Politics and the Life Sciences

The Association for Politics and the Life Sciences

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APLS1980

VOL. 38, NO. 1 WWW. CAMBRIDGE.ORG/PLS SPRING 2019

VOL.38,N

O.1POLITICSANDTHELIFESCIENCES

SPRING2019

Inside this issue

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Welcome to PLS -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ii

RESEARCH ARTICLESNew evidence on the link between genes, psychological traits, and political engagement

Aaron C. Weinschenk, Christopher T. Dawes, Christian Kandler, Edward Bell andRainer Riemann ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1

Visual priming and framing of the 2016 GOP and Democratic Party presidential primarydebates

Patrick A. Stewart, Austin D. Eubanks and Jason Miller -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14

Were our critics right about the Stasi?AIDS disinformation and ‘‘disinformation squared’’ after five years

Erhard Geissler and Robert Hunt Sprinkle ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 32

PERSPECTIVESHow and why disgust responses underlie prejudiceEvidence from the field

Michael Bang Petersen --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 62

Darwin’s politics of selectionFrom natural to artificial

Luis Manuel Sanchez ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 72

BOOK REVIEWSAlfred I. Tauber, Immunity: The Evolution of an Idea

Reviewed by Daniel Johnston -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 103

Christopher D. Johnston, Howard G. Lavine, and Christopher M. Federico, Open versusClosed: Personality, Identity, and the Politics of Redistribution

Reviewed by Ryan Strickler ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 106

Stephen Hilgartner, Reordering Life: Knowledge and Control in the GenomicsRevolution

Reviewed by Raffael Himmelsbach ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 109

Mikko Mattila, Lauri Rapeli, Hanna Wass, and Peter Söderlund, Health and PoliticalEngagement

Reviewed by Christopher Ojeda ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 111

c© Association for Politics and the Life Sciences, 2019

mçäáíáÅë ~åÇ íÜÉ iáÑÉ pÅáÉåÅÉëA JOURNAL OF POLITICAL BEHAVIOR, ETHICS, AND POLICY

Editors, Advisors,and OfficersCo-Chief EditorsMargaret E. Kosal, Ph.D.Sam Nunn School of International AffairsGeorgia Institute of TechnologyTony E. Wohlers, Ph.D.Behavioral and Social Sciences DivisionHarford Community College

Associate EditorsDelia DumitrescuSchool of Politics, Philosophy,Language and Communication StudiesUniversity of East AngliaAmy L. FletcherSchool of Political Science andInternational RelationsUniversity of Canterbury,New Zealand

Book Reviews EditorJordan Mansell, M.A.Department of Politics andInternational RelationsUniversity of Oxford

Former Editors-in-ChiefErik P. Bucy, Ph.D.College of Media and CommunicationTexas Tech University2008–2017Robert Hunt Sprinkle, M.D., Ph.D.School of Public PolicyUniversity of Maryland2001–2008, 2015–2016 (Acting Editor)Gary R. Johnson, Ph.D.Department of Political ScienceLake Superior State University1991–2001Thomas C. Wiegele, Ph.D.Department of Political ScienceNorthern Illinois University1981–1991

On the coverIda Bengtson (1881–1952) was the first womanPh.D. hired at the NIH, in 1916. Bengtson madesignificant contributions to the identification ofand treatment for gas gangrene, typhus, botulism,tetanus, and Q fever, among other infectious dis-eases. Her development of the complement fixa-tion test was used to develop and test vaccines andto diagnose hard to identify diseases.

Editorial Advisory Board

Michael Bang Petersen, Ph.D.Aarhus University, Denmark

Laura Betzig, Ph.D.Whitmore Lake, Michigan

Brian B. Boutwell, Ph.D.Saint Louis University

William P. Brandon, Ph.D., M.P.H.University of North Carolina, Charlotte

Dominique Brossard, Ph.D.University of Wisconsin, Madison

Malcom Dando, Ph.D.University of Bradford

Dorothy J. Dankel, Ph.D.University of Bergen

Chris Dawes, Ph.D.New York University

Sophal Ear, Ph.D.Occidental College

Peter Emanuel, Ph.D.U.S. Army Research DevelopmentEngineering Command,Aberdeen Proving Ground

