POLITICS AND EDUCATION4.pdf

8/14/2019 POLITICS AND EDUCATION4.pdf

1/26

POLITICS AND EDUCATION


2/26


EDUCATIONAL PLANNING

Making plans for promoting learning and provision of

physical and human resources for learning

FACTORS INFLUENCING EDUCATIONAL PLANNING

Political decisions Economic system

Administrative decisions

Financial resources-usually scarce

Human resources Conflicts between traditional and western systems

Discrimination in allocation of resources to various levels and

types of education


3/26


Multiplicity of systems

Number of prospective student group for aparticular level

Location of authority

Priority assigned to educational activities

Policy

Direct part of economic development Planners to accept political facts

Social change


4/26


Authority: Right inherent in managerial positions togive orders and expect them to be obeyed

Pillars of state: Legislature, Judiciary, Executive. Mediaalso called a pillar

Power: The capacity to influence decisions

Force at the disposal of a person/institution tocompel obedience

Power to allocate resources

Rules and regulations required for proper

functioning Punishments for rule breakers-Administrative and

Judicial procedures

National government sovereign authority to takedecisions


5/26


International constraints possible

Political system breaks down if legal authority notaccepted

Politics not removed from administrative

institutions

Political government has the authority

Setting of objectives

Closely related to politics Attempts to change for retaining authority

Political factors affect planning of education


6/26

ROLE OF EDUCATION

To develop universal morality and attitudes, stillsubordinate to national interest

International understanding

Develop respect for law and order Affected by politic

Politicizing of education

Developing universalistic morality and attitudes

Tertiary education may question political set up

Modernize political system


7/26

EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATORS

Instrument of political decisions

Reflect dominance of pressure and interest groupsabout

Content

Beneficiaries

Facilities

Conflict between modernising educational systemand traditional religious education system


8/26

PLANNERS ROLE

Planner plan for development of free intellect,acquisition of knowledge and skills for controlling

environment

Planning and implementation of educational activity

to affect relationships between government andpeople, people to people

Take into account policies and philosophy of

government

To realize ethical paradoxes and reconcile morality

with ethics of his responsibility


9/26

PLANNERS ROLE

To face responsibility of consequences---facepressures

May achieve goals through negotiations as done by

politicians


10/26

HINDERANCES IN EDUCATIONAL PLANNING

1. School and village

More education, increase in rate of social change

Selection of courses for world of work

Reduction in parents control when child moves out of

village

Cash cropping

School promotes urban-oriented jobs Factor in political change

Village oriented training less successful

Reaction of villagers


11/26


2. Education and emergent classes

Change in status with higher education

Vanishing social, cultural and linguistic lines andhorizontal movement

School leads to wage employment

Class politics promotes national mobilization

Conflicts with employers/govt. on wages, housing,social services

Emergence of middle class

Middle class strengthens role of intellectuals


12/26


Political parties indicate clash of philosophies

Govt. may use education system to promote itsunifying ideology and subsequent changes in teacher

education and academic freedom3. Competition for power through education system

Competition between urban and rural areas foreducational facilities takes political form

Political wings in students Political parties influence school allocation,

curriculum etc.


13/26


Western education, hold on bureaucracy

Pressures for better educational facilities

Pressures by foreign governments

Planning of education system takes foreign relations

into account

4. Religious education system

Differences in modern and religious education Suppression of organised religious education

Integration required

Medium of instruction


14/26


5. Political significance of language

Political reasons outweigh educational considerations

6. Political ideologies Concession to popular sentiments

Ideology priority limits planning freedom

Content of ideology cannot be ignored

Social studies and social science content close toreligious beliefs


15/26


7. Hinderances arising from limited politicalmobilization

Effective local govt. politicians move to national

politics

Education usually centralised

8. Effects of poverty

Emphasis on economic development and politicalmobilization limits educational planning

Economic planning empahsizes production of skilled

manpower


16/26


9. Bureaucracy

Western bureaucracy different functions andpurpose

In developing countries cultures and values

More authoritarian

Planner should have informal contacts and basic

requirements


17/26

POLITICS OF EDUCATIONAL PLANNING

AND DEVELOPMENT

Education and social status

Level and type of schooling associated with socialstatus, lifetime earnings, quality of life and quality of

housing

Results in political conflict in education policy

Education as source of beliefs and norms

Maintains and reproduces dominant ideologiesexisting pattern

Controversies over major school reforms


18/26


AND DEVELOPMENT

Education and social change

Politicians aware of possible social changes

Bring social change

Education as public resource

Academic and vocational

Teachers benefits

These create conflictPolicies of planning

Planning a part of political decision-making

State legitimizes its authority through planning


19/26


AND DEVELOPMENT

Planning and participation

Participation through election enhances stateslegitimacy

Planning and implementation Difficulties in implementation

Some plans just to satisfy donors

Resource allocation, institutional aspect of

educational development and bureaucracyaffected by political forces

Availability of kind, quantity and in timeresources


20/26


AND DEVELOPMENT

International policies

Assistance agreements

Politics of bureaucracies

Processing and implementation through

organisational structure

State interacts with society through bureaucracy

(Deptt., Ministry)

Horizontal and cross-agency linkages required in

planning and implementation

Horizontal and vertical patterns of communication


21/26


AND DEVELOPMENT

Planning and reform

Planning not truly integrated

Planning and reform may not be compatible

Planning for status quo while reform seeks change

Curriculum change dependant on corresponding

changes in business and industry


22/26

EDUCATION FOR TOMORROW

Trends

Democratization of education, equal opportunities,lifelong education, teaching effectiveness, etc. linksbetween school and world of work, adult education

Political, economic, social and cultural contexts todetermine education of tomorrow

Education affected by international economic, social andcultural order

School may disappear in future due to non-formaleducation and mass communication

Education to become more flexible and more relevant


23/26

EDUCATION FOR TOMORROW

Pre-school education to become universal

Democratization of education

Pressure on higher education

Standardization of institution up to secondary level

Resistance to adoption of educational technology andeducational innovations

International and regional organizations to play part ineducational development

Exchange of information

Regionalization in cooperation


24/26

STUDENT DISCIPLINE

Democratic behavior not developed

Exploitation of students

CHANGING VALUES

STUDENTS ATTITUDE

Parents- - middle and well-to-do parents too busy to

inculcate sense of responsibility

Need to discipline students Have sense of self-righteousness

Rights no responsibility


25/26

STUDENT DISCIPLINE

FEELING OF INSECURITY

CATEGORIES OF STUDNTS

1. Activists- - Politically linked, small group;

2. Rich- - To enjoy life, defy authorities;

3. Reformers- - Determined to destroy institution

Activists come from social sciences, weak in

studies, getting importance STUDENT UNION

EASY COURSES


26/26

STUDENT DISCIPLINE

INFLUENCE OF POLITICL PARTIES

CULT OF VOILENCE ACCEPTANCE OF DEMAND

Documents

POLITICS AND EDUCATION4.pdf