj kbgehuhbg{' Uca ea{kyh~uhbg{ ucdu `bmmbz cdpa iaag udlag `ybf uca Kyaduhpa

Kbffbg{ zai{hua zhuc ~ayfh{{hbg?

DUUYHIQUHBG' Xbq mau bucay{ kb~x- eh{uyhiqua- eh{~mdx- dge ~ay`byf xbqy kb~xyhjcuae zbyl

dge eayhpduhpa zbyl{ id{ae q~bg huiqu bgmx h` ucax jhpa kyaehu uca zdx xbq yatqa{u'

[CDYA DMHLA' Xbq dmmbz bucay{ ub eh{uyhiqua eayhpduhpa zbyl{ bgmx qgeay d mhkag{a heaguhkdm ub

uca mhkag{a ucdu jbpayg{ xbqy zbyl'

GBGKBFFAYKHDM' Xbq mau bucay{ kb~x- eh{uyhiqua- eh{~mdx- dge ~ay`byf xbqy zbyldge

eayhpduhpa zbyl{ id{ae q~bg huiqu `by gbgkbffaykhdm ~qy~b{a{ bgmx'

GB EAYHPDUHPA ZBYL[' Xbq mau bucay{ kb~x- eh{uyhiqua- eh{~mdx- dge ~ay`byf bgmx payiduhf

kb~ha{ b` xbqy zbyl- gbu eayhpduhpa zbyl{ id{ae q~bg hu'

Hu h{ hf~byudgu ub gbua ucdu ucaya h{ gb fbgax duudkcae ub uca Kyaduhpa Kbffbg{ mhkag{a{- {b ucax

dya gbu d~~yb~yhdua `by q{a hg kd{a{ zcag ~bau{ dge ~qimh{cay{ zh{c ub askcdgja mhkag{a{ `by

fbgax' Uch{ eba{ gbu aguhyamx yafbpa zbyl{ mhkag{ae qgeay uca Kyaduhpa Kbffbg{ `ybf ucayadmf b` kbffayka- cbzapay' [bfabga zcb q{a{ d zbyl qgeay d Kyaduhpa Kbffbg{ mhkag{a

fdx {amm kb~ha{ b` uca ibbl ~ybeqkae qgeay ucdu mhkag{a< hu h{ bgmx uca ~ayfh{{hbg ucdu kdggbu

ia askcdgjae `by fbgax' Hg deehuhbg- qgmhla {bfa kbffaykhdm mhkag{a djyaafagu{- uca mhkag{a{

kmadymx {udua ucdu ucax dya gbu fadgu ub mhfhu q{a{ ~ayfhuuae qgeay `dhy q{a' Hg bucay zbye{- uca{a

mhkag{a{ eb gbu {q~ay{aea kb~xyhjcu mdz< yducay- ucax dya ea{hjgae ub jhpa uca dyuh{u {bfa kbguybm



20/74

bpay cbz cay zbyl fdx by fdx gbu ia q{ae qgeay kqyyagu mdz ix fdlhgj ~ayfh{{hbg ub q{a zbyl

ea~ageagu bg uca q{ay{ fdlhgj majdmmx ag`bykadima ~ybfh{a{'

Za gbua ucdu uca mhkag{a{ cdpa gbu xau iaag ua{uae hg kbqyu- dge dm{b ucdu hg ucahy kqyyagu `byf{

uca mhkag{a{ fdx gbu kbf~mauamx deeya{{ {bfa kbgkayg{ by dg{zay {bfa tqa{uhbg{ ~bau{ fdx cdpa

dibqu mhkag{hgj h{{qa{' @by bga uchgj- zchma d mhkag{a ucdu ~ayfhu{ bgmx payiduhf q{a zbqme kayudhgmx

ya{uyhku d q{ay{ yhjcu ub kcdgja kb~xyhjcudima kbguagu- zchkc hgkmqea{ kayudhg zbye{ hg d kayudhg

byeay- d kbqyu fdx gbu eaaf kbguagu {qkc d{ `byfduuhgj dge ~qgkuqduhbg kb~xyhjcudima dge {b

{qioaku ub mhfhuduhbg ix mhkag{a' Zcdu h{ fbya- zchma uca ea{kyh~uhbg b` uca mhkag{a bg uca Kyaduhpa

Kbffbg{ zai{hua {dx{ hu ~ayfhu{ bgmx payiduhf q{a- uca mhkag{a uayf{ ucaf{ampa{ #uca qgeaymxhgj

majdm kbea- zchkc h{ uca ihgehgj ~haka( dya fqkc ma{{ kmady' Hu fdx ia ~b{{hima ub yajh{uay eh``ayagu

amafagu{ b` uca ~baf {a~dyduamx ub dkchapa uca ea{hyae ~ybuakuhbg ~hakafadm- iqu `byfduuhgj h{

d payx jydx dyad b` kb~xyhjcu mdz- dge uca yamapdgu Kb~xyhjcu B``hka khykqmdy {qjja{u{ ucdu {qkc d

yajh{uyduhbg zbqme mhlamx ia yaoakuae h` hu zaya kmadymx dg duuaf~u ub yajh{uay `byfduuhgj amafagu{'

H` d ~bau zh{ca{ ub ya{uyhku q{a{ ub ucb{a ucdu cbgby mhga iyadl{ dge bucay `byfduuhgj eakh{hbg{-

{ca {cbqme `byajb Kyaduhpa Kbffbg{ mhkag{a{ dge hg{uade yamx bg majdm kbguydkuqdm djyaafagu{'

Za iamhapa ucdu dg dzdyaga{{ b` uca lhge{ b` b~uhbg{ dge kbg`hjqyduhbg{ dpdhmdima hg uca

Kyaduhpa Kbffbg{ mhkag{a{ dge uca yad{bghgj iachge ucaf zhmm af~bzay ~bau{ hg fdlhgj

eakh{hbg{ dibqu zcdu fhjcu ia uca ia{u zdx{ `by ucaf ub asaykh{a bzgay{ch~ b` ucahy zbyl d{

ucax kbg{heay cbz dge qgeay zcdu kbgehuhbg{ ub mhkag{a ub bucay{ ~ayfh{{hbg ub q{a ucdu zbyl'

Apag h` d ~bau by ~qimh{cay eakhea{ `by d ~ayhbe q~ ub uca uhfa ~ayfhuuae ix kb~xyhjcu mdz ub

fdhgudhg dge kbguybm bzgay{ch~ b` d zbyl dge ub jydgu mhkag{a{ dge ~ayfh{{hbg{ `by q{a bgmx hg

askcdgja `by fbgax- uca{a mhkag{a{ ~ybphea d `mashima `ydfazbyl `by kbg{heayhgj uca lhge{ b`

yhjcu{ ucdu fhjcu ia asaykh{ae hg dgx {huqduhbg- hgkmqehgj d kbffaykhdm {huqduhbg'

Ucq{- za yakbffage ucdu ~bau{- ~qimh{cay{- dge bucay yhjcu{&cbmeay{ `dfhmhdyha

ucaf{ampa{ zhuc ibuc uca Kyaduhpa Kbffbg{ mhkag{a{ dge uca yad{bghgj iachge ucaf-zcaucay ub q{a ucaf ehyakumx by d{ jqhea{' Za dm{b yakbffage ucdu ~bau{- ~qimh{cay{-

dge yhjcu{&cbmeay{ kbg{heay ahucay mhkag{hgj ucahy zbyl{ jagaybq{mx by yamad{hgj ucahy

zbyl{ hgub uca ~qimhk ebfdhg bgka zcduapay uhfa ~ayhbe ucax eaaf d~~yb~yhdua cd{

amd~{ae dge d`uay ucax cdpa cde uca b~~byuqghux ub ~qimh{c dge ~yb`hu `ybf uca

~baf{ d{ ucax zh{c'


9> ^bauyx dge Gaz Faehd? D Q{ay{ Jqhea


21/74

Yamad{hgj zbyl hgub uca ~qimhk ebfdhg yatqhya{ bgmx dg bpayu dku bg uca ~dyu b` uca kb~x

yhjcu cbmeay' Uca ~bau fdx {hf~mx zyhua ~qimhk ebfdhg du uca ibuubf b` uca `hy{u ~dja by bg

apayx ~dja dge ~qimh{c hu b~agmx dge gbubyhbq{mx' Uca ~bau fdx dm{b zyhua d ebkqfagu

{dxhgj- H cayaix ~mdka fx ~baf \hg{ayu uhuma cayaV hgub uca ~qimhk ebfdhg' Hg uca ~d{u- hu cd{ iaag

kbf~mhkduae ub gbuh`x uca zbyme du mdyja ucdu d jhpag zbyl h{ hg uca ~qimhk ebfdhg- iqu amakuybghk

faehd- bgub zchkc uca ~bau by yhjcu{cbmeay fdx ~mdka uca ~baf by gbuh`hkduhbg `by dkka{{-

{hf~mh`x uch{ ~ybka{{ d{ zamm' Ucbqjc ucaya h{ du uch{ ~bhgu gb kmadyhgjcbq{a `by ~qimhk ebfdhg

zbyl{- ucb{a hguaya{uae hg madyghgj zcaucay d jhpag zbyl h{ hg uca ~qimhk ebfdhg fdx `hge

Jbbjma d q{a`qm ubbm'



22/74



23/74

Bqumhga dge Eh{kq{{hbg b` uca H{{qa{

Hg bqy bi{aypduhbg- fdgx ~bau{ kdya payx eaa~mx dibqu zcaucay ucahy zbyl zhmm bqumhpa ucaf iqu

fdx ia ma{{ duuaguhpa ub uca eaudhm{ ucdu fhjcu hgkyad{a ucahy kcdgka{ b` madphgj d md{uhgj majdkx-

qgdzdya ucdu d mdkl b` duuaguhbg ub ucahy majdkha{ zchma ucax dya {uhmm dmhpa fdx made ub ucahy zbyl{

mdgjqh{chgj qgyade dùay ucahy eaduc{'

@by uca ~qy~b{a{ b` a{udua mdz- d kb~xyhjcu ub d ~baf h{ kbg{heayae ub ia d `byf b` hgudgjhima

~yb~ayux- zchkc uca kb~xyhjcu cbmeay fdx ~d{{ mhla dgx bucay ~yb~ayux ub cay cahy{' Fdgx ~bau{

dya gbu dzdya- cbzapay- ucdu dmucbqjc ~baf{ dya kbg{heayae ~yb~ayux `by uca {dla b` a{udua{- ~d{{

hgj bg uca yhjcu{ ub ~baf{ h{ gbu d{ {hf~ma d{ madphgj iachge d zd{chgj fdkchga by d ychga{ubga uha