Maryanne Fisher, Ph.D.Saint Mary’s University

Robert E. Gilbert, Ph.D.Northeastern University

John Hibbing, Ph.D.University of Nebraska

John G. Horgan, Ph.D.Georgia State University

Kevin D. Hunt, Ph.D.Indiana University

Jo Husbands, Ph.D.U.S. National Academy of Sciences

Sverker Jagers, Ph.D.University of Gothenburg

Rebecca Katz, Ph.D.Georgetown University

Casey Klofstad, Ph.D.University of Miami

Daniel J. Kruger, Ph.D.University of Michigan

Yanna Krupnikov, Ph.D.Stony Brook University

Kobi Leins, J.D.University of Melbourne

Aaron D. Levine, Ph.D.Georgia Institute of Technology

Roger D. Masters, Ph.D.Dartmouth College

Glenn McGee, Ph.D.Albany Medical College

Janna Merrick, Ph.D.University of South Florida

Thomas H. Murray, Ph.D.The Hastings Center

Steven A. Peterson, Ph.D.Pennsylvania State University, Harrisburg

Malcolm Potts, M.B., B.Chir., Ph.D.University of California, Berkeley

Thomas H. Preston, Ph.D.Washington State University

Julie Seaman, J.D.Emory University

Bradley A. Thayer, Ph.D.Tallinn University

Mark van Vugt, Ph.D.VU University Amsterdam

Kathleen M. Vogel, Ph.D.North Carolina State University

Susan Wright, Ph.D.University of California, Santa Cruz

Executive Directors of the Association for Politics and the Life Sciences

Gregg R. Murray, Ph.D.Augusta University, 2013–

David B. Goetze, Ph.D.Utah State University, 2002–2010

Gary R. Johnson, Ph.D.Lake Superior State University, 1996–2001

James N. Schubert, Ph.D.Northern Illinois University, 1991–1996

Thomas C. Wiegele, Ph.D.Northern Illinois University, 1981–1991

The Council of the Association for Politics and the Life Sciences

Erik P. Bucy, Ph.D.Texas Tech University

Eileen Burgin, Ph.D.University of Vermont

Margaret E. Kosal, Ph.D.ex officioGeorgia Institute of Technology

Christopher Larimer, Ph.D.University of Northern Iowa

Laurette Liesen, Ph.D.Lewis University, Vice Chair

Gregg R. Murray, Ph.D.Augusta University

Steven A. Peterson, Ph.D.Pennsylvania State University, Harrisburg

Brian R. Spisak, Ph.D.VU University Amsterdam

Patrick Stewart, Ph.D.University of Arkansas, Chair

Bradley A. Thayer, Ph.D.Tallinn University

Tony E. Wohlers, Ph.D.ex officioHarford Community College

fåÑçêã~íáçå Ñçê `çåíêáÄìíçêëSCOPEmçäáíáÅë ~åÇ íÜÉ iáÑÉ pÅáÉåÅÉë welcomes any neworiginal manuscript engaging politics and the lifesciences simultaneously. The range of appropriatesubmissions is extraordinarily wide, and we especiallyinvite work demonstrating that it is even wider than werealized.

CRITERIATo be considered, a submission — of whatever sort,including a report of original research, a scholarlyreview essay, a book review, a letter to the editor,or any other item — must not have been publishedelsewhere, either in whole or in part or under adifferent title or different authorship, and it must notconcurrently be under review for publication elsewhere.We will not consider a ‘‘simultaneous submission.’’Nor will we knowingly consider submissions whoseauthorship has been misrepresented, such as through‘‘guest’’ authorship or ghostwriting.

A manuscript must offer new knowledge or newunderstanding of existing knowledge. It must be both‘‘political’’ and ‘‘life-scientific’’ in its implications, ifnot in its methods. Political arguments need not betheoretical; contributions from the policy communityare quite welcome. Scientific arguments may be astechnical as necessary, but they must, if technical at all,remain accessible to the conscientious nonscientist.

Scholars of politics must take particular care toensure that the life-sciences content of their submissionsis well researched, well referenced, well reasoned, andwell written. Scholars of the life sciences must takeequal care to ensure that the political content of theirwork is historically accurate, philosophically aware,analytically sound, and rhetorically cautious. Somecontributors do well to seek coauthors. All do well toask colleagues in different disciplines to comment onpapers prior to submission.

No submission is too short or too long to beconsidered, but only those that make and defend goodarguments both fairly and efficiently will be accepted.No subject is too controversial for PLS, but some papersare more controversial than they need be; these will notbe accepted, at least not without substantial revision.Papers must be in nearly final form when submitted;they must not be ‘‘rough drafts.’’

An especially important criterion is the quality ofcomposition. Poorly composed papers will be rejected,intellectual virtues aside, if the editorial effort neededto improve them to PLS standard seems likely tobe excessive. Papers written by scholars adapting toEnglish will be given special consideration but must stillbe compositionally sound, at least insofar as structure.

FORMATContributors might usefully examine PLS formattingconventions in a recent print issue or an articledownloaded from our website. Contributors lackingpersonal-access or library-access downloadingprivileges should still be able to find a ‘‘Free PDF’’online.

An abstract is required; a structured abstract often isadvisable. Description of methods, where appropriate,should be sufficient to allow replication. Data and theiranalysis should be reported in standard ways. Initialsubmissions may cite references in any comprehensiblefashion; final submissions must adopt the currentlyprescribed style.

