Pojer and LopezPojer and Lopez

Election of 1860

Lincoln won with less than 40%Lincoln not

allowed on the ballot in 10

Southern statesOnce Lincoln is

elected, South Carolina secedes from the United

States (Secession: 12/30; election had

been 11/6)

•303 total electoral votes and

152 to win.

Secession!: SC Dec. 20, 1860

Video Analysis 1.1. Why did Southerners dislike Abraham Lincoln?Why did Southerners dislike Abraham Lincoln?2.2. Who were the first 7 states to secede from the Who were the first 7 states to secede from the

Union? Why did Pres. Buchanan remain indifferent?Union? Why did Pres. Buchanan remain indifferent?3.3. Who was nominated President of the Confederacy Who was nominated President of the Confederacy

and how organized was their new government?and how organized was their new government?4.4. How did Lincoln address Secessionist states in his How did Lincoln address Secessionist states in his

inauguration? What was his intention?inauguration? What was his intention?5.5. What effect did the attack on Fort Sumter have on What effect did the attack on Fort Sumter have on

the Confederacy? the Confederacy?

Inaugural Address

• Lincoln vowed to preserve the Union – “hold, occupy, and possess” all Federal

property in the South– “physically speaking, we cannot separate”– Careful not to offend border slave states with

“hawkish” rhetoric– Republicans and Democratic Unionists

supported the speech– Lower South saw it as a war message

Fort Sumter

• Located at the mouth of Charleston Harbor, Fort Sumter was one of the last remaining Federal forts in the South

• Major Robert Anderson Notified Lincoln that the fort would soon be out of supplies and without them, he would have to surrender to confederate forces which now surrounded him

Fort Sumter• Lincoln was in a no-win situation

– Not sending supplies would ruin his credibility to uphold the Union

– Sending supplies would be perceived as an act of war by Confederacy

• Lincoln notified South Carolina that he was sending only supplies and no additional soldiers to the fort– If war breaks out, Lincoln wanted the South to fire first

WHY?

Fort Sumter

• April 12, 1861- 70 confederate cannons begin bombardment of Fort Sumter– Anderson’s garrison held for 34 hours before

they were forced to surrender the fort– Anderson’s men allowed to return North– No loss of life on either side in the first official

skirmish of the Civil War

Picture: Fort Sumter 1

Fort Sumter 2

WAR IS ON• April 15, 1861- Lincoln calls for 75,000

volunteers for a 90 day military service • Before “Sumter” many Americans thought

the South had the right to secede but after the attack, many northerners felt they had to fight for honor of the North and to preserve the Union.– Lincoln’s plan had worked- South was seen as

the aggressors and the North as the victim

WAR PLANS• April 19, 1861- Lincoln proclaims a blockade of

Southern ports– Ineffective at first but eventually strangled the South

• May 3, 1861- Lincoln calls for 3 year volunteers– 90 day militia not sufficient

• 4 more states (VA, AK, TN, and NC) secede– Viewed Lincoln as waging war– Richmond replaces Montgomery as capital of

Confederacy

Border States• Kentucky, Missouri, Maryland, and (later) West

Virginia– Remained in the Union since North didn’t start the war– Contained over 50% of white population in the South– Crucial to Union cause- sent 300,000 soldiers into

Union army– Lincoln said he was “hoping to have God on his side,

but he would rather have Kentucky”– West Virginia broke away from Virginia in 1861 to join

Union– Strongest case against slavery being the cause

• Slavery existed in border states but they still fought with Union– Family members often joined opposite sides of conflict

Border States• Politically, Lincoln had to keep border

states in mind when making decisions- there was always the threat of them switching sides– ****Declared war was being fought to

preserve union- not about freeing the slaves– Heavily criticized by abolitionists who saw him

as a sell-out

Secession

Border states/slaves states remain loyal to the Union

VA. 8

West Virginia secedes from Virginia in 1863 and

sides with USA.