~hg' @by bga uchgj- d ~bau fdx madpa uca kb~xyhjcu dge uca dihmhux ub ~yb`hu `ybf hu ub bga ~ay{bg

by {au b` ~ay{bg{ dge d{{hjg dgbucay uca ~bzay ub fdla eakh{hbg{ dibqu cbz uca ~yb~ayux h{ ub ia

fdgdjae' Hg deehuhbg- qgeay kqyyagu mdz uca cahy #dge ch{ by cay bzg cahy{ dge"by d~~bhguae

asakquby{( fdx kbguybm uca q{a b` uca ~baf{ hg tqa{uhbg `by q~ ub :> xady{ dùay uca ~bau{ eaduc

ia`bya uca ~baf{ ~d{{ dqubfduhkdmmx hgub uca ~qimhk ebfdhg' Uca ~bau fdx dm{b ia qgdzdya b` uca

zdx{ hg zchkc kb~xyhjcu mdz- zchkc h{ àeaydm- hguaydku{ zhuc a{udua mdz- zchkc pdyha{ {udua ix {udua

dge zchkc h{ uca mdz qgeay zchkc uca bzgay{ch~ b` mhuaydyx yhjcu{ h{ ~d{{ae bg- dmbgj zhuc bucay

udgjhima dge hgudgjhima ~yb~ayux'

Apag zcag d ~bau d~~bhgu{ dg asakquby- {bfabga {ca uyq{u{ ub bpay{aa cay mhuaydyx a{udua- ucaya

h{ gb jqdydguaa di{agu as~mhkhu hg{uyqkuhbg{ hg d majdmmx ihgehgj zhmm ucdu uca uyq{uae asakquby zhmm

dku hg zcdu uca ~bau zbqme cdpa {aag d{ uca ia{u hguaya{u{ b` cay mhuaydyx cayhudja< gby h{ ucaya dgx

jqdydguaa ucdu uca d~~bhguae asakquby zhmm mhpa mbgj agbqjc ub {aa uca ibex b` zbyl hgub uca ~qimhk

ebfdhg' Fb{u ~bau{ dya dzdya b` gqfaybq{ hg{udgka{ hg zchkc dg asakquby by yhjcu{cbmeay cd{

q{ae kb~xyhjcu mdz ub {apayamx mhfhu dkka{{ ub d ~bau{ zbyl- `by `hgdgkhdm by bucay yad{bg{- {bfa

uhfa{ `by eakdea{ dùay uca ~bau{ eaduc'

Za cdpa dmyadex faguhbgae [ua~cag Obxka{ fdgdjafagu b` uca Odfa{ Obxka a{udua' Zchma[ua~cag Obxka cd{ kmdhfae mhuaydyx dge kb~xyhjcu jybqge{ `by mhfhuhgj ~ayfh{{hbg `by pdyhbq{

q{a{ b` Odfa{ Obxka{ zbyl- ca cd{ dm{b {dhe ~qimhkmx ucdu ca zdgu{ ub ~ybuaku uca Obxka cayhudja'

Hg 9>>;- Kdybm [kcmb{{- dqucby b` d ibbl dibqu Odfa{ Obxka{ edqjcuay Mqkhd- iybqjcu d kb~xyhjcu

diq{a mdz{qhu djdhg{u [ua~cag Obxka- zchkc zd{ {auumae hg cay `dpby hg 9>>:'

Dgbucay zammlgbzg asdf~ma b` a{udua{ jbga dzyx h{ ucdu b` Z' C' Dqeag- zcb maù ch{

A[UDUA[



24/74

mhuaydyx a{udua dmbgj zhuc uca ya{u b` ch{ ~yb~ayux ub ch{ ~dyugay- Kca{uay Ldmmfdg' Du Ldmmfdg{ eaduc-

Dqeag fadgu uca a{udua ub ~d{{ ub ch{ ghaka{- iqu uca eqmx zhuga{{ae zhmm as~ya{{hgj uch{ hguaguhbg

zd{ gapay `bqge' Ldmmfdg chf{am` ehae d {cbyu uhfa mduay- cdphgj gapay dmuayae d zhmm madphgj dmm

ch{ ~yb~ayux ub Dqeag' Ucq{- ibuc Ldmmfdg{ ~yb~ayux dge Dqeag{ ~d{{ae ub Ldmmfdg{ ameaymx

`ducay- zcb cde mhuuma hguaya{u hg mhuaydyx fduuay{ dge zcb{a àamhgj{ ubzdye Dqeag zaya ya~byuaemx

kbf~mhkduae' Ucbqjc Dqeag{ mhuaydyx asakquby- Aezdye Fageam{bg- cd{ oq{umx yakahpae ~ydh{a `by

ch{ zbyl- Dqeag{ ghaka{ yakahpae gbga b` uca ~yb`hu{ d~~dyagumx hguageae `by ucaf'

@az ~bau{ za lgbz zbqme zdgu dkka{{ ub ucahy zbyl ub ia mhfhuae ix uca hgeh`àyagka by cb{

uhmhux b` {bfabga ucax gapay fadgu ub kbguybm uca yhjcu{ ub ucahy ~baf{' âycd~{ apag àzay zbqme

zdgu dkka{{ ub by ~yb`hu{ `ybf ucahy zbyl ub ia kbguybmmae ix ucb{a zcb{a dkuhbg{ fdx mhfhu uca

~baf{ q{a{ id{ae bg gbgmhuaydyx kbg{heayduhbg{' Za iamhapa {qkc mhfhu{ dya qgmhlamx ub hgkyad{a d

~bau{ ya~quduhbg by kbguyhiqua ub cay kqmuqydm majdkx- apag zcag uca ~bau h{ `dfbq{ iqu a{~akhdmmx

zcag- d{ hg fb{u kd{a{- uca ~bau cd{ d fbya fbea{u mhuaydyx ya~quduhbg dge yadkc'

Uca jbbe gaz{ `by ~bau{ dge yhjcu{cbmeay{ h{ ucdu ucax cdpa kbguybm bpay cbz ucahy ~baf{

dya eh{~b{ae b` dge q{ae- d{ mbgj d{ ucax fdla majdmmx ag`bykadima zhmm{' Ucbqjc zhmm{ kdggbu bpay

uqyg kb~xyhjcu mdz- ucax fdx hg {bfa kd{a{ ~yapagu hu{ fhgema{{- bga{ha`hu{dmm d~~mhkduhbg'

Zcag eydùhgj zhmm{- ~bau{ {cbqme dm{b yafafiay ucdu ucahy mhuaydyx a{udua{ kbg{h{u gbu bgmx b`

hguammakuqdm ~yb~ayux iqu dm{b b` ~cx{hkdm ~yb~ayuxfdgq{kyh~u{- eydù{- mauuay{- dge {b bgzchkc

fdx ia eh{~b{ae b` {a~dyduamx dge eh`àyagumx' Uca eh{uhgkuhbg iauzaag uca uzb h{ {qiuma iqu

hf~byudgu' D ~bau fdx madpa uca kb~xyhjcu{ ub cay ~baf{ hg zcbma by hg ~dyu ub bga cahy dge cay

dkuqdm ~d~ay{- hgkmqehgj fdgq{kyh~u{- eydù{- mauuay{- hf~byudgu afdhm{ #ucbqjc ucaya h{ eh{djyaa

fagu dibqu afdhm{ pdmqa- dge ucax fq{u ia ~yhguae bqu(- dge bucay ebkqfagu{- ub dgbucay' Zchma

bgmx payx `dfbq{ ~bau{ zhmm ia dima ub {amm ucahy ~d~ay{ ub d mhiydyx by dykchpa- ma{{aylgbzg ~bau{

fhjcu ia {qy~yh{ae ub madyg b` uca {kcbmdymx hguaya{u ucdu dykchph{u{- mhiydyhdg{- dge ch{ubyhdg{

cdpa hg yakahphgj uca ~d~ay{ apag b` ucb{a zcb dya gbu `dfbq{'

^bau{ hguaya{uae hg jhphgj by madphgj ucahy ~d~ay{ ub hg{uhuquhbg{ {cbqme ia dzdya ucdu eh`àyagu

hg{uhuquhbg{ eapbua eh`àyagu mapam{ b` ya{bqyka{ ub dykchphgj {qkc kbmmakuhbg{ dge ub fdlhgj ucaf

dpdhmdima ub {kcbmdy{ dge uca ~qimhk' bau{ {cbqme dm{b ia dzdya b` d{~aku{ b` uds mdz ~akqmhdy ub uch{

lhge b` ~yb~ayux ucdu fdx d`àku ucahy eakh{hbg{ dibqu zcag dge cbz ub ebgdua ucahy ~d~ay{ ub

dg hguaya{uae hg{uhuquhbg' H` uca ebgduhbg h{ cdgemae ~yb~aymx- d ~bau{ cahy{ fdx ia dima ub yadmha

A[UDUA[



25/74

uds iaga`hu{ uca ~bau h{ gbu dmmbzae ub yadmha cay{am`' Ub {uyqkuqya cay a{udua ~yb~aymx- d ~bau

{cbqme udml ub dg duubygax zhuc uds as~ayuh{a- iahgj {qya ub d{l dibqu uca uds hf~mhkduhbg{ b`

ebgduhgj ebkqfagu{'

[bfa hg{uhuquhbg{ zhmm dkka~u ~d~ay{ bg ea~b{hu zchma kbguybm bpay ucahy q{a yafdhg{ zhuc uca

~bau- zhuc uca qgeay{udgehgj ucdu du cay eaduc `qmm bzgay{ch~ zhmm ~d{{ majdmmx ub uca hg{uhuquhbg'

Hg{uhuquhbg{ ucdu dkka~u {qkc ea~b{hu{ zhmm bùag eakmhga- cbzapay- ub kbffhu fdgx ya{bqyka{ ub

dykchphgj uca ~d~ay{ qguhm majdm bzgay{ch~ h{ uydg{àyyae'

Cbzapay ucax eh{~b{a b` ucahy kb~xyhjcu{- ~bau{ {cbqme kbg{heay dyydgjhgj uca eh{~b&

{huhbg b` ucahy ~d~ay{ zchma ucax dya {uhmm mhphgj' H` d ~bau eakhea{ ub ebgdua by madpa ~d~ay{

ub d mhiydyx by dykchpa- za yakbffage ucdu ca zbyl kmb{amx zhuc uca hg{uhuquhbg dge dg

a{udua mdzxay ub ag{qya #4( ucdu uca fduayhdm{ dya uyaduae hg dkkbyedgka zhuc ch{ pdmqa{ dge

