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PointerH1
PointerH2
PointerH3
BIP-8B2
APSK1
APSK2
DCCD4
DCCD5
DCCD6
DCCD7
DCCD8
DCCD9
DCCD10
DCCD11
DCCD12
SyncS1/Z1
FEBEM0/M1/Z2
OWE2
Transport overhead
125 microsec.
9 rows
90 bytes
3 bytes
TransportOverhead
STS-1 Envelope Capacity
FramingA1
FramingA2
SectionTrace J0
BIP-8B1
OWE1
UserF1
DCCD1
DCCD2
DCCD3
Line Overhead
Section Overhead
29
STS-1 SPE path overhead
STS-1 Envelope Capacity
9 rows
90 bytes3 bytes
TransportOverhead
STS Path Overhead
TraceJ1
BIP-8B3
LabelC2
StatusG1
UserF2
MultiframeH4
GrowthZ3
GrowthZ4
TCMZ5
Payload CapacitySynchronous
PayloadEnvelope
30
Framing bytes (A1, A2)
1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 01 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0
A1 Byte A2 Byte
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Hex: F628
31
Scrambling
Envelope Capacity
125 microsec.
TransportOverhead
Scrambler polynomial = 1 + X6 + X7Scrambler polynomial = 1 + X6 + X7
Scrambler reset to 11111111
Not scrambled
Scrambled
32
Section trace (J0)
Trace ID Value
ID=2
ID=3
ID=4
ID=5
J0 Byte
11 22 33 44 55 66 77 8 8
33
Path trace (J1)
Vancouver
Toronto
DS3
DS3
Path trace code assigned to indicatephysical location of path source Equipment provisioned to
monitor path trace code = Vancouver
CR LF
64 character ASCII string
STS-1 framen n+1 n+2 n+63
J1 bytes
Common LanguageLocation Identifier (CLLI)
Recommended Use:
34
Section BIP-8 (B1)
Even parity calculated overall bit 1s from entire STS-N frame
Even parity calculated overall bit 8s from entire STS-N frame
B1 Byte
11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88
35
Line BIP-8 (B2)
Even parity calculated overall bit 1s from entire STS-1 frameexcluding section overhead
Even parity calculated overall bit 8s from entire STS-1 frameexcluding section overhead
B2 Byte
11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88
36
Line remote error indication (M0/M1)
Example: 2 out of 8 B2 (Line BIP-8)parity bits detected as wrong in frame n
Line REI sent with binaryvalue 2 in next outgoing frame
4 bit binary value for OC-1 interfaces (M0)
M0/M1 Byte
8 bit binary value for OC-N interfaces (M1)
11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88
37
Path BIP-8 (B3)
Even parity calculated overall bit 1s from entire SPE frame
Even parity calculated overall bit 8s from entire SPE frame
B3 Byte
11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88
38
Path status (G1)
G1 Byte
Path REI RDI Unused
REI = Remote Error IndicationRDI = Remote Defect Indication
0 X X No defects0 0 1 No defects0 1 0 Payload defects (payload label mismatch,
ATM loss of cell delineation)1 1 0 Connectivity defects (path trace mismatch,
unequipped)1 0 1 Server defects (path AIS, loss of pointer)
NOTE: Exceptions to handle backwards compatibilityare documented in GR-253.
