Policy Concerns Relating to Teacher Recruitment and ... · Policy Concerns Relating to Teacher Recruitment and Deployment In Malawi There are two major observations relating to teacher

Policy Concerns Relating to Teacher

Recruitment and Deployment In Malawi Education Sector Planning Policy Discussion Papers

By

Upali M. Sedere, Ph.D. (Iowa)

Senior Policy Adviser, Ministry of Education, Lilongwe, Malawi

February 8, 2005 Ministry of Education, Lilongwe

Malawi

This paper outlines the issues relating to teacher education and teacher supply in Malawi. Malawi has a severe shortage of teachers. Over the years, particularly since EFA the student numbers has gone up yet the teacher supply has not followed the increased student numbers. This paper outlines the broader picture as a basis for further discussions.

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Education Sector Plan Draft Working Papers

TEACHER EDUCATION POLICY POSITION PAPERS Paper # 1

Policy Concerns Relating to Teacher Recruitment and Deployment In Malawi

Prepared by

Dr. Upali Sedere Senior Policy Adviser

February 8, 2005

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Policy Concerns Relating to Teacher Recruitment and Deployment In Malawi

There are two major observations relating to teacher supply and deployment. 1. Severe Shortage of Teachers: There is severe shortage of teachers in the rural sector some schools have only one or two teachers. The shortage is further aggravated as the urban schools have got more than the expected number of teachers and over 5000 primary teachers being deployed to secondary schools, particularly to CDSSs. However, even if the urban teachers and the primary teachers serving in secondary schools are redeployed to primary the current teacher shortage will not reach any satisfactory level. Therefore new teacher recruitment is a must to achieve the expected 1:60 teacher pupil ratio by 2012 as per PIF policy objectives. 2. Vast Disparity in the System: The primary education systems as a whole is under performing due lack of policy and policy implementation that has created serious imbalance or rather call disparities in the distribution of available human resources. The teacher: pupil ratio shows vast disparities across rural and urban sectors, amongst districts and Zones. The Zone wise Pupil: Teacher ratio in the 315 Primary Education Zones is illustrated in Annex #1. Out of the 315 school zones 67 Zones are seriously short having over 100 students per teacher, 176 Zones in the range 60 – 100 students per teacher and only 72 zones got teachers either 1:60 or below. Context Of Severe Shortage of Teachers: Current Status: MOE has not recruited teacher in the last three years. The annual primary schools teacher attrition rate is around 6% and the system annually needs a minimum of 2600 as replacement teachers. The EMIS, June 2004, recorded 43,952 teachers serving in primary schools. The teacher pupil ratios for urban, rural and national are as follows: Rural Teacher Pupil Ratio 1:77 (37,521) Urban Teacher Pupil Ratio 1:44 (6,431) National Average Teacher Pupil Ratio 1:72 (43,952) National average - Regular Teacher Pupil Ratio 1:96 (33,018) However, amongst the 43,952 teachers 10,934 are temporary teachers. This includes about 22% (9,550) Temporary Teachers, including the MIITEP trainees who have not completed, and 1,384 or 03% retired teachers serving on month to

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month extension. These two categories together indicate that 25% of the primary teachers are on temporary service. If this number is taken out the national average of the Regular Teacher: Pupil ratio is 1:96. Shortage: The national requirement of primary teachers at the rate of 1:60 is 52666 – (3166786/60). Including the temporary teachers and the retired teachers serving the system there are 43,952 teachers serving the primary education- (EMIS 2004). Taking the temporary teachers in to account as serving teachers the shortage of teachers is 8700. If the temporary teachers and retired teachers now serving are excluded then the current teacher shortfall becomes 19,630 -- (8700+9550+1380). If MOE is to meet the PIF target of 1:60 (qualified teachers) by year 2012, with a moderate increase of student enrollment by 02%, and reducing the overage student by 10% by 2012 Malawi primary school enrolment is projected 3.4 million. To meet with the 1:60 ratio MOE need 57,500 teachers by 2012. Accommodating the annual attrition of teachers the attrition GOM needs to recruit over 33,000 teachers in the next eight year period, this means on the average about 4,125 teachers need to be recruited annually. Even if MOE could recruit about 3000 teachers to the TTCs in year 2005, and thereafter every year, increasing the number of new recruits to 3600 by 2008 with the opening up of the new Teachers College, and further increasing the recruitment to 4,000 by 2010 with an addition of another new teachers college, the shortfall will still exist. It should be realized that the new recruits to TTCs become available at schools only one a year after the recruitment for institutional training and thereby even if teacher trainees are recruited to TTC in 2005, the teacher pupil ratio is bound to decline further in the next two years. This clearly shows that present strategy of teacher development will not satisfy the education sector requirements. The Table 1 provides the Statistical projections with policy options. Therefore, teacher recruitment and development policy must be formulated, approved and implemented without further delaying. Teacher Supply System: The current practice is to recruit teachers as trainees to TTC and place them in schools after one year training at TTC. This ‘1+1’ institutional training model is accepted. If the teacher shortfall is to be corrected further expansion of TTCs to produce 5000 teachers annually is required. Even with the addition of the World Bank financed TTC the likely number to be recruited will not exceed 3,600 because one of the TTCs is expected to be up-graded to a University. MOE is keen of adding one more new teachers college, and even if this is financed and