#9( ucdu uca jhù by iatqa{u h{ ~yb~aymx {uyqkuqyae' @hgdmmx- za yakbffage ucdu ~bau{

kcbb{a `by {qkc jhù{ by iatqa{u{ hg{uhuquhbg{ ucdu qgeay{udge uca ~d~ay{ ch{ubyhkdm dge

kqmuqydm pdmqa dge ucdu zhmm fdla ucaf dpdhmdima ub {kcbmdy{'

H` d ~bau eha{ zhucbqu d zhmm- ibuc ch{ ~d~ay{ dge ch{ kb~xyhjcu{ zhmm ia eh{~b{ae b` dmbgj

zhuc ch{ bucay ~yb~ayux dkkbyehgj ub uca mdz{ b` uca {udua hg zchkc uca ~bau ya{heae' Hg jagaydm-

~yb~ayux zhmm ~d{{ ub uca ~bau{ {~bq{a by gadya{u yamduhpa' H` ucaya h{ gb zhmm dge gb yamduhpa- hu

zhmm iakbfa uca ~yb~ayux b` uca {udua' Uch{ ~yb{~aku dmbga- hg bqy phaz- {cbqme hg{~hya ~bau{ ub

fdla zhmm{'

Ucaya dya fdgx `by~yb`hu dge gbu`by~yb`hu zai{hua{ `ybf zchkc d ~ay{bg kdg {hf~mx ebzg

mbde d uaf~mdua `by d zhmm ucdu- h` hu h{ asakquae dge zhuga{{ae ~yb~aymx- zhmm ia majdm hg cay {udua'

H` uca ~ay{bg{ zh{ca{ dya {uydhjcu`byzdye dge ucaya dya gb qgq{qdm khykqf{udgka{ kbggakuae

zhuc uca a{udua- uch{ h{ d {duh{`dkubyx {bmquhbg `by fdgx ~ab~ma' Cbzapay- dgxbga zhuc qgq{qdm

khykqf{udgka{ {cbqme ~ybidimx kbg{qmu dg duubygax zcag fdlhgj d zhmm' Uca àa{ ea~age bg uca

kbf~mashux b` uca khykqf{udgka{ dge yatqhyafagu{' Uca kbg{qmuduhbg kbqme kb{u d{ mhuuma d{ %41>-

ucbqjc àa{ kbqme ia fqkc chjcay `by fbya kbf~mas kd{a{'

Hg uca kbqy{a b` bqy ya{adykc- za cdpa kbfa ub iamhapa payx {uybgjmx ucdu uca kd{a b`

apayx ~bau zhuc d mhuaydyx a{udua- hgkmqehgj by gbu hgkmqehgj ~d~ay{- hgpbmpa{ qgq{qdm

khykqf{udgka{- a{{aguhdmmx ix ea`hghuhbg' Ucq{- za qyjagumx yakbffage ucdu apayx ~bau

kbg{qmu dg duubygax dge zyhua d zhmm'


A[UDUA[


26/74

Hg byeay #4( ub ag{qya ucdu ucahy zh{ca{ dge pdmqa{ dya ya`makuae hg ucahy zhmm{ dge #9( ub

fhghfha as~ag{a{- za `qyucay yakbffage ucdu ~bau{ uchgl kdya`qmmx dibqu zcdu pdmqa{

ucax zh{c ucahy zhmm{ ub ya`maku'

Tqa{uhbg{ ^bau{ [cbqme Kbg{heay

Zhuc uch{ hg fhge- za {qjja{u ucdu ~bau{ d{l ucaf{ampa{ uca `bmmbzhgj tqa{uhbg{- dge ucdu ucax

fdla gbua b` uca dg{zay{- ia`bya kbg{qmuhgj duubygax{?

Eb H zdgu fx ~d~ay{ dge fx kb~xyhjcu{ ub ia kbguybmmae ix uca {dfa ~ay{bg by aguhux- by eb

H zdgu ub eh{~b{a b` fx ~d~ay{ hg bga ~mdka dge fx kb~xyhjcu{ am{azcaya2

H` H madpa fx ~d~ay{ ub d mhiydyx by dykchpa- zcdu mapam b` dkka{{ eb H zdgu uca ~qimhk by

{kcbmdy{ ub cdpa2 H{ uca hg{uhuquhbg zhmmhgj dge dima ub decaya ub fx hg{uyqkuhbg{ hg jydgu&

uhgj dkka{{2

Hg {uyqkuqyhgj uca uydg{ày b` fx ~d~ay{- eb H zh{c fx cahy{ ub ia dima ub yad~ dgx uds

iaga`hu{ `ybf uca jhù2

Eb H zh{c ub ea~b{hu fx ~d~ay{ zhuc uca hg{uhuquhbg ia`bya fx eaduc- dge- h` {b- zcdu mapam

b` kbguybm eb H zh{c ub fdhgudhg bpay ucahy q{a eqyhgj fx mhàuhfa2

H` H madpa by {amm fx ~d~ay{ ub d mhiydyx by dykchpa dge madpa fx kb~xyhjcu{ ub fx cahy{- eb H

zdgu uca kb~xyhjcu{ ub jb ub uca mhiydyx by dykchpa hg tqa{uhbg dùay fx cahy{ cdpa ehae bydùay {bfa bucay ea{hjgduae ~ayhbe b` uhfa2

Yajdyema{{ b` zcaucay kb~xyhjcu zhmm ia kbguybmmae ix dg hg{uhuquhbg by dg cahy by {bfa

kbfihgduhbg b` uca uzb- cbz eb H zdgu uca kb~xyhjcu cbmeay ub zahjc uca pdmqa b`

dkka{{ ub uca zbyl djdhg{u ~buaguhdm ~yb`hu{ hg fdlhgj eakh{hbg{ dibqu jydguhgj yhjcu{ ub q{a

uca kb~xyhjcuae fduayhdm2

Bg d {kdma b` 4 ub 4>- cbz qyjagumx eb H zdgu fx ~baf{ ub ia zheamx dpdhmdima2

Bg uca {dfa {kdma- cbz qyjagumx eb H zdgu fx cahy by cahy{ ub ~yb`hu `ybf fx ~baf{ h`

ucaya h{ ~yb`hu ub ia fdea2

A[UDUA[



27/74

H` fx cahy by asakquby cd{ ub fdla d eakh{hbg zahjchgj dkka{{ pay{q{ ~yb`hu{- eb H zdgu ub

madpa as~mhkhu hg{uyqkuhbg{ dibqu zcdu lhge b` zahjcu {ca {cbqme jhpa ub adkc2

Zcdu kbgehuhbg{ zbqme H mhla fx cahy by asakquby ub duudkc ub {qkc q{a{2 #Uca{a kbqme

hgkmqea kbgehuhbg{ eh{kq{{ae am{azcaya hg uch{ ebkqfagu- {qkc d{ ~yb~ay duuyhiquhbg by uca

~ya{aypduhbg b` mhga iyadl{- {~ammhgj- dge ~qgkuqduhbg'(

Eb H zdgu fx cahy by asakquby ub uyadu gbg~yb`hu dge aeqkduhbgdm q{a{ eh`àyagumx `ybf

kbffaykhdm q{a{- ~aycd~{ duudkchgj eh`àyagu àa{ ub adkc by dmmbzhgj `yaa q{a `by {bfa by dmmgbgkbffaykhdm q{a{2

Eb H zdgu ub madpa hg{uyqkuhbg{ dibqu uca uhfhgj b` ~qimhkduhbg `by uca zbyl- by ub

hg{uyqku fx cahy by asakquby ub jydgu `yaa q{a h` ca cd{ `dhmae ub fdla d ~yb`hu ix uca age

b` d kayudhg ~ayhbe2

H` fx bpayyhehgj pdmqa h{ ucdu uca ~baf{ {cbqme ia zheamx dpdhmdima zhuc gb kbg{uydhgu{- eb H

zh{c {hf~mx ub yamad{a ucaf hgub uca ~qimhk ebfdhg2

H` H eb zdgu fx hffaehdua cahy{ #fx {~bq{a by kchmeyag- `by hg{udgka( ub ~yb`hu `ybf

uca ~baf{- eb H zdgu ucahy cahy{ #zcb fdx by fdx gbu ia lgbzg by yamduae ub fa( ub

~yb`hu d{ zamm2 Eb H zdgu fx kchmeyag ub ~yb`hu iqu gbu fx jydgekchmeyag- by fx jydge&

kchmeyag ub ~yb`hu bgmx qgeay kayudhg khykqf{udgka{ by qguhm ucax yadkc d kayudhg dja2

Eba{ fx cahy by asakquby- zcaucay uch{ h{ dg hgehpheqdm by dg hg{uhuquhbg- {cdya fx pdmqa{d{ H cdpa dyuhkqmduae ucaf2

Eba{ fx hguageae cahy by asakquby cdpa uca uhfa- fadg{- lgbzmaeja- dge hguaya{u ub

mbbl dùay fx mhuaydyx a{udua2

Eb H zdgu fx mhuaydyx a{udua ub ia kbguybmmae by asakquae ix {bfabga zcb h{ gbu dg cahy

dge zcb zhmm gbu cay{am` yakahpa ~yb`hu{ `ybf uca a{udua iaxbge uca {uh~age jydguae cay d{asakquby2 #Uca asakquby kbqme ia d uyq{uae mhuaydyx `yhage by deph{ay- d ~qimh{cay by djagu-

d `dfhmx fafiay- by d mhiydyx by dykchpa- `by asdf~ma'( H` H gdfa d{ asakquby dg hgehpheqdm

zcb eha{ ia`bya uca a{udua ~d{{a{ hgub uca ~qimhk ebfdhg-zcdu eb H zdgu ub cd~~ag ucag2

Zbqme H mhla kbguybm ub ~d{{ ub dgbucay ~ay{bgub dg hg{uhuquhbg- by hgub uca ~qimhk ebfdhg2



28/74

Hu h{ hf~byudgu `by ~bau{ ub yafafiay ucdu gbu dmm hg{uyqkuhbg{ ~d{{ae dmbgj zhuc majdkha{ dya

majdmmx ihgehgj- dge ucdu gb {qkc hg{uyqkuhbg{ kdg {q~ay{aea a{udua mdz- kb~xyhjcu mdz- by uca `dhy

q{a ebkuyhga' Iqu apag hg kd{a{ hg zchkc {qkc hg{uyqkuhbg{ dya gbu majdmmx ihgehgj- ucax fdx {aypa

ub jqhea uca zammhguaguhbgae asakquby by yhjcu{cbmeay zcag uca ~bau{ zh{ca{ fhjcu gbu bucay

zh{a cdpa iaag kmady'