•Born in Kentucky•Self-educated

•Congressmen from Illinois•Abolitionist

•First Presidential candidate for the Republican Party

•Minority president

•Born in Kentucky•Served as Secretary of

War•Senator from

Mississippi•Slaveowner

•Served as Secretary of State

•First and only President of the CSA

GRAY/CSAGRAY/CSA•Confederate States of AmericaConfederate States of America

•President Jefferson DavisPresident Jefferson Davis•Capital: Richmond, VACapital: Richmond, VA

•Rebs--Rebels– “Johnny RebsRebs--Rebels– “Johnny Rebs””•Secessh-------SeccessionSecessh-------Seccession

•GraycoatsGraycoats•Yellow belliesYellow bellies

BLUE/USABLUE/USA•United States of America United States of America

or Unionor Union•President Abraham LincolnPresident Abraham Lincoln•Capital: Washington, D.C.Capital: Washington, D.C.

•Feds-----FederalFeds-----Federal•Yanks-----YankeesYanks-----Yankees

•BluebelliesBluebellies•Blue coatsBlue coats

22 states 22,000,000 population Strong Industrial economy Majority of transportation Lincoln, a military novice.

– Learns to be an exceptional commander in chief

Believe war is about ending slavery and preserving the Union.

11 states 9,000,000

– includes 3.5 million slaves Agricultural economy

– Exports, not food Limited manufacturing

and railroad lines. Davis, military experience.

– Fought in Mexican war Believe war is about

states rights, independence and preserving their way of life.

“The North’s major advantage would be its economy and the South’s main disadvantage

was its economy”

Confederate Differences

• Defensive War – Only needed a stalemate- not an outright victory

• North had to invade, conquer, occupy, and reintegrate the South

• South felt they had the superior moral cause– Fought for self determination, its culture, its

homeland, and freedoms (for whites)

Confederate Differences• Better military officers

– Robert E. Lee- one of the greatest military leaders in U.S. History. Offered command of US forces by Lincoln, but elected to join confederacy to remain loyal to his home state (VA)

– Thomas J. “Stonewall” Jackson• Lee’s “right-hand” man

• Southern soldiers more adept to outdoor life (outdoorsmen, hunters, knew the land, etc)

• Shorter supply and communication lines• More unified in their cause

Northern Advantages• Population of 22,000,000 to South’s 9,000,000

(which includes 3.5 million slaves)• ¾ of the nation’s wealth

– Overwhelming advantage in manufacturing, shipping, and banking

• ¾ of the railroads in the U.S.• Control of the seas: (Stronger Navy)• Stronger leadership at the Federal level• Ideal of preserving the union and, later,

emancipation gave them the moral high ground

Strategy evolved over 4 years of fightingInitially plan was to win the war in Virginia by capturing

Richmond- failed badly (Bull Run, Peninsula campaign, Chancellorsville)

Gen Winfield Scott’s Anaconda Plan– Control river systems: cut confederacy in 2 by taking

Mississippi River– Blockade and seizure of ports

Later turned to a war of attrition under Grant and ShermanDon’t allow Confederacy to rest.Devastate the South by cutting a swath through GA. And

then sending troops through the CarolinasAlways tried to keep Confederate forces out of

border states

Defend and delay until Union gives up (war of attrition).

Quick victories to demoralize UnionAlliance with Great BritainCapture Washington, D.C.

Defend RichmondControl border states

Later Sought decisive battle that would convince the Union it wasn’t worth it

Use better military leadership to your advantage and outsmart Union generals.

Telegraph– Davis uses to gather forces for Shiloh.– Fredericksburg sees first extensive use on

the battlefield.Railway

– Greatly changes logistics and strategic maneuver.

– North had good system; South had acceptable quantity, but no standardized track width.

Outdated muskets replaced with rifle – greatly changes tactics. – more accurate, faster loading, fire more rounds than muskets– Minié ball (more destructive bullet)

Artillery– invention of shells, devices that exploded in the air.– fired canisters, special shells filled with bullets.– Grenades– land mines are used

Ironclads– replaces wooden ships

Trench warfare replaces Napoleonic tactics

Western TheaterEastern Theater