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constructed only by 2010 the new TTC will be able receive trainees. Therefore, in addition to the regular intake of teacher trainees to TTCs MOE has to consider other options. The following are the possible options. Teacher Supply Policy Options: Option One: Recruitment of Additional 1000 Teacher Trainees Annually to Distance Teacher Education Program: MOE could hire trainee teachers with M.S.C. qualification as temporary teachers, following the same system as for TTCs, and place them in a distance teacher education program while they are deployed to primary schools as trainee teachers. The recruitment could be made either centrally or at district level, but the trainee teachers should be deployed to the Zones where there is sever shortage of teachers. MOE should provide them with distance teacher training to up-grade their academic and professional qualification equivalent to the TTC qualifications. The advantage of the distance teacher training model over the institutional model is that the trainees could be immediately deployed to schools. The distance teacher education program is to be designed equivalent to TTC qualifications and jointly offer by Malawi College of Distance Education (MCDE) and TTC/TEDU. The trainees who successfully complete the distance training will be confirmed as trained teachers. If this is implemented 1000 distance trainee teachers could be recruited every year and MCDE, TTCs and TEDU should work together to develop the Distance Teacher Education system and implement it by January 2006.

It should be noted that under the education sector plan a proposal is being jointly prepared by MCDE and TEDU to offer Distance Teacher Education to Primary School Teachers. The hiring of 1000 distance teacher trainees annually has been included in the costing.

The distance modality can be easily utilized because the necessary infrastructure is now available for MOE to satisfy the requirements.

o The proposed model will utilize the TTCs and its tutorial staff to provide face-to-face teaching to the distance trainees during the vacations.

o Also utilize the Zonal Teacher Education and Development Centers (TEDUs) to monitor school practice and professional development of the distance trainees, particularly in the weekends.

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o TEDU and MCDE will identify suitable qualified and experienced teachers from the districts to serve as Master Teachers to supervise their training and provide professional support services in the weekends.

o Based on the TTC syllabuses distance training modules and material will be developed by the panels of professionals.

o Equivalency of examination with TTC examinations will be maintained o The length of the course will be three years. The distance trainee will

follow a three year course to achieve equivalence in with TTC qualifications.

o It is propped that their training cost is met by MOE. Option Two: Extension of the Retrenchment Age to 60 years: Even with the new recruitment of teachers to TTCs and Distance Teacher Education programs the shortage of teachers will not completely be met. Amongst the present number of teachers serving in schools there are 1300 retired teachers serving on month to month extensions of services. This arrangement is unsatisfactory and demands more paper work.

o Extension of the retirement age or granting one year extension to retiring teachers based on certificate of fitness, would allow MOE to provide qualified and experienced teachers to schools

o This will also temporarily stop the declining number due to attrition. o The commitment is temporary and can change the policy when the

situation improves

Policy Guidelines: o MOE to consider this as a temporary policy arrangement o MOE to grant one year extension to the retiring teachers who are

medically and physically fit to serve o Extensions could be granted annually to about 3,000 retiring teachers for

the next three year period to ease the sever shortage of teachers is mitigated.

Option Three: Community Teachers: The MOE is to consider the approval of the policy of hiring of Community Teachers by SMCs. Although the actual number of community teachers serving in rural schools is not known, some of the schools can function only because of the community teachers.

o If option one of hiring teachers to distance teacher training is not followed then community teachers with acceptable level of qualification are needed to meet with the requisite number of teachers to provide basic education;

o If a community teacher has the requisite minimum qualifications they will be eligible to receive teacher training.

o Since MOE considering the Distance Teacher Education as an option, the qualified community teachers can receive the same training for them to become trained teachers.

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o The education sector plan has recommended Non-Formal Education and using of Community Teachers is expected under the non-formal program. This is the standard practice in non-formal education programs. It is a low cost approach.

o However, it is important for MOE to set minimum standards for recruitment and set a clear direction for their training

Policy Guidelines for Community Teachers

1. MOE must set minimum required academic qualifications (MSCE) in the hiring of community teachers directly to the schools by SMC’s.

2. In the first instance these teachers should be appointed with the knowledge of the Zonal office.

3. MOE should create provision for them to receive in-service Distance Teacher Education and set a minimum time limit of 5 years for a Community Teacher to complete the Distance Teacher Training qualification.

4. The community teachers who successfully complete the distance teacher education program should be regularized as a trained teacher.

5. The distance teacher training will provide in-school on the job training with supervised practice teaching by deploying experienced and qualified teachers serving in the Zone as Master Teachers.

6. The Master Teachers need not be on full-time release and they can deploy for supervised teaching one day a week.

Context of Serious Disparity in Teacher Pupil Ratio: EMIS 2004 Data show that Primary Teacher: Pupil ration is 1:44 in rural areas and 1:77 in urban areas. Annexure -1 provides the Zones-wise teacher-pupil ratios. Zone-wise data shows the Teacher: Pupil ration in Southern Eastern - Mangochi – Chiponde Zone is 1:216 and 1:31 in Central Western - Lilongwe City – Kafulu. If school-wise data is examined the disparity is even worse than this. Malawi has accepted 1:60 Teacher Pupil ratios as an achievable target by 2012.