MA JDM KCDGJA? D @AZ ZBY E[


29/74

Kb~xyhjcu mdz hu{am` h{ gbu gaka{{dyhmx cb{uhma ub {fdmmay hguaya{u{ {qkc d{ ucb{a b` fb{u ~bau{ dge

~bauyx ~qimh{cay{hg fdgx kd{a{ hu h{ `dpbydima ub ucaf' @by asdf~ma- iakdq{a uca yhjcu{cbmeay

b` d ~baf cd{ kayudhg dyuhkqmduae yhjcu{ qgeay uca mdz- {ca kdg jhpa d jagaybq{ mhkag{a `by q{a d{

zamm d{ d ya{uyhkuhpa bga- by {ca kdg madpa cay kb~xyhjcu ub cay cahy{ zhuc hg{uyqkuhbg{ `by cbz hu h{

ub ia asaykh{ae' Za iamhapa ucdu fdgx h{{qa{ b` kbgkayg ub uca ~bauyx kbffqghux kdg ia udklmae

ucybqjc d yakbg{heayduhbg gbu b` kb~xyhjcu mdz hu{am` iqu b` iq{hga{{ ~ydkuhka{ zhuchg uca {uyqkuqya

b` ash{uhgj kb~xyhjcu mdz{' Hu h{ zbyuc gbuhgj- cbzapay- ucdu d gqfiay b` ~ab~ma zcb uchgl dibqu

kb~xyhjcu mdz dge hguammakuqdm ~yb~ayux cdpa iajqg ub zbyl ub kcdgja {~akh`hk ~ybph{hbg{ b` kb~x

yhjcu mdz' Hg ~dyuhkqmdy- za iamhapa ucdu fb{u ~bau{ zbqme ia cam~ae ixdge ucq{ {cbqme zbyl

ubzdyed yaeqkuhbg hg uca magjuc b` uhfa hu udla{ `by d kb~xyhjcuae zbyl ub fbpa hgub uca ~qimhk

ebfdhg d`uay uca eaduc b` hu{ kyaduby' Dgbucay dyad ucdu {cbqme ia yaph{huae h{ uca mdz bg by~cdgae

zbyl{- zchkc- hg gbu eh{uhgjqh{chgj ucaf `ybf zbyl{ `by zchkc kb~xyhjcu bzgay{ch~ h{ kmady-

a{{aguhdmmx amhfhgdua{ dkka{{ ub zbyl{ zcb{a kb~xyhjcu cbmeay{ kdggbu ia heaguh`hae apag d`uay

{qi{udguhdm jbbe`dhuc a``byu' Dge `hgdmmx- hg dg agphybgfagu hg zchkc {bfa dkdeafhk hg{uhuquhbg{

dya fbphgj ub kmdhf bzgay{ch~ yhjcu{ ub uca{a{ dge eh{{ayuduhbg{ zyhuuag ix ucahy jydeqdua

{uqeagu{- za dya dkquamx hguaya{uae hg ~ya{ayphgj uca{a yhjcu{ `by jydeqdua {uqeagu ~bau{ {b ucdu

ucax kdg ~qy{qa uca hgea~ageagu ~qimhkduhbg {b a{{aguhdm ub ucahy kdyaay{'

MA JDM KCDGJA? D @AZ ZBY E[



30/74

;> ^bauyx dge Gaz Faehd? D Q{ay{ Jqhea

HG D GQU[CAMM? @HGDM YAKBFFAGEDUHBG[ @BY DKUHBG


31/74

Iakdq{a uca dibpa eh{kq{{hbg h{ eaudhmae dge kbf~mas- za dya ~ybphehgj iambz d {au b` yakbffag

eduhbg{ `by dkuhbg `by uca eh``ayagu- cadphmx bpaymd~~hgj jybq~{ zhuchg uca ~bauyx kbffqghux'

Za b``ay ucaf hg deehuhbg ub uca afiaeeae yakbffageduhbg{ dibpa'

Zcb2

^QIMH[CA Y[ DGE DJA GU [

Zcdu2

Yaphaz dge q~edua kqyyagu ~ayfh{{hbg{ ~bmhkha{ zhuc dg axa ub kyaduhgj dkka{{ ub ~bauyx dge ub

eapamb~hgj zheay dqehagka{ `by ~baf{ dge ~bau{

Udla hgub dkkbqgu uca aeqkduhbgdm by {bkhdm pdmqa b` d ~dyuhkqmdy q{a d{ zamm d{ zcaucay d q{a h{ `by

~yb`hu by gbu `by ~yb`hu

[uyadfmhga ~ayfh{{hbg{ ~ybkaeqya{ ub {hjgh`hkdgumx yaeqka uqygdybqge uhfa{

Kbg{heay mhiaydmhhgj ~ayfh{{hbg{ ~bmhkha{ `by yatqa{u{ ub q{a ~baf{ hg faehd dge `byfdu{ xbqy bzg

eh{uyhiquhbg faucbe{ dya gbu kqyyagumx udlhgj depdgudja b`

Qgeay{udge uca `dhy q{a ebkuyhga dge eakmhga ub ~qy{qa yafaeha{ `by q{a{ ucdu fhjcu yad{bgdimx ia

kbg{heayae ub `dmm qgeay `dhy q{a- {qkc d{ aeqkduhbgdm dge {kcbmdymx q{a{

[aal zdx{ hguaygdmmx ub q{a gaz faehd ub hgkyad{a eh{uyhiquhbg dge kqu ~ybeqkuhbg dge eh{uyhiquhbg

kb{u{

Yaphaz dge q~edua kbguydku dge ybxdmuha{ ~ydkuhka{ ub ~d{{ bg {bfa b` uca{a kb{u {dphgj{ ub ~bau{

Zcb2

^BA U[

Zcdu2

Kbg{heay zcdu ux~a{ b` mhkag{a{ xbq zh{c ub duudkc ub xbqy ~baf{ d{ d fduuay b` ybquhga

Kbg{heay uca pdyhbq{ b~uhbg{ b~ag ub xbq `by mhkag{hgj dge jydguhgj ~ayfh{{hbg{ `by ma{{ ux~hkdm

^bauyx dge Gaz Faehd? D Q{ay{ Jqhea ;4

HG D GQU[CAMM? @HGDM YAKBFFAGEDUHBG[ @BY DKUHBG


32/74

~ayfh{{hbg{ yatqa{u{- udlhgj hgub dkkbqgu ucdu xbq kdg jydgu eh`àyagu mhkag{a{ dge yatqa{u eh`àyagu

àa{ `by gbg~yb`hu- aeqkduhbgdm- dge kbffaykhdm ageadpby{

Fdla {qya ucdu kbguydku{ zhuc ~qimh{cay{ {~akh`hkdmmx deeya{{ amakuybghk yhjcu{ dge ucdu uca ybxdmuha{

jydguae xbq `by ucb{a yhjcu{ dya `dhy dge kbg{h{uagu zhuc uca eh`àyagu kb{u {uyqkuqya{ ucdu amakuybghk

~qimh{chgj agudhm{' Qgeay{udge cbz hguaygduhbgdm h{{qa{ {qkc d{ {~mhu yhjcu{ kdg kbf~mhkdua gaz&

faehd q{a dge kdg hf~dku uca eh{uyhiquhbg b` xbqy zbyl

Qgeay{udge cbz xbqy pdmqa{ hg`maku xbqy eakh{hbg{ ibuc d{ d kbguagu kyaduby dge d{ d kbguagu q{ay byuadkcay- dklgbzmaejhgj cbz xbqy gaae{ d{ d ~dyuhkh~dgu eh`ày hg uca uzb lhge{ b` dkuhphuha{' Udla

uca{a eh`àyagka{ hgub dkkbqgu hg xbqy eakh{hbg{ ibuc zcag jydguhgj ~ayfh{{hbg `by q{a b` xbqy zbyl

dge zcag {aalhgj ub q{a uca zbyl{ b` bucay{

Dyuhkqmdua zcdu xbq zdgu ub cd~~ag ub xbqy mhuaydyx a{udua #hgkmqehgj ibuc hguammakuqdm dge ~cx{hkdm

~yb~ayux( d uay xbqy eaduc- ucag zbyl zhuc xbqy duubygax ub kydù d ~mdg ucdu zhmm ~ya{aypa xbqy bzg

pdmqa{ dge xbqy hguaguhbg{ `by uca zbyl

Fdla {qya ucdu xbqy cahy{ dge mhuaydyx asakquby lgbz dge qgeay{udge xbqy hguaguhbg{ `by xbqy

mhuaydyx a{udua

Qgeay{udge ucdu xbqy cahy{ dge asakquby fdx gbu bqumhpa xbq ix fdgx xady{ #dge fdx payx zamm gbu

bqumhpa xbqy kb~xyhjcu{(- dge cdpa dge dyuhkqmdua d idklq~ ~mdg `by {qkc dg apaguqdmhux

Zcb2

^QIMH[CA Y[ < AEQKDU BY[ D GE A EQKDU HBGD M HG[U HUQU HBG[ ^bauyx dge Gaz Faehd? D Q{ay{ Jqhea

D^ÂGEHS UZB


51/74

9>>8 ^bauyx dge Gaz Faehd Pdmqa{ [uduafagu

^bauyx dge Gaz Faehd Zbylhgj Jybq~

Cdyyhau Fbgyba ^bauyx Hg{uhuqua

@aiyqdyx 9>>8

^yboaku [uduafagu

Uca Cdyyhau Fbgyba ^bauyx Hg{uhuqua #CF^H( cd{ hgphuae d ~dgam b` ~bau{- ~qimh{cay{- dge as~ayu{`ybf uca `hame{ b` faehd mdz- uakcgbmbjx- dge bucay ~ayuhgagu dyad{ ub kbfa ubjaucay ibuc hg

~ay{bg dge phyuqdmmx eqyhgj 9>>8' Zbylhgj zhuchg uca CF^H iqu hgea~ageagumx `ybf uca ^bauyx

@bqgeduhbg- uca jybq~ h{ asdfhghgj h{{qa{ yamduae ub uca ~ya~dyduhbg- eh{uyhiquhbg- dge yaka~uhbg

b` ~bauyx ucybqjc ash{uhgj dge apbmphgj faehd ~mdu`byf{- hgkmqehgj uca Hguaygau dge bucay

amakuybghk `byf{ dge eaphka{- zhuc uca dhf b` `byjhgj yakbffageduhbg{ ucdu ibuc ~ybuaku uca

hguammakuqdm ~yb~ayux b` ~bau{ dge ~qimh{cay{ dge ag{qya d phjbybq{ ~ya{agka `by ~bauyx hgpdyhbq{ `byf{ hg dmm faehd- hgkmqehgj gazfaehd bqumau{'

