Policy design and implementation in developing countries

Local Government Development Planning

Ramadhani Amiri Hangwa

MED10727Ministry of Regional Administration and Local

Government

22/07/2011

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Levels Policy making process • There are two main levels of policy making

in Tanzania, national and local government level.

• The main focus here is the policy making process at LGAs by explain how lower level of local government(LLG) come with village and Ward Development plans(VDP and WDP) using process of opportunities and obstacles to development(O&OD) as a part of local government reform program(LGRP).

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Overview of Local government • After independence in 1961 Tanzania declared war

against illiteracy, diseases and poverty.People were encouraged to work hard and in self-help projects.

• First president Mwalimu Julius K. Nyerere, came with slogan by saying “It can be done, play your part". The catchword “Independence and work” was used to steer the people into action.

• In 1972 Local Government Authority(LGA) formed by German in 1901 were abolished. Then LGAs were re-established by Act No.7 – 10 of 1982 in accordance with the constitution of the URT of 1977 under articles No.145 and 146.

• Village councils, township authorities and district councils were established as LGAs in rural areas; and municipal and city councils as LGAs in urban areas, became operational in 1984.

• To date there are about 12,000 villages,146 local councils and31 Regions

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Motivation for Policy making at LGAs• It’s a constitutional (1977)requirement articles

No.145 and 146 supported by LGA Act(1982) and Regional Administration Act (1997) which allow the establishment of LGAs to facilitate transfer of authority to the people through decentralization by devolution(D by D).

• Opportunities and Obstacles to Development(O&OD) is a ‘vehicle’ for people to participate in development planning at LGAs which started in 2002.

• Why?-O&OD restore the spirit of self reliance, local resource mobilization, transparency and accountability whereby communities participate in planning, decision making, implementation and ownership of their development initiatives. 4

Motivation……….The existing GAP

Nation

Region

District

LLG Ward&Villages

Gap filled by O&OD

Existing planning

system(M

TE

F)

Guideline and Vision Priorities 5

Opportunities and Obstacles to development(O&OD)

• Opportunities: refers to resources available within or outside the community which can be used by that community e.g. availability of health facilities, arable lands, forests reserve for timber

• Obstacles: These can be defined as hindrances to utilization of existing opportunities e.g. outdated traditional beliefs, lack of working capital. ideological differences, lack of qualified personnel or technology

• O&OD - intensive consultative planning process that uses participatory tools to come up with VDP,WDP and DDP focusing TDV 2025.

• Key players are local community at all ages, civil society,religion,council staffs,central government, JICA,Local government training Institute(LGTI).

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The O&OD planning processThe O&OD process has 9 steps as follows:

1.Community entry protocol - prior notice to the leadership in various levels (district, ward, and village leaders ,influential persons and community )for understanding the importance of the exercise for fully participation. Expect community adoption behavior (early adapters 12.5%-

readily accept changes ,followers 75% -majority and Laggards 12.5%-want slow changes /lack clear vision

2.An Extra Ordinary Village/Ward Assembly to launch the planning process.Special day for the facilitators to meet with villagers. Explain to the community the purpose of the exercise number of participants, timetable and logistical issues.

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Steps in O&OD community will ask questions for further clarifications .Form

FG based on hamlet/”Mitaa”, gender and age, Select 6-10 resources person who are familiar with village and its community, Select village/ward map drawers, Set criteria for household wealth ranking.

3. Vision 2025 and data Collection -will be collected in numbers, charts, drawings for the purpose of preparing the community participatory plans e.g. land use, crops, topography, rivers, institutions, soils, and forests. The tools for collecting this data is village map and the transect walk (TW).

• TW - spatial information obtained through direct observation while walking across the village. While walking, the facilitators and community members should note, and record field conditions, objects, processes (such as environmental degradation) and their relationships (such as allocation of land to food or cash crops).

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Steps in O&OD • Data collection…..Time related data e.g Village

historical time lines(seasonal calendar). Socio-Economic Data institutional analysis, revenue

and expenditure, household wealth ranking, daily gender activities calendar, gender resource map.

4. Setting priorities using specific objectives • Prioritizing by voting is easy to understand and is commonly

used. Number of votes casted for every specific objective should be recorded. Participants are allowed to vote more than once for different objectives.

• Prioritizing by preference - voting done by focus groups. most important specific objective is awarded five points and the least important is awarded one point

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Steps in O&OD…• Prioritizing by pair wise matrix-The village council

undertakes the exercise by comparing and contrasting the different specific objectives is done between one option and others. The option that has received the most votes is entered in the spaces in the table.