Disparity in Deployment of Teachers: In addition to the shortage of teachers, the actual deployment of teachers shows a vast disparity. Refer to working paper # 4 for the teacher deployment issues. The disparity is evident between the urban and rural sectors. The teacher pupil ratio in the urban primary schools on the average is 1: 44 and in rural schools on average is 1: 77. See Annex 1 Zone-wise Teacher Pupil Ratios. This tells only a part of the disparity. The teacher pupil ratio in the Zomba urban the Teacher Pupil Ratio is 1:40 while Mungochi district has 1: 105 and 15 of the 33 districts records a teacher

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pupil ratio above 1: 80. Although Zomba urban has a teacher pupil ration of 1:40, in Chilipa Zone of Zomab rural district the ratio is 1:189. The disparity amongst the zones is better illustrated when compared with the T/P ratio in Chiponde Zone in Mungochi district (1:216) with Kafulu Zone in Lilongwe City T/P ratio is 1:30. There are 70 Zones (20%) of the 315 having T/P ratio above 100, and 33 Zones below 1: 50. The correlation between the number of Students and the Number of teachers in the 315 Zones is 0.81 indicating that the common variance amongst these two variables is only 65%.

Under no argument this can be justified in a democratic system of government where accountability and equitable distribution of public spending is central to human rights and social justice. The good thing about the teachers is that if a just policy is in place and seriously implemented this is a resource that can be redistributed to overcome the disparity. The disparity is not only due to poor deployment it is largely due to severe shortage of teachers. Even with a policy of fair deployment of teachers the disparity between rural and urban schools cannot be mitigated, because there are only 6,430 teachers serving 282,930 students in 179 urban schools and at 1:60 ratio is strictly followed, out of this number 1,700 teachers can be deployed to rural schools. In addition to this number out of the 0ver 5,000 under-qualified teachers now serving in the CDSSs 1000 – 1,500 teachers could be re-deployed to primary school. This means, if a deployment policy is strictly followed, a total of 2700 – 3200 teachers could be redeployed to the 4900 rural schools. Summary of Policy Considerations: Table 1 provides the projection under different options. Therefore, in the above context the following policies need to be examined and approved to mitigate the severe shortage of teachers

I Ensure Regular Recruitment of Trainee Teachers to TTCs to the

fullest capacity of the institutions; II. Ensure Additional Recruitment Of Teachers either by direct

recruitment of trainee teachers to schools and placing them in the distance teacher training programs or by setting minimum requirement for the hiring of community teachers and placing them in distance teacher education programs;

III. Approve the Distance Teacher training program without further

delay and provide technical assistance to MCDE/DTED to develop the program and introduce the training program as early as possible.

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IV Follow The 1:60 Ratio In The Deployment Of Teachers To Schools and Zones and any teacher posted to a school outside this policy should not receive salary.

V. Extend The Retirement Age of the teachers those who are physically

and medically fit to serve several more years. If this is accepted then the extension should be given yearly basis than present practice of extending them on monthly basis.

Please see the detail working papers on these aspects

See Tables Below

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TABLE 1: PROJECTION OF TEACHER REQUIREMENT AND SUPPLY UNDER DIFFERENT OPTIONS

TEACHER REQUIREMENT

Year 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

02% Growth of School Enrollment 3166786 3230122 3294724 3360619 3427831 3496387 3566315 3637642 3710395 3784602 3860294 3937500

If 10% Overage Children redirected to NFE by 2012 3166786 3230122 3228830 3293406 3324996 3356532 3388000 3419383 3450666 3481834 3512867 3543750

At 02% growth: Number of Teachers Required @ 1:60 52780 53835 54912 56010 57131 58273 59439 60627 61840 63077 64338 65625 At 2% Growth and 10% Reduction of Overage Childre: Number of Teachers Required 52780 53835 53814 54890 55417 55942 56467 56990 57511 58031 58548 59063

TEACHER SUPPLY

If Teacher Recruited to TTCs Number Adding to the System 0 3000 3000 3000 3600 3600 4000 4000 4000 4000 4000 4000

Cumulative Number of New Recruits 0 3000 6000 9000 12600 16200 20200 24200 28200 32200 36200 40200

With 6% Attrition number remains in-service from the current Stock of Teachers 43952 41315 38836 36506 34315 32257 30321 28502 26792 25184 23673 22253

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With new recruits number serving 43952 44315 44836 45506 46915 48457 50521 52702 54992 57384 59873 62453

Short Fall (1) 8828 9520 10076 10504 10215 9817 8917 7925 6848 5692 4465 3172

Short Fall (2) 8828 9520 8978 9384 8501 7486 5946 4288 2519 646 -1325 -3390

Year 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

OPTIONS

Option 1: Extend Retirement Age of 04% 45710 45967 43389 40966 39288 37147 35534 33642 31863 30192 28620 27143

Short Fall With Option 1 8828 9520 8978 9384 8501 7486 5946 4288 2519 646 -1325 -3390

Option 2: Recruitment of Trainee Teachers to Schools Under Distance Training 0 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000

Cumulative Number of Distance Trainees 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 6000 6000 6000 6000 6000

Short Fall Option 1 & Option 2 Combined 8828 8520 6978 6384 4501 2486 -54 -1712 -3481 -5354 -7325 -9390

Option1 Discontinued Option1 Discontinued

Option 2 Continued Option 2 Continued

Option I and Option 2 Continued and T"P Ratio Revised to 1:50 by 2012 Option I and Option 2 Continued and T"P Ratio Revised to 1:50