Kbg{heayduhbg{ dge Ea`hghuhbg{

@by uca ~qy~b{a{ b` uch{ jybq~- za dya q{hgj uca uayf gaz faehd ub ya`ay ub dgx asuydibbl

faehqf- a{~akhdmmx amakuybghk faehd' Uca uayf- ucag- zbqme hgkmqea gbu bgmx Hguaygau dge

ehjhudm faehd iqu dm{b ydehb dge `hmf' Za qgeay{udge ucdu uca qgeaymxhgj h{{qa hg yamduhbg ub gaz

faehd h{ yadmmx uca gaz ad{a b` ya~ybeqkuhbg dge eh{{afhgduhbgdg ad{a ucdu ibuc ~ya{agu{ gaz

b~~byuqghuha{ dge kcdmmagja{ bme zdx{ b` agkbqydjhgj dge yazdyehgj hgpa{ufagu hg kyaduhpa zbyl'

Hg uca {ag{a hg zchkc za dya af~mbxhgj uca uayf- ucag- apag d ibbl fhjcu iakbfa d gaz faehd

ebkqfagu uca hg{udgu hu h{ {kdggae hgub d `byf ucdu fdx ia tqhklmx- apag hg{udgudgabq{mx- ya~yb

eqkae- eh{{afhgduae- by dmuayae' Eqyhgj bqy eh{kq{{hbg{- za cdpa dm{b kbfa ub qgeay{udge ucdu

uca ~yhfdyx h{{qa- dkka{{ ub ~bauyx- h{ hf~byudgu gbu bgmx zcag hu d~~ady{ hg gaz faehd iqu

zcayapay ~bauyx d~~ady{- ~yhgu faehd hgkmqeae'


D^^AGEHS UZB


52/74

[cdyae Pdmqa{ b` uca ^bauyx dge Gaz Faehd Zbylhgj Jybq~

Ucdu dkka{{ ub ~bauyx- iahgj kyqkhdm ub uca eapamb~fagu b` dge fdhguagdgka b` kqmuqydm

mhuaydkx dg bqy kqmuqydm cayhudja- {cbqme ucaya`bya ia kbg{heayae d kqmuqydm hf~ayduhpa

Ucdu- bpay uca mbgj uayf- a``byu{ ub mhfhu dkka{{ ub ~bauyx dge bucay hf~byudgu dyuh{uhk dge kqm&

uqydm zbyl{ uage ub cdpa gajduhpa kbg{atqagka{ ucdu bquzahjc hfdjhgae ~b{huhpa kbg{atqagka{

Ucdu za zdgu uch{ ~ybka{{ ub ya{qmu hg du mad{u uca `bmmbzhgj ~ydkuhkdm bqukbfa{?

Yakbffageduhbg{ ucdu made ub d kbffqghux ia{u ~ydkuhka{ ebkqfagu `by uca `dhy q{a b`

~bauyx hg dmm faehd

Yakbffageduhbg{ ucdu cam~ ~bau{- ~qimh{cay{- ~bauyx eh{uyhiquby{- dge bucay kbffq

ghux fafiay{ uchgl ucybqjc majdm h{{qa{ d{ ucax ~ayudhg ub ~ayfh{{hbg{- mhuaydyx a{udua{-

mhkag{hgj- dge bucay fduuay{ dyh{hgj `ybf uca eh{uyhiquhbg b` ~bauyx

D kbffqghux ubeb mh{u zhuc ~ybjydffhgj head{ ucdu afayjae hg bqy kbgpay{duhbg iqu

dya iaxbge uca ~qyphaz b` uca CF^H

Ucdu- d{ kqyyagu kb~xyhjcu mdz ~ybphea{- di{agu dg as~mhkhu zbyl`bychya kbguydku by dg

af~mbxaaaf~mbxay yamduhbg{ch~ qgeay zchkc uca bzgay{ch~ b` d zbyl h{ kmadymx {~ammae bqu-

d kyaduhpa ~ybeqku {cbqme iambgj ub hu{ kyaduby

Ucdu ~bau{ dge ucahy ~qimh{cay{ {cbqme ia yad{bgdimx ~dhe `by ucahy zbyl zcag ~b{{hima dge

~ydkuhkdm

Ucdu ~bau{ dge ~qimh{cay{ {cbqme ia dzdya b` dge ~ya~dyae ub udla depdgudja b` uca gbg

`hgdgkhdm iaga`hu{ fdea ~b{{hima ix gaz faehd- {qkc d{ uca `bmmbzhgj?

B~~byuqghuha{ `by ~bauyx ub ia as~ayhagkae hg zdx{ hu kdggbu ia as~ayhagkae bg

uca ~dja- `by asdf~ma ucybqjc pheab dge dqehb ~ay`byfdgka{- zchkc fdx iyhgj gaz

dqehagka{ ub ~bauyx- madehgj ub



53/74

Jyaduay dkka{{ dge as~b{qya ub ~bau{ dge ~bauyx- zchkc fdx hu{am` made hgehyakumx ub

hgehpheqdm b~~byuqghuha{ `by `hgdgkhdm jdhg d{ zamm d{ ub d fbya phjbybq{ dge mhpamx~ya{agka `by ~bauyx hg uca kqmuqya

Ucdu ~bau{ dge ~qimh{cay{ {cbqme dm{b ia dzdya b` uca yh{l{ {~akh`hkdmmx duuagehgj gaz

faehd b~~byuqghuha{- {bfa asdf~ma{ b` zchkc `bmmbz?

Mb{{ b` kbguybm bpay zcdu bucay{ fhjcu eb zhuc d ~baf bgka hu aguay{ uca ~qimhk {tqdya-

a{~akhdmmx hg amakuybghk `byf{

Mb{{ b` kbguybm bpay {bfa ~buaguhdm hgkbfa d{{bkhduae zhuc d jhpag ~baf

Uca ~buaguhdm by hgkyad{hgj kbguybm dge kaguydmhduhbg b` gaz faehd ix ucb{a by zcbf

uca chjca{u pdmqa duudkchgj ub ~bauyx h{ hu{ `hgdgkhdm pdmqa

Uca ~buaguhdm `by hgkyad{hgj kbguybm dge kaguydmhduhbg hg dge ix kaguay{ b` fbgaxya~{aguae ix mdyja gbg~yb`hu byjdghduhbg{

Ucdu kaguydmhduhbg b` ~bzay dge kbguybm bpay ~bauyx dge hu{ eh{uyhiquhbg fdx made ub ma{{

ehpay{hux hg ~bauyx dge ~bau{ dge ma{{- gbu fbya- dkka{{ ub ucaf

Ucdu ~bauyx h{ dg bgjbhgj kbgpay{duhbg ucdu cd{ dmzdx{ agjdjae hg uca ~ydkuhka ya`ayyae ub uydeh&

uhbgdmmx d{ dmmq{hbg dge hg gaz faehd d{ yafhshgj- d ~ydkuhka ucdu kbguhgqdmmx yagaz{ uca agayjxb` uca jagya

Ucdu za ucaya`bya d``hyf bqy {q~~byu by dg b~ag dge mashima hguay~yauduhbg b` dhy q{a qgeay

kqyyagu kb~xyhjcu mdz

Ucdu- cbzapay- yafhs zbyl{- zcaucay ya{~aku`qm by {duhyhkdm- {cbqme ~ybphea- zcag ~b{{hima-

dkka{{ #ucybqjc mhgl{- khuduhbg- by bucay fadg{( ub uca byhjhgdm uasu d{ hu zd{ zyhuuag- dge ucdu-a{~akhdmmx hg kd{a{ b` {qi{udguhpa q{a- ucb{a zcb q{a uca zbyl b` bucay{ {cbqme- h` ~b{{hima dge

d~~yb~yhdua- {aal ~ayfh{{hbg `by ucdu q{a


D^^AGEHS UZB


54/74

Ucdu zcaya d ~baf d~~ady{ by h{ tqbuae- q{ae- by yafhsae hg dgx faehqf- hgkmqehgj gaz

faehd- hu {cbqme ia ~yb~aymx kyaehuae dge duuyhiquae

Ucdu- `by uca ~qy~b{a{ b` uch{ ebkqfagu- dqucby{ch~ dge bzgay{ch~ dya gbu uca {dfa

Ucdu za ageby{a uca ~chmb{b~cx dge ~ydkuhka b` kbmmdibyduhbg dfbgj ~bau{< mhuaydyx

byjdghduhbg{- hg{uhuquhbg{- dge d{{bkhduhbg{< aeqkduby{ dge aeqkduhbgdm hg{uhuquhbg{< ~bmhkx

fdlay{ dge depbkdua{< ~qimh{cay{< jbpaygfagu djagkha{< ebgby{< yadeay{< dge fafiay{ b`

uca jagaydm ~qimhk


D^^AGEHS UCYAA


55/74


Gaz Faehd Zbylhgj Jybq~ ^dgam Fafiay{

Fhkcdam Kbmmhay h{ d ~ybà{{by b` Agjmh{c du uca Qghpay{hux b` Fdyxmdge dge d

~bauyx aehuby du Cbqjcubg Fh``mhg Cdykbqyu' Ch{ mdua{u kbmmakuhbg b` ~baf{- Uca

Maeja- zd{ d `hgdmh{u `by d Gduhbgdm Ibbl Kyhuhk{ Khykma Dzdye dge uca Mb{ Dgjama{

Uhfa{ Ibbl ^yha' Ca cd{ yakahpae Obcg [hfbg Jqjjagcahf Fafbyhdm

@bqgeduhbg- Gduhbgdm Agebzfagu `by uca Dyu{- dge Ucbfd{ O' Zdu{bg @bqgeduhbg

àmmbz{ch~{- dge {hgka 4885 ca cd{ {aypae d{ uca ehyakuby b` uca Iyade Mbd

Zyhuay{ Kbgàyagka'

Zxg Kbb~ay h{ d ~bau dge mxyhkh{u zcb{a `bqyuc ibbl b` ~baf{- Kcdb{ h{ uca Gaz

Kdmf- kbfa{ bqu hg Fdx 9>4>' Ch{ ~baf @qg zd{ uca id{h{ `by [cayxm Kybz{

Jydffxzhgghgj {bgj Dmm H Zdggd Eb' Ca cd{ zyhuuag {bgj{ zhuc Edphe

Iybd- Edphe Idayzdme- Obex Yaecdja- dge Fdeh{bg [fdyuu Iamm' [bgj{ ix Iamm

dge Kbb~ay d~~ady bg ucahy uzb KE{ #fb{u yakagumx- ^b{ukdye{ Bqu b` uca Imqa(

dge kdg ia cadye bg {hs uamaph{hbg {cbz{' Ca mhpa{ hg Payfbgu'