11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88
39
Line RDI
K2 Byte
Channel # 111 Line AIS110 Line RDI101 Bidirectional APS100 Unidirectional APS
0 1+1 Mode1 1:N Mode
11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88
40
Section orderwire (E1)
LineTerminal Regenerator
LineTerminal
E1 Byte
41
Line orderwire (E2)
LineTerminal Regenerator
LineTerminal
E2 Byte
42
Section user channel (F1)
LineTerminal Regenerator
LineTerminal
F1 Byte
AlarmMonitor
MonitoredElement
43
Path user channel (F2)
Vancouver
Toronto
DS3
DS3
User Info
F2 Byte
44
SONET data communications channels (D1-D3, D4-D12)
OS = Operations System
NE = Network Element
NE
D1-3 Bytes = Section Data Comm Channel (192 kbit/s)D4-12 Bytes = Line Data Comm Channel (576 kbit/s)
OSOS NEExternal
DataNetwork
NEGatewayNE
45
Synchronization status messaging (S1)
Building IntegratedTiming Supply
S1= Stratum 1 traceable S1= Stratum 3 traceableS1= Stratum 1 traceable
S1 = Don’t Use S1 = Don’t Use S1 = Don’t Use
BITSBITS
S1
11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88
0 0 0 0 Synchronized - traceability unknown0 0 0 1 Stratum 1 traceable0 1 1 1 Stratum 2 traceable1 0 1 0 Stratum 3 traceable1 1 0 0 20ppm clock traceable1 1 1 0 Reserved for network synchronization1 1 1 1 Don’t use for synchronization
47
Path signal label (C2)
Hex Value Payload0001020412131415
E1-FC
UnequippedEquipped - Nonspecific payloadVirtual TributariesDS3139.264Mb/sATMDQDBFDDIPayload Defect Indicator (PDI)
C2 Byte
11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88
48
Tandem connection monitoring
PhotonicConvert STS-N signal
to optical pulses
SectionFraming and scrambling
Add section overhead
LineMultiplex SPEs
Add line overheadAutomatic protection
STS PathMap payloads into STS SPE
Add path overhead
SONETNetwork Element
STS Synchronous Payload Envelope
STS-N with Line Overhead
Light pulses
STS-N with Line and Section Overhead
Payloads (DS3, video)
Payloads (DS1, DS2) VT PathMap payloads into VT SPE
Add path OH VT Synchronous Payload Envelope
OptionalTandem Connection
Performance monitoring overpath segments
STS Synchronous Payload Envelope
49
Tandem connection monitoring
STS Path
Line
Section
Photonic
STS PathDS3 DS3
DS3
Section SectionSectionSection
LineLine
Tandem Connection
STS Path
PathTerminatingEquipment
(PTE)
TandemConnectionTerminatingEquipment
(TCTE)
LineTerminatingEquipment
(LTE)
TandemConnectionTerminatingEquipment
(TCTE)
PathTerminatingEquipment
(PTE)
TC
Line
Section
Photonic
Line
Section
Photonic
STS Path
TC
Line
Section
Photonic
LineLine
Line
Section
Photonic
50
TCM byte (Z5)
Z5 Byte
IEC Data Link
IEC - Incoming Error Count
PTE TCTE TCTE PTE
DS3 DS3
IEC and Data Link Tandem ConnectionMonitor
OC-12
11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88
OC-48 OC-12
51
STS-1 payload pointer offset
STS Pointer
Frame N
STS Pointer
Frame N + 1
STS-1 SPE
125 µs
250 µs
1 4041 87
90 bytes
63
STS payload pointer (H1, H2)
I - Increment BitsD - Decrement BitsNDF Not Set = 0110
NDF Set = 1001
Concatenation Flag
H1 H2
0 1 1 0 X X I D I D I D I D I D
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
NotUsed
1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
New Data Flag Pointer Offset
70
Multiframe indicator (H4)
00H4
V4 Bytes
01H4
V1 Bytes
10H4
V2 Bytes
11H4
V3 Bytes
00H4
V4 Bytes
11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88
H4 Byte
VT SubFrameCounter
X X X X X X
88
Single-ended performance monitoring
DS3
PathTerminal
LineTerminal
PathTerminal
DS3
Degraded
Section BIP-8 (B1)
B1 errorsdetected
B1 B1
Line BIP-8 (B2)B2 errorsdetected B2
Line REI (M0/M1)Far-endline errorscounted
M0/M1
Path BIP-8 (B3)B3 errorsdetected
Path REI (G1 bits 1-4)Far-endpath errorscounted
Regen
TimeFlow
99
Maintenance signaling
DS1
VT/STS PathTerminal
LineTerminal
STS PathTerminal
DS1
Regen
LOSdetected
Line AIS
STS PathAIS (H1/H2)
STS Path AISdetected
STS Path RDI (G1)STS Path RDIdetected
Line AISdetected(K2)
Line RDI (K2)
Line RDIdetected
VT/STS PathTerminal
VT AIS (V1/V2)
DS3DS3
DS3 AIS VT Path AISdetected
VT Path RDIdetected
VT Path RDI (V5)
(The remaining signaling only occurs if the Line Terminal cannot restore the traffic with a protection switch)
TimeFlow
VT/STS PathTerminal
STS PathAIS (H1/H2)
STS Path AISdetected
DS1
DS1 AIS
VT Path AISdetected
DS1 AIS
VT Path RDI (V5)
STS Path RDI (G1)
100
Linear 1+1
LineTerminal
LineTerminal
LineTerminal
LineTerminal
Working Channel
Protection Channel
RegenRegen
102
Linear 1:N
LineTerminal
LineTerminal
LineTerminal
LineTerminal
Working Channel #1
Protection Channel
Working Channel #2
Working Channel #N
103
APS bytes (K1, K2) - linear protection
SwitchPreemptionPriority
1111 Lockout of Protection1110 Forced Switch1101 Signal Fail - High1100 Signal Fail - Low1011 Signal Degrade - High1010 Signal Degrade - Low1001 1000 Manual Switch0111 0110 Wait-to-Restore0101 0100 Exercisor0011 0010 Reverse Request0001 Do Not Revert0000 No Request
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
K1 Byte
Channel #
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
K2 Byte
Channel # 111 Line AIS110 Line RDI101 Bidirectional APS100 Unidirectional APS
0 1+1 Mode1 1:N Mode
104
1:N APS signaling
LineTerminal
LineTerminal
LineTerminal
LineTerminal
Working Channel #1
Protection Channel
Working Channel #2
Working Channel #N
Signal Faildetected on Chn 2
K1 = Signal Fail, Chn 2 K2 = Chn 1, 1:N, Bi
K1 = Reverse Request, Chn 2 K2 = Chn 2, 1:N, Bi
K1 = Signal Fail, Chn 2 K2 = Chn 2, 1:N, Bi
Chn 2 bridged
Chn 2 bridged& switched
Chn 2 bridged & switched
TimeFlow
105
Unidirectional path switched rings
WorkingProtection
Ring Node
106
Unidirectional path switched rings
Working FiberProtection Fiber
Ring Node
Fiber CutPath AIS
107
Bidirectional line switched rings
Ring Node
Clockwise FiberCounter Clockwise Fiber
108
Bidirectional line switched rings
Ring Node
Fiber Cut
Clockwise - Working
CCW - Working
CW - Prot.