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ANNEX – A

Education Sector Plan Working Papers

ZONE-WISE DISPARITIES IN TEACHERS AND CLASSROOMS

DISTRIBUTION IN MALAWI

-- A STATISTICAL ANALYSIS --

Based On EMIS 2004

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION

February, 2004

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DIVISION/DISTRICT/ZONE Total

Students Total Teachers

Total Classroo

m Pupil:

Classroom Pupil Teacher Ratio T/P + C/P RATINGS

Central Eastern - Dowa - Boma 12,996 216 164 79 60 139 1

Central Eastern - Dowa - Chigudu 8,728 131 107 82 67 149 2

Central Eastern - Dowa - Chimbuli 9,295 136 90 103 68 171 3

Central Eastern - Dowa - Chimungu 6,722 103 89 76 65 141 4

Central Eastern - Dowa - Kamphenga 7,427 115 84 88 65 153 5

Central Eastern - Dowa - Kanyenje 10,337 120 112 92 86 178 6

Central Eastern - Dowa - Katalima 9,794 87 91 108 113 221 1

Central Eastern - Dowa - Kayembe 11,576 175 125 93 66 159 7

Central Eastern - Dowa - Madisi 10,106 185 117 86 55 141 8

Central Eastern - Dowa - Mponela 14,040 284 161 87 49 136 9

Central Eastern - Dowa - Mvera 9,843 151 137 72 65 137 10

Central Eastern - Dowa - nalunga 5,681 51 54 105 111 216 2

Central Eastern - Dowa - Senga 11,741 187 135 87 63 150 11

Central Eastern - Kasungu - Chaima 10,968 109 112 98 101 199 3

Central Eastern - Kasungu - Chamama 9,434 100 108 87 94 181 12

Central Eastern - Kasungu - Chamwavi 10,964 137 120 91 80 171 13

Central Eastern - Kasungu - Chankhanga 18,997 500 231 82 38 120

Central Eastern - Kasungu - Kalolo 12,888 203 131 98 63 161 14

Central Eastern - Kasungu - Kasasanya 16,698 208 197 85 80 165 15

Central Eastern - Kasungu - Linyangwa 7,778 88 104 75 88 163 16

Central Eastern - Kasungu - Malepera 9,457 86 103 92 110 202 4

Central Eastern - Kasungu - Mkanakhothi 15,869 214 197 81 74 155 17

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Total Classroo

m Pupil:


Central Eastern - Kasungu - Mpasazi 13,743 152 149 92 90 182 18

Central Eastern - Kasungu - Nkhamenya 15,076 259 193 78 58 136 19

Central Eastern - Kasungu - Sankhula 13,478 170 148 91 79 170 20

Central Eastern - Kasungu - Santhe 11,740 130 114 103 90 193 5

Central Eastern - Kasungu - Suza 12,932 148 107 121 87 208 6

Central Eastern - Kasungu - Zyalambe 8,528 96 105 81 89 170 21

Central Eastern - Nkhotakota - Boma 11,814 227 155 76 52 128

Central Eastern - Nkhotakota - Chididi 5,504 91 89 62 60 122

Central Eastern - Nkhotakota - Kanyenda 15,234 189 171 89 81 170 22

Central Eastern - Nkhotakota - Kasangadzi 5,546 80 105 53 69 122

Central Eastern - Nkhotakota - Kasipa 4,611 82 84 55 56 111

Central Eastern - Nkhotakota - Kasitu 6,846 60 87 79 114 193 23

Central Eastern - Nkhotakota - Lozi 5,276 94 75 70 56 126 24

Central Eastern - Nkhotakota - Mkaika 8,425 114 94 90 74 164 25

Central Eastern - Nkhotakota - Msenjere 10,102 137 114 89 74 163 26

Central Eastern - Ntchisi - Boma 6,026 136 118 51 44 95

Central Eastern - Ntchisi - Chibweya 2,546 44 63 40 58 98

Central Eastern - Ntchisi - Chikho 4,534 48 88 52 94 146 27

Central Eastern - Ntchisi - Chinthembwe 5,342 61 95 56 88 144 28

Central Eastern - Ntchisi - Kamsonga 7,372 95 126 59 78 137 29

Central Eastern - Ntchisi - kayoyo 6,195 92 125 50 67 117 30

Central Eastern - Ntchisi - Makanda 7,396 114 145 51 65 116

Central Eastern - Ntchisi - Malomo 8,414 141 147 57 60 117

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Total Classroo

m Pupil:


Central Eastern - Ntchisi - Mpalo 5,171 77 90 57 67 124

Central Eastern - Salima - Chipoka 9,888 97 119 83 102 185 7

Central Eastern - Salima - Kaphatenga 11,711 143 120 98 82 180 8

Central Eastern - Salima - Katelera 10,701 98 116 92 109 201 9

Central Eastern - Salima - Matenje 10,618 109 95 112 97 209 10

Central Eastern - Salima - Msalura 12,601 215 105 120 59 179 11

Central Eastern - Salima - Ngolowindo 11,090 148 104 107 75 182 12

Central Eastern - Salima - Thavite 8,269 93 105 79 89 168 31

Central Western - Dedza - Bembeke 7,670 114 107 72 67 139 32

Central Western - Dedza - BomaA 9,567 225 114 84 43 127

Central Western - Dedza - BomaB 6,623 89 74 90 74 164 33

Central Western - Dedza - Chikololere 10,626 76 83 128 140 268 13

Central Western - Dedza - Chilanga 10,092 85 75 135 119 254 14

Central Western - Dedza - Chimwangalu 11,456 111 137 84 103 187 15

Central Western - Dedza - Chitundu 11,332 84 108 105 135 240 16

Central Western - Dedza - Katewe 7,519 71 64 117 106 223 17

Central Western - Dedza - Magomero 8,602 72 94 92 119 211 18

Central Western - Dedza - Makota 11,486 87 107 107 132 239 19

Central Western - Dedza - Mankhamba 15,169 118 101 150 129 279 20

Central Western - Dedza - Maonde 6,558 83 70 94 79 173 34

Central Western - Dedza - Mthandiza 15,142 152 191 79 98 177 35

Central Western - Dedza - Thete 11,032 145 104 106 76 182 21

Central Western - Lilongwe City - Chimutu 22,953 549 183 125 42 167 36

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Total Classroo

m Pupil:


Central Western - Lilongwe City - Chiwoko 25,682 750 153 168 34 202 22

Central Western - Lilongwe City - Kafulu 16,276 534 140 116 30 146 37

Central Western - Lilongwe City - Mkukula 12,533 243 83 151 52 203 23

Central Western - Lilongwe City - 18,051 404 93 194 45 239 24

Central Western - Lilongwe Rural East - 12,041 122 117 103 99 202 25














Central Western - Lilongwe Rural West - 8,326 128 106 79 65 144 41





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Total Classroo

m Pupil:













Central Western - Mchinji - Boma 7,969 198 89 90 40 130 52

Central Western - Mchinji - Chimteka 8,083 110 100 81 73 154 53

Central Western - Mchinji - Kalulu 6,727 95 77 87 71 158 54

Central Western - Mchinji - Kamwendo 12,360 203 114 108 61 169 55

Central Western - Mchinji - Kapiri 10,603 135 84 126 79 205 41

Central Western - Mchinji - Kazyozyo 8,111 93 98 83 87 170 56

Central Western - Mchinji - Ludzi 9,589 153 103 93 63 156 57

Central Western - Mchinji - Mikundi 9,013 111 95 95 81 176 58

Central Western - Mchinji - Mkanda 7,042 99 99 71 71 142 59

Central Western - Mchinji - Pinda 7,715 118 86 90 65 155 60

Central Western - Mchinji - Waliranji 13,620 205 176 77 66 143 61

Central Western - Ntcheu - Bilila 10,757 119 95 113 90 203 42

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Total Classroo

m Pupil:


Central Western - Ntcheu - Bunyenga 6,729 100 79 85 67 152 62

Central Western - Ntcheu - Ganya 10,045 98 87 115 103 218 43

Central Western - Ntcheu - Gumbu 12,951 278 163 79 47 126

Central Western - Ntcheu - Kambilonjo 7,442 68 71 105 109 214 44

Central Western - Ntcheu - Kapalamula 6,111 81 69 89 75 164 63

Central Western - Ntcheu - Kasinje 11,755 97 94 125 121 246 45

Central Western - Ntcheu - Lizulu 12,219 156 137 89 78 167 64

Central Western - Ntcheu - Muluma 6,819 93 84 81 73 154 65

Central Western - Ntcheu - Nsipe 7,908 99 86 92 80 172 66

Central Western - Ntcheu - Nsiyaludzu 10,372 131 86 121 79 200 46

Central Western - Ntcheu - Ntonda 6,190 81 68 91 76 167 67

Central Western - Ntcheu - Senzani 10,533 103 114 92 102 194 47

Central Western - Ntcheu - Sharpevale 14,518 99 93 156 147 303 48

Central Western - Ntcheu - Tsangano 7,670 62 73 105 124 229 49

Northern - Chitipa - Chisenga 3,424 73 87 39 47 86

Northern - Chitipa - Ilengo 5,915 70 119 50 85 135 68

Northern - Chitipa - Kalowe 4,640 96 99 47 48 95

Northern - Chitipa - Kapoka 5,755 108 125 46 53 99

Northern - Chitipa - Kaseye 5,913 126 151 39 47 86

Northern - Chitipa - Kawale 12,557 222 172 73 57 130

Northern - Chitipa - Lughesyo 4,120 75 116 36 55 91

Northern - Chitipa - Mahobe 3,588 59 78 46 61 107

Northern - Chitipa - Njelengwa 5,640 71 118 48 79 127

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Total Classroo

m Pupil:


Northern - Chitipa - Nkhumano 3,481 49 90 39 71 110

Northern - Chitipa - Sokola 2,664 47 78 34 57 91

Northern - Karonga - Chiwondo 6,085 97 115 53 63 116

Northern - Karonga - Hangalawe 7,236 93 99 73 78 151 69

Northern - Karonga - Ighembe 8,729 99 114 77 88 165 70

Northern - Karonga - Iponga 5,407 85 100 54 64 118

Northern - Karonga - Ipyana 14,542 319 146 100 46 146 71

Northern - Karonga - Lupaso 5,685 73 72 79 78 157 71

Northern - Karonga - Majaliro 8,486 131 146 58 65 123

Northern - Karonga - Mwenitete 8,532 109 103 83 78 161 73

Northern - Karonga - Nkhando 3,831 51 94 41 75 116

Northern - Karonga - Nyungwe 8,090 94 122 66 86 152 74

Northern - Likoma - St Peters 3,094 69 66 47 45 92

Northern - Mzimba North - Bulala 5,626 52 77 73 108 181 75

Northern - Mzimba North - Bwengu 6,596 104 127 52 63 115

Northern - Mzimba North - Echilumbeni 5,535 73 95 58 76 134 76

Northern - Mzimba North - Ekwendeni 11,403 209 190 60 55 115

Northern - Mzimba North - Engucwini 5,108 67 77 66 76 142 77

Northern - Mzimba North - Enkondhlweni 9,656 102 127 76 95 171 78

Northern - Mzimba North - Enukweni 5,976 102 111 54 59 113

Northern - Mzimba North - Enyezini 6,791 102 112 61 67 128

Northern - Mzimba North - Euthini 5,857 78 106 55 75 130 79

Northern - Mzimba North - Kafukule 5,002 66 82 61 76 137 80

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Total Classroo

m Pupil:


Northern - Mzimba North - Kapando 4,691 69 85 55 68 123

Northern - Mzimba North - Mbalachanda 4,308 59 73 59 73 132 81

Northern - Mzimba North - Mtende 4,180 52 87 48 80 128

Northern - Mzimba North - Mzalangwe 5,140 68 92 56 76 132 82

Northern - Mzimba North - Njuyu 4,838 63 84 58 77 135 83

Northern - Mzimba North - Rukuru 4,207 66 59 71 64 135 84

Northern - Mzimba South - Chikangawa 5,580 100 100 56 56 112

Northern - Mzimba South - Edingeni 5,344 80 84 64 67 131 85

Northern - Mzimba South - Emfeni 4,187 58 87 48 72 120

Northern - Mzimba South - Ephangweni 10,043 163 171 59 62 121

Northern - Mzimba South - Kabena 2,921 54 72 41 54 95

Northern - Mzimba South - Kabuwa 851 19 24 35 45 80

Northern - Mzimba South - Kanjuchi 3,630 55 64 57 66 123

Northern - Mzimba South - Kaphuta 13,582 239 241 56 57 113

Northern - Mzimba South - Kapoli 6,776 108 137 49 63 112

Northern - Mzimba South - Katete 8,623 118 121 71 73 144 86

Northern - Mzimba South - Kavuula 8,674 100 108 80 87 167 87

Northern - Mzimba South - Luviri 5,143 90 110 47 57 104

Northern - Mzimba South - Luwerezi 3,976 64 84 47 62 109

Northern - Mzimba South - Mabiri 5,193 82 82 63 63 126

Northern - Mzimba South - Manyamula 10,294 123 137 75 84 159 88

Northern - Mzimba South - Mzoma 5,787 72 79 73 80 153 89

Northern - Mzimba South - Unyolo 3,420 57 74 46 60 106

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Total Classroo

m Pupil:


Northern - Mzimba South - Vazala 2,767 49 73 38 56 94

Northern - Mzuzu City - katoto 19,731 440 173 114 45 159 90

Northern - Mzuzu City - Zolozolo 16,517 420 163 101 39 140 91

Northern - Nkhata Bay - Bula 1,266 18 23 55 70 125

Northern - Nkhata Bay - Chihame I 10,712 126 107 100 85 185 92

Northern - Nkhata Bay - Chihame II 6,321 67 97 65 94 159 93

Northern - Nkhata Bay - Chikwina 4,182 52 59 71 80 151 94

Northern - Nkhata Bay - Ching'oma 7,030 75 88 80 94 174 95

Northern - Nkhata Bay - Chombe 8,236 85 97 85 97 182 50

Northern - Nkhata Bay - Kachere 8,806 96 139 63 92 155 96

Northern - Nkhata Bay - Kavuzi 6,639 70 100 66 95 161 97

Northern - Nkhata Bay - Mazamba 3,619 46 76 48 79 127

Northern - Nkhata Bay - Ruarwe 2,255 43 57 40 52 92

Northern - Nkhata Bay - St Maria Goretti 9,671 146 118 82 66 148 98

Northern - Nkhata Bay - Usisya 4,262 49 63 68 87 155 99

Northern - Rumphi - Bolero 7,727 124 121 64 62 126

Northern - Rumphi - Bumba 8,797 200 156 56 44 100

Northern - Rumphi - Katowo 5,305 94 112 47 56 103

Northern - Rumphi - Luwuchi 7,787 126 155 50 62 112

Northern - Rumphi - Mphompha 3,079 71 93 33 43 76

Northern - Rumphi - Mwazisi 6,520 103 135 48 63 111

Northern - Rumphi - Mzokoto 8,321 139 140 59 60 119

Northern - Rumphi - Rumphi/Phoka 5,878 108 141 42 54 96

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Total Classroo

m Pupil:


Shire Highlands - Chiradzulu - Litchenza 11,300 127 127 89 89 178 100

Shire Highlands - Chiradzulu - Malavi 10,626 165 141 75 64 139 101

Shire Highlands - Chiradzulu - Namitambo 7,461 82 96 78 91 169 102

Shire Highlands - Chiradzulu - Ndunde 9,346 109 115 81 86 167 103

Shire Highlands - Chiradzulu - Nkhande 8,543 121 141 61 71 132 104

Shire Highlands - Chiradzulu - Nyungwe 9,457 135 123 77 70 147 105

Shire Highlands - Chiradzulu - PIM 10,650 106 129 83 100 183 51

Shire Highlands - Chiradzulu - St Michaels 7,825 144 105 75 54 129

Shire Highlands - Mulanje - Chambe 12,470 132 114 109 94 203 52

Shire Highlands - Mulanje - Chitakale 14,687 235 162 91 62 153 106

Shire Highlands - Mulanje - Dyanyama 6,832 58 71 96 118 214 53

Shire Highlands - Mulanje - Limbuli 11,854 117 104 114 101 215 54

Shire Highlands - Mulanje - Masubi 13,188 157 124 106 84 190 55

Shire Highlands - Mulanje - Mathambi 15,994 152 114 140 105 245 56

Shire Highlands - Mulanje - Maveya 7,690 86 80 96 89 185 57

Shire Highlands - Mulanje - Namphungo 12,275 125 105 117 98 215 58

Shire Highlands - Mulanje - Ntata 10,013 91 84 119 110 229 59

Shire Highlands - Mulanje - Thuchila 10,599 116 105 101 91 192 60

Shire Highlands - Mulanje - Ulongwe 8,072 126 96 84 64 148 107

Shire Highlands - Phalombe - Khongoloni 13,228 105 122 108 126 234 61

Shire Highlands - Phalombe - Mpasa 11,402 145 138 83 79 162 108

Shire Highlands - Phalombe - Mulomba 12,171 122 121 101 100 201 62

Shire Highlands - Phalombe - Nazombe 10,779 108 107 101 100 201 63

23



Total Classroo

m Pupil:


Shire Highlands - Phalombe - Nkhulambe 7,666 83 112 68 92 160 109

Shire Highlands - Phalombe - Swang'oma 14,406 155 170 85 93 178 110

Shire Highlands - Thyolo - Chisawani 16,659 247 155 107 67 174 111

Shire Highlands - Thyolo - Folopensi 7,237 62 72 101 117 218 64

Shire Highlands - Thyolo - Goliati 16,256 173 141 115 94 209 65

Shire Highlands - Thyolo - Khonjeni 10,206 133 92 111 77 188 66

Shire Highlands - Thyolo - Konzalendo 11,544 71 91 127 163 290 67

Shire Highlands - Thyolo - Luchenza 11,383 175 114 100 65 165 112

Shire Highlands - Thyolo - Masambanjati 10,189 70 63 162 146 308 68

Shire Highlands - Thyolo - Molere 8,582 72 62 138 119 257 69

Shire Highlands - Thyolo - Mpinji 12,923 185 140 92 70 162 113

Shire Highlands - Thyolo - Nansato 10,272 159 101 102 65 167 114

Shire Highlands - Thyolo - Ntambanyama 15,465 178 124 125 87 212 70

Shire Highlands - Thyolo - Thekerani 10,843 104 87 125 104 229 71

Shire Highlands - Thyolo - Thunga 9,753 120 80 122 81 203 72

Southern Eastern - Balaka - Balaka 20,929 368 250 84 57 141 115

Southern Eastern - Balaka - Chembera 11,880 127 156 76 94 170 116

Southern Eastern - Balaka - Kankao 7,200 98 85 85 73 158 117

Southern Eastern - Balaka - Mmanga 13,870 170 159 87 82 169 118

Southern Eastern - Balaka - Phalula 6,790 117 98 69 58 127 119

Southern Eastern - Balaka - Ulongwe 17,650 169 190 93 104 197 73

Southern Eastern - Balaka - Utale 12,339 125 152 81 99 180 74

Southern Eastern - Machinga - Chikweo 11,105 99 105 106 112 218 75

24



Total Classroo

m Pupil:


Southern Eastern - Machinga - Machinga 9,827 131 106 93 75 168 120

Southern Eastern - Machinga - Mpombe 9,216 67 85 108 138 246 76

Southern Eastern - Machinga - Namandanje 7,351 81 77 95 91 186 77

Southern Eastern - Machinga - Namasika 12,276 114 129 95 108 203 78

Southern Eastern - Machinga - Ngokwe 7,353 63 112 66 117 183 79

Southern Eastern - Machinga - Nsanama 15,375 162 195 79 95 174 121

Southern Eastern - Machinga - Ntaja 11,190 114 111 101 98 199 80

Southern Eastern - Machinga - Puteya 8,424 93 101 83 91 174 122

Southern Eastern - Machinga - St Therese 10,178 205 141 72 50 122 81

Southern Eastern - Mangochi - Boma 18,559 311 167 111 60 171 123

Southern Eastern - Mangochi - Chilipa 11,910 102 134 89 117 206 82

Southern Eastern - Mangochi - Chimbende 12,789 140 107 120 91 211 83

Southern Eastern - Mangochi - Chimwala 12,066 154 141 86 78 164 124

Southern Eastern - Mangochi - Chiponde 6,916 32 60 115 216 331 84

Southern Eastern - Mangochi - Malombe 7,908 67 66 120 118 238 85

Southern Eastern - Mangochi - Masongola 12,188 91 116 105 134 239 86

Southern Eastern - Mangochi - Mdinde 8,412 51 96 88 165 253 87

Southern Eastern - Mangochi - Mkope 6,803 67 82 83 102 185 88

Southern Eastern - Mangochi - Mkumba 8,421 60 96 88 140 228 89

Southern Eastern - Mangochi - Monkey Bay 14,888 160 136 109 93 202 90

Southern Eastern - Mangochi - Mpilipili 9,187 48 81 113 191 304 91

Southern Eastern - Mangochi - Namisi 9,060 72 84 108 126 234 92

Southern Eastern - Mangochi - St Joseph 6,669 45 66 101 148 249 93

25



Total Classroo

m Pupil:


Southern Eastern - Mangochi - Thema 8,271 64 80 103 129 232 94

Southern Eastern - Zomba Rural - Chikala 13,900 175 132 105 79 184 95

Southern Eastern - Zomba Rural - Chilipa 11,361 60 81 140 189 329 96

Southern Eastern - Zomba Rural - 13,624 104 108 126 131 257 97


Southern Eastern - Zomba Rural - Nsondole 11,311 89 99 114 127 241 98

Southern Eastern - Zomba Rural - Ntonda 14,262 139 119 120 103 223 99


Southern Eastern - Zomba Rural - Songani 18,574 321 190 98 58 156 126

Southern Eastern - Zomba Rural - St 11,631 168 127 92 69 161 127

Southern Eastern - Zomba Rural - St Martin 15,096 133 125 121 114 235 101

Southern Eastern - Zomba Rural - St Michael 9,674 90 106 91 107 198 102

Southern Eastern - Zomba Rural - St Pauls 3,955 28 35 113 141 254 103

Southern Eastern - Zomba Urban - 10,175 231 119 86 44 130 128

Southern Eastern - Zomba Urban - Mponda 13,626 357 142 96 38 134 129

Southern Western - Blantyre City - Bangwe 25,871 415 147 176 62 238 104

Southern Western - Blantyre City - 11,322 264 136 83 43 126

Southern Western - Blantyre City - Limbe 15,202 273 133 114 56 170 130

Southern Western - Blantyre City - 35,463 626 173 205 57 262 105

Southern Western - Blantyre City - South 17,982 366 109 165 49 214 106

Southern Western - Blantyre City - 20,923 548 188 111 38 149 131

Southern Western - Blantyre Rural - 8,409 167 98 86 50 136 132

Southern Western - Blantyre Rural - Dziwe 5,960 72 73 82 83 165 133

26



Total Classroo

m Pupil:


Southern Western - Blantyre Rural - Dzunga 5,113 57 44 116 90 206 107



Southern Western - Blantyre Rural - Lunzu 10,246 287 111 92 36 128


Southern Western - Blantyre Rural - Mdeka 10,952 118 106 103 93 196 110

Southern Western - Blantyre Rural - Mpapa 5,744 155 54 106 37 143 135

Southern Western - Blantyre Rural - Mudi 6,852 131 91 75 52 127




Southern Western - Chikwawa - Boma 10,614 162 117 91 66 157 137

Southern Western - Chikwawa - Changoima 5,507 45 63 87 122 209 113

Southern Western - Chikwawa - Chikonde 4,837 59 59 82 82 164 138

Southern Western - Chikwawa - Kakoma 3,608 55 63 57 66 123

Southern Western - Chikwawa - Kalambo 4,279 55 63 68 78 146 139

Southern Western - Chikwawa - Konzere 7,350 87 84 88 84 172 140

Southern Western - Chikwawa - Livunzu 11,731 115 118 99 102 201 114

Southern Western - Chikwawa - Mbewe 7,391 82 83 89 90 179 141

Southern Western - Chikwawa - Nchalo 20,080 206 168 120 97 217 115

Southern Western - Chikwawa - Ngabu 12,015 130 131 92 92 184 116

Southern Western - Mwanza - Chidoole 6,651 90 92 72 74 146 142

Southern Western - Mwanza - Chifunga 4,867 97 91 53 50 103

27



Total Classroo

m Pupil:


Southern Western - Mwanza - Chikonde 8,835 112 146 61 79 140 143

Southern Western - Mwanza - Kasenjere 7,526 92 94 80 82 162 144

Southern Western - Mwanza - Ligowe 5,723 74 87 66 77 143 145

Southern Western - Mwanza - Mphande 11,200 241 158 71 46 117

Southern Western - Mwanza - Thambani 5,460 75 71 77 73 150 146

Southern Western - Nsanje - Fatima 8,700 90 99 88 97 185 117

Southern Western - Nsanje - Kalulu 5,956 43 52 115 139 254 118

Southern Western - Nsanje - Magoti 3,838 62 73 53 62 115

Southern Western - Nsanje - Mchere 5,484 97 92 60 57 117

Southern Western - Nsanje - Mlonda 6,369 87 86 74 73 147 147

Southern Western - Nsanje - Mpatsa 8,332 82 104 80 102 182 119

Southern Western - Nsanje - Nyachilenda 6,624 91 101 66 73 139 148

Southern Western - Nsanje - Nyamadzere 8,102 115 116 70 70 140 149

National Totals and Ratios 3,166,786 43,952 36,027 88 72 160

Key

Range Teacher/Pupil +

Pupil/Classroom Ratios P-C Ratio T-P Ratio

Range 300> 5 64 72

Range 200 -299- 74 143 176 Rc/t Correlation 0.691

Range 180 - 199 38 108 67 Rs/t Correlation 0.807

Range 120 - 179 149

Range 80 – 119 49

Range < 79 0

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