Yhud Ebpa h{ d ~bau- ~mdxzyhjcu- dge `byfay ~bau mdqyadua b` uca Qghuae [udua{

dge uca Kbffbgzadmuc ^ybà{{by b` Agjmh{c du uca Qghpay{hux b` Phyjhghd hg

Kcdymbuua{phmma' [ca cd{ yakahpae gqfaybq{ mhuaydyx dge dkdeafhk cbgby{- hgkmqehgj

uca 483: ^qmhuay ^yha hg ^bauyx dge uca 4880 Gduhbgdm Cqfdghuha{ Faedm' Ebpacd{ dm{b zyhuuag uasu{ `by fdoby fq{hkdm zbyl{ dge kbmmdibyduae zhuc Obcg Zhmmhdf{

bg [uapag [~hamiayj{ Qg`hgh{cae Obqygax'

Kbygamhq{ Adex h{ d ~bau- ~mdxzyhjcu- dge uca ehyakuby b` uca Kyaduhpa Zyhuhgj

^ybjydf du uca Qghpay{hux b` Gbuya Edfa' Kb`bqgeay b` Kdpa Kdgaf- ca cd{ kbmmdi&

byduae zhuc od kbf~b{ay Ehaeya Fqyydx- dge ca zybua uca mhiyauub `by uca b~aydXbq Ebgu Fh{{ Xbqy Zduay d{ zamm d{ Yqgghgj Fdg- d `hgdmh{u `by uca ^qmhuay ^yha

hg Eydfd' Ch{ dzdye{ hgkmqea àmmbz{ch~{ `ybf uca Jqjjagcahf @bqgeduhbg- uca

Ybklaàmmay @bqgeduhbg- dge uca Gduhbgdm Agebzfagu `by uca Dyu{'

^cbub?@yaePhaidcg

^cbub?Kch~Kbb~ay

D^ÂGEHS UCYAA


56/74


Edphe @agd h{ d ~bau- ~ybà{{by- dge dyu{ defhgh{uyduby' Ca h{ kqyyagumx bg {diiduhkdm

`ybf ch{ ~b{huhbg d{ uca asakquhpa ehyakuby b` uca D{{bkhduhbg b` Zyhuay{ dge Zyhuhgj^ybjydf{ #DZ^(- dg byjdghduhbg eaehkduae ub {ayphgj zyhuay{- uadkcay{- dge zyhuhgj

~ybjydf{' DZ^ dm{b ~qimh{ca{ Uca Zyhuay{ Kcybghkma'

Ldua Jdma h{ d ~bau dge fdgdjhgj aehuby b` Yae Cag ^ya{{' D uadkcay du Dguhbkc

Qghpay{hux Mb{ Dgjama{- {ca {~adl{ du qghpay{huha{ dge zyhuhgj kbgàyagka{ bg

~qimh{chgj- aehuhgj- dge ~qimhkhux' [ca zd{ uca 9>>1>0 ~ya{heagu b` ÂG Q[D>3- cuu~?""zzz'jbbjmaibbl{auumafagu'kbf"'

Kaguay `by [bkhdm Faehd' Kbea b` Ia{u ^ydkuhka{ hg @dhy Q{a `by Bgmhga Pheab' Zd{chgjubg-EK? Kaguay `by [bkhdm Faehd- [kcbbm b` Kbffqghkduhbg- Dfayhkdg Qghpay{hux- dge ^ybjydf`by Hg`byfduhbg Oq{uhka dge Hguammakuqdm ^yb~ayux- Zd{chgjubg Kbmmaja b` Mdz- DfayhkdgQghpay{hux- 9>>1-cuu~?""zzz'kaguay`by{bkhdmfaehd'byj"`hma{"~e`"bgmhgaRia{uR~ydkuhka{RhgR`dhyRq{a'~e`'

Kaguay `by [bkhdm Faehd' Ebkqfagudyx @hmffdlay{ [uduafagu b` Ia{u ^ydkuhka{ hg @dhy Q{a'Zd{chgjubg- EK? Kaguay `by [bkhdm Faehd- [kcbbm b` Kbffqghkduhbg- Dfayhkdg Qghpay{hux-dge Zd{chgjubg Kbmmaja b` Mdz- Dfayhkdg Qghpay{hux- 9>>3-cuu~?""kaguay`by{bkhdmfaehd'byj"ybkl"idkljybqgeebk{"ia{u~ydkuhka{'~e`'

Kaguay `by [bkhdm Faehd' @dhy Q{a dge Kb~xyhjcu' Zd{chgjubg- EK? Kaguay `by [bkhdm Faehd-[kcbbm b` Kbffqghkduhbg- Dfayhkdg Qghpay{hux- g'e'-cuu~?""zzz'kaguay`by{bkhdmfaehd'byj"ya{bqyka{"`dhyRq{a'

Kb~xyhjcu Dmmhdgka' Kb~xyhjcu Id{hk{? @by Zyhuay{' Zd{chgjubg- EK? Kb~xyhjcu Dmmhdgka-9>>8- cuu~?""zzz'kb~xyhjcudmmhdgka'byj"`hma{"q{ay`hma{"`hma"Zyhuay{'~e`'


Kb~xyhjcu Dmmhdgka' Ebkqfagu{' Zd{chgjubg- EK? Kb~xyhjcu Dmmhdgka- 9>>3-


65/74

cuu~?""zzz'kb~xyhjcudmmhdgka'byj""kbguagu'~c~2lax6ebkqfagu{'

Kb~xyhjcu Dmmhdgka'^ybfbuhgj Kyaduhphux- Obi{ dge Jybzuc' Zd{chgjubg- EK? Kb~xyhjcu Dmmhdgka-g'e'

Kyaduhpa Kbffbg{' Dibqu Mhkag{a{' [dg @ydgkh{kb? Kyaduhpa Kbffbg{- g'e'- cuu~?""kyaduhpakbffbg{'byj"dibqu"mhkag{a{'

Edygubg- Ybiayu' Jbbjma dge uca @quqya b` Ibbl{' Gaz Xbyl Yaphaz b` Ibbl{- @aiyqdyx 49-9>>8- cuu~?""zzz'gxibbl{'kbf"dyuhkma{"99934'

Ebkubybz- Kbyx' Kbguagu? [amakuae A{{dx{ bg Uakcgbmbjx- Kyaduhphux- Kb~xyhjcu- dge uca @quqya b` uca@quqya' [dg @ydgkh{kb? Udkcxbg- 9>>3'

Cdxma{- G' Lducdyhga'Amakuybghk Mhuayduqya? Gaz Cbyhbg{ `by uca Mhuaydyx' Gbuya Edfa- HG?

Qghpay{hux b` Gbuya Edfa ^ya{{- 9>>3'

Cdxma{- G' Lducayhga- Ghkl Fbgu`byu- [kbuu Yauuiayj- dge [ua~cdgha [uyhklmdge- ae{'AmakuybghkMhuayduqya Kbmmakuhbg- Pbmqfa Bga' Kbmmaja ^dyl- FE? Amakuybghk Mhuayduqya Byjdghduhbg-Bkubiay 9>>0- cuu~?""kbmmakuhbg'amhuayduqya'byj"4'

Cam~yhg- Fdyl'Ehjhudm Idyidyh{f? D Zyhuay{ Fdgh a{ub' Gaz Xbyl? Cdy~ayKbmmhg{- 9>>8'

Cbukcgay- D' A' Ebgu Ubqkc D Fbpadima @ad{u'Gaz Xbyl Uhfa{- Oqmx 9>- 9>>8-cuu~?""zzz'gxuhfa{'kbf"9>>8">:"9>"b~hghbg"9>cbukcgay'cufm'

Cxea- Mazh{' Uca Jh`u? Kyaduhphux dge uca Dyuh{u hg uca Fbeayg Zbyme' Gaz Xbyl? Phgudja- 9>>:'

Hpax- Ihmm O'Dyu{- Hgk? Cbz Jyaae dge Gajmaku Cdpa Ea{uybxae Bqy Kqmuqydm Yhjcu{' Iaylamax?Qghpay{hux b` Kdmh`byghd ^ya{{- 9>>3'

Odyph{- Oa``' Zcdu Zbqme Jbbjma Eb2 Gaz Xbyl? Cdy~ayKbmmhg{- 9>>8'

Obcg E' dge Kducayhga U' FdkDyucqy @bqgeduhbg' ^bmhkx&Hguammakuqdm ^yb~ayux Dyh{hgj Bqu b`uca Q{a b` @bqgeduhbg @qge{' Kchkdjb? Obcg E' dge Kducayhga U' FdkDyucqy @bqgeduhbg- 9>>3-

cuu~?""zzz'fdk`bqge'byj"{hua"k'mlMSO3FTLyC"i'53>5591"l'0@A1"HguammakuqdmR^yb~ayux'cuf'


Oqyjag{ag- Obcg' Ycxfa dge Yad{bg? Odga Kdf~hbg bg Iyhjcu [udy- d Ybfdguhk Eydfd@ h E e ^ O c L Z mm [ O m [ i 3

^YHFDYX ZBY L[ KBG[QMUAE


66/74

@aduqyhgj Ebbfae ^bau Obcg Ladu{' Zdmm [uyaau Obqygdm- [a~uafiay 43- 9>>8-cuu~?""bgmhga'z{o'kbf"dyuhkma"[I4>>>4595>198:>9>;55>4>51:55>9:19594;>:0;9'cufm'

Ma{{hj- Mdzyagka'Yafhs? Fdlhgj Dyu dge Kbffayka Ucyhpa hg uca Cxiyhe Akbgbfx' Gaz Xbyl?âgjqhg- 9>>3'

Mapdub- @ydgka{kb' Zdy Yqj' Kchkdjb? Fdy{ Jdmmayx- Pheab Hg{udmmduhbg- Oqga 48Oqmx 40- 9>>8-cuu~?""zzz'`ydgka{kbmapdub'kbf"faehd"ZdyRYqj'cuf'

Fds- E' U' Uca Hgoq{uhka Kbmmakuby? H{ Odfa{ Obxka{ Jydge{bg [q~~ya{{hgj [kcbmdy{ch~2Gaz Xbylay- Oqga 48- 9>>0- cuu~?""zzz'gazxbylay'kbf"dykchpa"9>>0">0"48">0>048`dR`dku'