5.Sources of Revenue and Expenditure – Identification of internal/external sources of revenue in a community and budgeting.The exercise is done by focus group. It helps the community to know their sources of revenue and brings about transparency.

The more the sources of revenue, the more the village

can meet its development activities

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Village Source of Revenue and Expenditure

Sources of Income Expenditure

1. Own source Development levy 1,000,000 Fines 1,200,000 Local beer fees 800,000 Sand fee 2,500,000 Sub Total 5,500,000

2. External source (committed) District support to 2 classrooms 1,000,000 TASAF 2,000,000 Sub Total 3,000,000 3. None cash income Labour 1,100,000

1. Administration - Costs for village meetings 100,000- WDC 200,000- Transport and Travelling 500,000- Stationery 200,000- Village Hospitality 600,000-Uhuru touch 500,000 Subtotal 2,100,0002. Development -Building classroom x &1 teacher house 2,500,000(D/Council contr.2,000,000; V/council 500,000/)-Dispensary – 3,600,000 (TASAF 3,000,000 x& V/council 600,000/=) - Maize production 100,000

Grand Total 9,600,000 Grand Total 9,600,00011

Steps in O&OD 6.Extra ordinary Village Council Meeting to

prepare a draft Participatory Plan.Receives Draft plans prepared by the executive officer in consultation with the focus groups. The meeting prepares the development plan and sets priorities of the entire plan.

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Draft of Community Participatory Plan Village___Ward_______District____________Region_________________Target: High quality livelihood Goal: Food self- sufficiency and food security

Specific objective

Opportunity

Obstacle

Cause

intervention

Steps of implementation

Inputs

cost

priority

indicators

T int ext

T=Total Int=internal Ext=external

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Draft of Community Participatory Plan…..

• After priorities then preparation of a three-year development plan follow. Starting with the first priority, the community should analyze the first year plan and consider:

• Programs which are being implemented by the village council. Programs which can be financed by village councils in collaboration with LGAs and one that require immediate implementation .

• The three-year development plan is the one which the executive officer will present to the ward development committee(WDC) or the village assembly for approval

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The three year community planObjective: Universal Access to safe Water

Priority Specific objectives

Steps for implementation

First year Second year Third year

What village can do

What village can not do

What village can do

What village can not do

What village can do

What village can not do

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Ward development committee(WDC) The committee will receive the three year development plans for all villages and give advice where required and specify those programs which are to be collectively implemented.

Steps in O&OD7.Extra - ordinary village assembly/special meeting of the ward development committee meeting-Meeting for villagers to receive, deliberate and pass the three-year development plan. They will take into account their ability to procure resources within or externally, time frame, expertise and other village responsibilities. The plan that the village adopts becomes the final village plan.

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Steps in O&OD 8.Monitoring and Evaluation in Local Authorities Three

levels:• Village: Standing committees meets monthly, Village council

meets monthly ,Village assembly committee meets quarterly.

• Ward: Ward Development Committee meets quarterly. • District: District Management Team meets monthly.

Standing Committee meets quarterly, Full Council meets quarterly

9.Preparation of comprehensive District O&OD Plan • Preparation of the District participatory plan based on

opportunities and obstacles will follow the procedure contained in the planning and management guide (PMG).

• • Baseline data and • Key indicators 17

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WDC(WEO)

Full Council

VEO VEO VEO

Planning,Satistics and M&EDepartment

District Executive Director(CMT)

Finance Committee

CSOPublic

Other deparmentsAgri,NR,(sectors)

Educa,Health,Water e.t.c(sectors)

Council level

Ward

level

Village

level

CSO

VDP

WDP

DDP

VEO -village executive officer, WEO-Ward executive officer, CMT-council management team

O&OD,TDV,MTEF,SP and NSGRP

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TDV2025

NSGRP/MKUKUTA

CouncilStrategic plan

MTEF

O&OD

NSGRP=National strategy for growth and reduction of poverty

• Advantages:• Increase in Ward community secondary schools from

1,291(2004) to 4,102(2009) • People are able to manage some projects at their locality

• Limitations • Central government intervention• Failure to review community plans hence it mya lead to

disappointment.• Some people say -Time consuming• Failed to analyses important institutions in a

community(JICA,2009),now improved by adding Participatory social local development(PLSD)(2009-2013)

• Biased towards education sector. 20

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Thank you