CCW - Prot.
109
APS bytes (K1, K2) - ring protection
SwitchPreemptionPriority
1111 Lockout of Protection1110 Forced Switch - Span1101 Forced Switch - Ring1100 Signal Fail - Span1011 Signal Fail - Ring1010 Signal Degrade - Protection1001 Signal Degrade - Span1000 Signal Degrade - Ring0111 Manual Switch - Span0110 Manual Switch - Ring0101 Wait-to-Restore0100 Exercisor - Span0011 Exercisor - Ring0010 Reverse Request - Span0001 Reverse Request - Ring0000 No Request
111 Line AIS110 Line RDI011 Extra Traffic010 Bridged and Switched Status001 Bridged Status000 Idle
K2 Byte
DestinationNode ID
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
K1 Byte
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
SourceNode ID
0 Short Path Code1 Long Path Code
110
Survivable ring interconnect
Ring #1 Ring #2
SEL
Drop and Continue
Path Selection
Protection path maybe carried on workingchannels or protectionchannels
DS1, DS3, STS-N, OC-N
111
Payload defect indicator
Ring #1 Ring #2
SEL DCSDCS
DS3STS-1
STS Payload Defect Indicator (PDI)triggers the selector in the event ofthe DS3 failure
STS-1
112
ITU - SDH recommendations
G.707SDH bit rates, frame & multiplexing structure, mappings, and functions of overhead
G.781structure of recommendations on SDH equipment
G.782types and general characteristics of SDH equipment
G.783characteristics of SDH equipment functional blocks
G.784management of SDH equipment and networks
G.803SDH transport network architectures
G.841SDH network protection architectures
G.842interworking of SDH network protection architectures
G.957optical interface specifications for SDH systems
G.958 interface specifications for SDH systems
114
ANSI standardsANSI T1.105
basic SONET format, overhead definitionsANSI T1.105.01
SONET automatic protection switchingANSI T1.105.02
SONET payload mappingsANSI T1.105.03
Jitter at (SONET) Network InterfacesANSI T1.105.04
SONET Data Communications Channel Protocols and ArchitectureANSI T1.105.05
Tandem Connection MonitoringANSI T1.105.06
SONET physical layer specificationsANSI T1.105.07
Sub-STS-1 Interface Rates and Formats (VT1.5 and VT Group)ANSI T1.105.09
SONET Timing and SynchronizationANSI T1.106
Original version of ANSI T1.105.06ANSI T1.117
Electrical physical layer specifications including STS-1 and STS-3
115
Bellcore standards
GR-499SONET Transport System Generic Requirements
GR-253SONET Common Generic Criteria
GR-1377OC-192 Criteria
GR-1230Bidirectional Line Switched Rings (BLSR)
GR-1400Unidirectional Path Switched Rings (UPSR)
116
ETSI standardsETS 300 147
SDH multiplexing structureETS 300 232/A1
Optical interfaces for SDHETS 300 417-1-1
SDH equipment; Generic processes and performance ETS 300 417-2-1
SDH and PDH physical section layer functionsETS 300 417-4-1
SDH path layer functionsETS 300 462-5
Generic requirements for synchronization of SDHETS 300 746
SDH network protectionETS 300 484
SDH information modelETR 114
architecture of SDH transport networks
117