Fdxa{- @ydgka{' Fdx H Cdpa Xbqy âyfh{{hbg2 Zyhuay{ Kcybghkma 91- gb'5 #@aiyqdyx 488;(? 4- 8&4>'

Fbgu`byu- Ghkl' ây{bgdm zai{hua- cuu~?""ghklf'kbf"'

Fbyyh{- Dedmdhea- dge Ucbfd{ [zh{{- ae{'Gaz Faehd ^bauhk{? Kbguasu{- Uakcgbuasu{- dge Ucabyha{'Kdfiyheja- FD? FHU ^ya{{- 9>>0'

Gduhbgdm Agebzfagu `by uca Dyu{'Yadehgj du Yh{l? D [qypax b` Mhuaydyx Yadehgj hg Dfayhkd'Ya{adykc Ehph{hbg Ya~byu +50' Zd{chgjubg EK? Gduhbgdm Agebzfagu `by uca Dyu{- Oqga 9>>5'cuu~?""zzz'gad'jbp"~qi"YadehgjDuYh{l'~e`

Gduhbgdm Agebzfagu `by uca Dyu{' Ub Yade by Gbu ub Yade? D Tqa{uhbg b` Gduhbgdm Kbg{atqagka-Ya{adykc Ya~byu +5:' Zd{chgjubg- EK? Gduhbgdm Agebzfagu `by uca Dyu{- Gbpafiay 9>>:'cuu~?""zzz'gad'jbp"ya{adykc"UbYade'~e`

Gbyfdg Mady Kaguay'Dyuh{u{- Uakcgbmbjx dge uca Bzgay{ch~ b` Kyaduhpa KbguaguKyaduhpa Kbguybmhg uca Ehjhudm Dja? [kagdyhb{ `by uca @quqya' Mb{ Dgjama{- KD? Mady Kaguay ^ya{{- 9>>;'

^chmh~{- Oayafx' [~hgghgj Bqu b` Kbguybm? Cbz uca Yakbye Hgeq{uyx Fh{{ae Bqu bg d Kcdgkaub Kbf~aua hg d Gaz Ehjhudm Zbyme' Zdmm [uyaau Obqygdm- @aiyqdyx 44- 9>>8'

Yb{{- ^duyhkl' Kyhuhtqhgj Kb~xyhjcu Kdgdye{' Zd{chgjubg- EK? Kb~xyhjcu Dmmhdgka- 9>>3-cuu~?""zzz'kb~xyhjcudmmhdgka'byj""`hma{"4>fxuc{'~e`'


[kczdyu- Mh{d ^- Mh{iauc Jbima- Gae Agjmh{c- dge Ybiayu @' Idhmax #GBYK ~ya~dyay{('^ u h D h Y h ` uc @h eh Kch ^ u @ e uh O 0


67/74

^bauyx hg Dfayhkd? Yaphaz b` uca @hgehgj{' Kchkdjb? ^bauyx @bqgeduhbg- Odgqdyx 9>>0-cuu~?""zzz'~bauyx`bqgeduhbg'byj"`bqgeduhbg"^bauyxhgDfayhkdgR@qmmYa~byu'~e`'

[fhuc- Edgham I' Zcdu H{ Dyu @by2 Gaz Xbyl Uhfa{ Fdjdhga- Gbpafiay 40- 9>>3'

[ubga- Iyde' Dfdbg Ayd{a{ Byzamm Ibbl{ `ybf Lhgema'Gaz Xbyl Uhfa{- Oqmx 43- 9>>8-cuu~?""zzz'gxuhfa{'kbf"9>>8">:"43"uakcgbmbjx"kbf~dgha{"43dfdbg'cufm'

Uadkcay{ dge Zyhuay{ Kbmmdibyduhpa zai{hua' Gaz Xbyl? Uadkcay{ dge Zyhuay{ Kbmmdibyduhpa-cuu~?""zzz'uzk'byj"'

Qghuae [udua{ Kb~xyhjcu B``hka cbfa ~dja' Zd{chgjubg- E'K'? Qghuae [udua{ Kb~xyhjcu B``hka-cuu~?""zzz'kb~xyhjcu'jbp"'

Qghuae [udua{ Kb~xyhjcu B``hka- Kb~xyhjcu Id{hk{' Zd{chgjubg- EK? Qghuae [udua{ Kb~xyhjcu

B``hka- 9>>8- cuu~?""zzz'kb~xyhjcu'jbp"khyk{"khyk4'~e`'

Qghuae [udua{ Kb~xyhjcu B``hka- @dhy Q{a' Zd{chgjubg- EK? Qghuae [udua{ Kb~xyhjcu B``hka-9>>3- cuu~?""zzz'kb~xyhjcu'jbp"`m{"`m4>9'cufm'

Pdhecxdgducdg- [hpd' Kb~xyhjcu{ dge Kb~xzybgj{? Uca Yh{a b` Hguammakuqdm ^yb~ayux dge Cbz HuUcyaduag{ Kyaduhphux' Gaz Xbyl? Gaz Xbyl Qghpay{hux ^ya{{- 9>>;'

Zchua Cbq{a ^ya{{ B``hka' Yafdyl{ ix uca @hy{u Mdex du uca Yhiibg Kquuhgj Kayafbgx `by ucaFauyb~bmhudg Fq{aqf b` Dyu Dfayhkdg Zhgj- gaz{ yamad{a- Fdx 43- 9>>8-cuu~?""zzz'zchuacbq{a'jbp"ucaR~ya{{Rb``hka"Yafdyl{ixuca@hy{uMdexduucaYhiibgKquuhgjKayafbgxduucaFauyb~bmhudgFq{aqfb`DyuDfayhkdgZhgj'

Zyhuay{ hg uca [kcbbm{ Dmmhdgka zai{hua- cuu~?""zzz'zhu{cbq{ubg'byj"zhu{dmmhdgka'

_dhe- Jdiyham'[b Fdgx Ibbl{? Yadehgj dge ^qimh{chgj hg dg Dja b` Diqgedgka' ^chmdeam~chd- ^D?^dqm Eyx- 9>>;'


Dkdeafx b` Dfayhkdg ^bau{ zai{hua' Gaz Xbyl? Dkdeafx b` Dfayhkdg ^bau{- cuu~?""zzz'~bau{'byj'

DEEHUH BGDM YA DEHGJ


68/74

Dfayhkdg Gduhbgdm [udgedye{ Hg{uhuqua #DG[H(' DG[H A{{aguhdm Yatqhyafagu{? Eqa ^ybka{{ `byYatqhyafagu{ `by Dfayhkdg Gduhbgdm [udgedye{' Gaz Xbyl? Dfayhkdg Gduhbgdm [udgedye{Hg{uhuqua #DG[H(- Odgqdyx 9>>3- cuu~?""~qimhkdd'dg{h'byj"'

Dqmm- @amhka' Kbffagudyx'Dkdeafhk Faehkhga :3- gb' 4> #Bkubiay 9>>;(? 4>11'

Idauag{- Odg' Yaphaz b`Gaz Faehd ^bauhk{? Kbguasu{- Uakcgbuasu{- dge Ucabyha{- ae' Deamdhea

Fbyyh{ dge Ucbfd{ [zh{{'Mabgdyeb 5>- gb' ; #Oqga 9>>:(? ;>51'

Idmdidgbphk- Fdylb- dge Xdbp [cbcdf' @di? KbguaguId{ae- Kbmmdibyduhpa Yakbffageduhbg'Kbffqghkduhbg{ b` uca D{{bkhduhbg b` Kbf~quhgj Fdkchgayx 5>- gb' ; #Fdykc 488:(? 00:9'

Idmezhg- [dgex' D ^baf H{ d Fdkchga ub Uchgl Zhuc? Ehjhudm ^bauyx dge uca ^dydebs b`Hggbpduhbg- yaphaz bÈhjhudm ^bauhk{? Uca Fdlhgj b` A&^bauyha{- ix Mb{{ âtqab Jmdhay'

^b{ufbeayg Kqmuqya 4;- gb' 9 #Odgqdyx 9>>;('

Idymbz- Obcg âyyx' Uca Akbgbfx b` Head{? Apayxuchgj Xbq Lgbz dibqu Hguammakuqdm ^yb~ayuxH{ Zybgj' Zhyae- Fdykc 4885'

Iagodfhg- Zdmuay' Uca Zbyl b` Dyu hg uca Dja b` Fakcdghkdm Ya~ybeqkuhbg #48;1(' HgHmmqfhgduhbg{- ae' Cdggdc Dyageu- uy' Cagyx _bcg- 94:14' Gaz Xbyl? Cdykbqyu- Iydka- &Zbyme- 4803'

Ibmuay- Odx Edphe' Ehjhudm Faehd dge Dyu? Dmzdx{ Dmyadex Kbf~mhkhu2 Kyhuhkh{f 58- gb' 4#Zhguay 9>>:(? 4>:43'

Ibxma- Odfa{' Uca ^qimhk Ebfdhg? Agkmb{hgj uca Kbffbg{ b` uca Fhge' Gaz Cdpag- KU? XdmaQghpay{hux ^ya{{- 9>>3- dm{b dpdhmdima du cuu~?""zzz'uca~qimhkebfdhg'byj'

Iyhub- Fdgqam' @ybf ^d~ay{~dka ub Cx~ay{~dka? Dg Apdmqduhbg b` Adgucbmbjha{ hg HggbpduhpaDfayhkdg ^bauyx'Yaph{ud Kdgdyhd ea A{uqehb{ Hgjma{a{19 #9>>0(? 4>19:'

Iybqzay- Obam' Hg uca [udkl{' Cdyyhau #d imbj `ybf uca ^bauyx @bqgeduhbg(- Kchkdjb? ^bauyx@bqgeduhbg- Oqmx 90- 9>>8-cuu~?""zzz'~bauyx`bqgeduhbg'byj"cdyyhau"9>>8">:"hguca{udkl{"+fbya5;54'


Iybzg- Fduucaz ^' IB[UBG"[BI GBU? Amajhdk ây`byfdgka hg Adymx Gaz Agjmdge dgeFduayhdmh{u [uqeha{ b` uca Ibbl Dfayhkdg Tqdyuaymx 1> gb 9 #4883(? ;>0;8


69/74

Fduayhdmh{u [uqeha{ b` uca Ibbl' Dfayhkdg Tqdyuaymx1>- gb' 9 #4883(? ;>0 ;8'

Kdpdgdjc- Ucbfd{ I' Uca Zbyl b` Dyu hg uca Dja b` Fakcdghkdm ^ybeqkuhbg'HguaygduhbgdmObqygdm b` Uakcgbmbjx dge Cqfdg Hguaydkuhbg 5- gb' ; #Oqmx 9>>3(? 9:59'

Kcabl- Deyhdg Edphe- Dieqy Yacfdg Fq{ud`d- Bzag Gbam Gbyubg @aygdgeb- Odgdld ^yd{deZhoa{agd- DggaLduyhg Idyucb``- dge Gdblb Ub{d' Imbj Zdmm? Eh{~mdxhgj Dyuh{uhk dge ^bauhkFa{{dja{ bg ^qimhk Eh{~mdx{ phd [F['^ybkaaehgj{ b` uca 8uc Hguaygduhbgdm Kbgàyagka bg Cqfdg

Kbf~quay Hguaydkuhbg zhuc Fbihma Eaphka{ dge [ayphka{- 53;30' Gaz Xbyl? D{{bkhduhbg `byKbf~quhgj Fdkchgayx- 9>>3'

Kchdyjmhbga- M' Idmdgkhgj ^ybuakuhbg b` Hguammakuqdm ^yb~ayux dge Hu{ Q{a' ^ybkaaehgj{ b` uca@hy{u Hguaygduhbgdm Kbgàyagka bg Dqubfduae ^ybeqkuhbg b` Kyb{{ Faehd Kbguagu `by Fqmuh&Kcdggam

Eh{uyhiquhbg- ;0' Gaz Xbyl? Hg{uhuqua b` Amakuyhkdm dge Amakuybghk{ Agjhgaay{- 9>>1'

Kbmafdg- [dydc- dge Ghkl ExayZhà`bye' ^mdxhgj bg uca Ehjhudm Kbffbg{? Kbmmakuhphuha{-Kd~hudm- dge Kbgua{uduhbg hg Pheabjdfa Kqmuqya' Faehd- Kqmuqya- dge [bkhaux 98- gb' 0 #9>>:(?8;51;'

Eyqklay- Obcdggd'[zaau Eyadf{? Kbguaf~bydyx Dyu dge Kbf~mhkhux' Kchkdjb? Qghpay{hux b`Kchkdjb ^ya{{- 9>>1'

Afay{bg- Mbyh' Fx Ehjhudm Ehklhg{bg'Afhmx Ehklhg{bg Obqygdm 4:- gb' 9 #@dmm 9>>3(? 11:0'

Afay{bg- Ydm~c Zdmeb' Uca ^bau' Afay{bg{ A{{dx{' Yadehgj- ^D? [~agkay ^ya{{- 48;0' 914:3'

Jay{cagàme- Gahm D' Zcag Uchgj{ [udyu ub Uchgl' Gaz Xbyl? Cagyx Cbmu- 4888'

Jhmma{~ha- Udymaubg' Zhyae [cqu? Kb~xyhjcu dge uca [cd~a b` Ehjhudm Kqmuqya' Kdfiyheja- FD?FHU ^ya{{- 9>>:'

Jmdx{cay- @yaeayhkl' ây{bgdm zai{hua- cuu~?""zzz'`jmdx{cay'kbf'

Jzhd{ed- Ldym A' Ihimhbjyd~cx? Yamduhbg{ b` Mhuayduqya dge [khagka' Kbg`hjqyduhbg{ 0- gb' ;#@dmm 4883(? 5>;8;'


Cdxma{- G' Lducayhga'Cbz Za Iakdfa ^b{ucqfdg? Phyuqdm Ibeha{ hg Kxiaygauhk{- Mhuayduqya- dgeHg`byfduhk{' Kchkdjb? Qghpay{hux b` Kchkdjb ^ya{{- 4888'

DEEHUH BGDM YA DEHGJ


70/74

Hg`byfduhk{' Kchkdjb? Qghpay{hux b` Kchkdjb ^ya{{- 4888'

Chffd- Laggauc Ahgdy' Uca Oq{uh`hkduhbg b` Hguammakuqdm ^yb~ayux? Kbguaf~bydyx^chmb{b~chkdm Eh{~qua{'Obqygdm b` uca Dfayhkdg [bkhaux `by Hg byfduhbg [khagka dge Uakcgbmbjx18-gb' : #Fdx 9>>3(? 445;04'

Cmaiak- Pdmaguhgd' Yaphaz b`[bkhdm Kbg{atqagka{ b` Hguaygau Q{a? Dkka{{- Hgpbmpafagu- dgeHguaydkuhbg- ix Odfa{ A' Ldu dge Ybgdme A' Yhka' Gaz Faehd dge [bkhaux 0- gb' ; #Oqga 9>>5(?

598;4'

Cqgu- Lag' Ebgu @ady uca ^hydua{? Hmmajdm Ebzgmbdeay{ b` Fq{hk dge Fbpha{ Dya du uca @bya`ybgu

b` Uakcgbmbjxdge Hu{ Uhfa uca Hgeq{uyha{ Kdqjcu Q~' UT Fdjdhga #Gbpafiay 9:- 9>>:(? 94'

Obhgu- Ghkcbmd{' H{ Ehjhuh{duhbg uca Gaz Khykqmduhbg2 Ibyybzhgj Uyage{- Ehjhuh{duhbg- dge ucaGduqya b` Yadehgj hg Q'[' dge Q'L' Mhiydyha{'Mhiydyx Yaphaz1:- gb' 9 #9>>3(? 3:81'

Obga{- [uapa' Fq{hk ucdu Fbpa{? ^b~qmdy Fq{hk- Eh{uyhiquhbg dge Gauzbyl Uakcgbmbjha{'Kqmuqydm [uqeha{ 40- gb' 9 #Fdykc 9>>9(? 94;;9'

Oq{edgh{- Jyajbyx' Uzb Kcaay{ `by Da{ucauhk Dqubgbfx' Kqmuqydm Kyhuhtqa 04 #@dmm 9>>1(? 9915'

Lammx- Laphg' [kdg Uch{ Ibbl$Gaz Xbyl Uhfa{ Fdjdhga- Fdx 45- 9>>0'

Lh{lh{- Fhgedqjd{- dge Yhfdgud{ ^auydq{ld{' Kbf~ag{duhgj Kyaduhphux hg uca Ehjhudm Zbyme?Yakbgkhmhgj Uakcgbmbjx dge Kqmuqya'^ybkaaehgj{ b` uca DKF [xf~b{hqf bg D~~mhae Kbf~quhgj#9>>1(? 93930'

Lgb~~ay- [uapa'D~~auhua `by [am`&Ea{uyqkuhbg? Uca [~akudkqmdy Kyd{c b` uca Yakbye Hgeq{uyx hg ucaEhjhudm Dja' Gaz Xbyl? @yaa ^ya{{- 9>>8'

Lgb~~ay- [uapa- hguayphazae ix Uayyx Jyb{{' Uca Yh{a dge @dmm b` uca Fq{hk Hgeq{uyx'Hguayphaz ix Uayyx Jyb{{'@ya{c Dhy' G^Y- Odgqdyx 45- 9>>8-cuu~?""zzz'g~y'byj"uaf~mdua{"{ubyx"{ubyx'~c~2{ubyxHe688;4998;'

Lyq~ghkl- Fdyl' Fdy{cdmm FkMqcdg Yaph{huae? Faehd Jqyq d{ Kducbmhk Fbeaygh{u'Fbeaygh{f"Fbeayghux1- gb' ; #[a~uafiay 4883(? 4>:99'

:> ^bauyx dge Gaz Faehd? D Q{ay{ Jqhea

Mdh- Z' L'- L' F' Cba- U' [' Udh- dge F' K' [adc' Kmd{{h`xhgj Agjmh{c Zai ^dja{ zhuc [fdyuDgu&mhla Djagu{'^ybkaaehgj{ b` uca 1uc Kbg`ayagka bg Zbyme Dqubfduhbg Kbgjya{{ 4;' Fdmdx{hd


71/74

j j ` 1 ` j ; x

#9>>9(? 54440'

Mdga- Dgucbgx' Xbqgj Imbbe? Kcyh{uhga Oa``{ [xmphd'Gaz Xbylay- Bkubiay 9>- 9>>;'

Maggbg- Iyhdg' [kyaaghgj d Ehjhudm Ph{qdm ^bauhk{' Kbg`hjqyduhbg{ 3- gb' 4 #Zhguay 9>>>(?0;31'

Mazhg- Udfdy' Uasuibbl ^qimh{cay ub Yagu ub Kbmmaja [uqeagu{'Gaz Xbyl Uhfa{- Dqjq{u 4;-9>>8- cuu~?""zzz'gxuhfa{'kbf"9>>8">3"45"aeqkduhbg"45uasuibbl'cufm'

Mhaimhgj- D' O' Uca Zdxzdye ^ya{{? Eb Xbq Iambgj hg Obqygdmh{f2Gaz Xbylay- Fdx 45- 480>'

Mhufdg- Oa{{hkd'Ehjhudm Kb~xyhjcu' Dfcay{u- GX? ^ybfaucaq{- 9>>0'

Mhq- Dmdg' Qgeay{udgehgj Lgbzmaeja Zbyl' Kyhuhkh{f 5:- gb' 9 #[~yhgj 9>>1(? 9580>'

Mqibz- Dyucqy' Uca Mhpa{ Ucax Mhpae< Uchye Zcaam'Gaz Xbyl Uhfa{ Fdjdhga- Eakafiay93- 9>>;'

Fdgeamm- Mdqyd' Zcdu H{ uca Fduuay2 By- Zcdu Mhuaydyx Ucabyx Gahucay Cady{ gby [aa{'Gaz Mhuaydyx Ch{ubyx;3- gb' 5 #Dquqfg 9>>:(? :11:0'

FkCdma- Iyhdg' ^bauyx d{ ^yb{uca{h{'^bauhk{ Ubedx 94- gb' 4 #[~yhgj 9>>>(? 4;9'

Gdydxdgdg- Jaaucd' Kyd`uhgj Kcdgja? Agph{hbghgj GazFaehd Dyu{ d{ Kyhuhkdm ^aedjbjx'Mabgdyeb;8- gb' 5 #Dqjq{u 9>>0(? ;:;:1'

Gdyh{fqmq- yhxd' Asdfhghgj uca Qgeh{kmb{ae Fdyjhg{? b{ukbmbghdm Hguammakuqdm{ dge [qidmuaygPbhka{' Kqmuqydm [uqeha{ 4:- gb' 4 #Odgqdyx 9>>;(? 1035'

Gduhbgdm Hg`byfduhbg [udgedye{ Byjdghduhbg #GH[B(' [AYQ? D [cdyae Amakuybghk Ya{bqykaQgeay{udgehgj' Idmuhfbya? Gduhbgdm

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