PLS in the past employed an ‘‘author-date’’referencing style but since the March 2002 issue hasused a numbered style, which allows in-line citation— such as in many,1,2,4,8 though not all,3,5,6,7

scientific journals. In-line citation is less intrusivevisually, as it minimizes textual disruption, making

heavily referenced papers far easier to read than theywould be in ‘‘author-date’’ mode.

References must be assembled, in the order cited, asendnotes, such as these:

1. Memorandum, Jay S. Bybee to Alberto R. Gonzales,Counsel to the President, and William J. Haynes,General Counsel of the Department of Defense, Subject:Application of Treaties and Laws to al Qaeda andTaliban Detainees, 22 January 2002 printed in TheTorture Papers, p. 111.

2. Stephen Van Evera, The Causes of War: Power andthe Roots of Conflict (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell UniversityPress, 1999), pp. 191–192.

3. Van Evera, pp. 182–183.

4. President Bush’s Interview with Diane Sawyer, 16December 2003, http://www.abc.org.

5. Title 18, Sections 1340-1340A, http://uscode.house.gov/download/pls/18C113C.txt

6. David Alan Rosenberg, ‘‘The origins of overkill:Nuclear weapons and American strategy, 1945–1960,’’International Security, Spring 1983, 7(4):3–71.

7. ‘‘A nation challenged: Notes found after thehijackings,’’ New York Times, September 29, 2001.

Notice that #8 above is a repeat-reference; itcites new page numbers in an already cited source.A cross-reference would not suffice here because itwould not offer the opportunity to list the new pages.However, a cross-reference to these same two pagesmight be used later; it would be linked to thisendnote, #8, and if #8 somehow became, say, #29,then the cross-reference would automatically become#29 as well. Cross-references appear in main textas out-of-order superscripted numerical citations, butthey do not appear among the endnotes. Endnotes(and repeat-references) cite sources; cross-references citeendnotes (and repeat-references).

Some authors, fearing cross-referencing, mightchoose to repeat-reference the content of #8, creatingan entirely new endnote wherever needed and usingit simply to restate #8’s content: ‘‘Van Evera, pp.182–183.’’ If the book and page numbers referenced in#7 needed repeat-referencing later on, and if that samebook did not have different pages cited in any otherendnote, then the content of the repeat-reference wouldbe, simply, ‘‘Van Evera.’’

Notice also that the endnote numbers displayedabove are not superscripts. Word processors generallyuse exactly the same numerals for in-text citationsand for endnote numbers, meaning that the endnotenumbers in submitted papers are almost certainly goingto be superscripts. No problem. The nicer appearanceshown here will be achieved by a professionalcompositor; authors should not try to match it.

Endnotes must be auto-renumbering. All competentmodern word processors offer auto-renumberingendnotes, usually somewhere in their ‘‘Insert’’ or‘‘Insert > Footnote...’’ menus. To cite sourcesmore than once, cross-referencing (as in ‘‘Insert> Cross-reference...’’) is encouraged, though manyauthors find simple repeat-referencing less challengingthan cross-referencing. Cross-references, if used,must be auto-renumbering, just like endnotes, butcross-references are created a bit differently. Endnotecreation also has its annoyances, the most infamousbeing an inexplicable default setting — lower-caseRoman numerals — in the most widely used wordprocessor; this default setting can be reset but seems toneed ‘‘re-resetting’’ more often than it should.

Some authors present laboriously hand-numberedendnotes and cross-references that look genuine on firstinspection but do not renumber automatically whenmoved or when references are added or deleted in

text higher up in the paper. Hand-numbered endnotesand cross-references often contain numbering errorsand even when error-free are tricky to keep straightduring editing prior to publication. Hand-numberingis not reliable, not robust, and not usable; authors ofaccepted papers will be asked to convert any and allhand-numbering into auto-renumbering before editingcommences.

Some authors use footnotes or endnotes not tocite sources but to expand main-text arguments or,seemingly, to rework or repair them ‘‘off-stage,’’ as itwere. The effect is at best distracting and creates theimpression, often a valid one, that an author could notquite decide whether certain additional material wasimportant or not — or, if self-evidently important, justhow to fit it in. Authors whose papers are accepted byPLSmust prior to editing remove each of these additionsentirely, blending their contributory content, if any,into a single stream of main-text exposition. The samerequirement usually applies to ‘‘side-bar’’ comments.Appendices, though, may in some instances be retained.

All submissions should display a cover page showingtitle and abstract but no author names or institutionalidentifiers. Clues to authorship should be avoidedthroughout. For example, ‘‘In an earlier series ofreports, some of us1,3,5 have shown that...’’ should bechanged to preserve the anonymity of peer review. Onefix would be ‘‘...some1,3,5 have shown that...’’ Such achange need only be temporary, though. Self-referencesmay be restored to explicit form in an accepted paperprior to publication.

Line numbering, which most word processors nowoffer as an option, may be displayed on submissionbut is not required. Double-spacing is conventional butnot necessary, as all papers are distributed to reviewerselectronically as live text and can be respaced at will.

SUBMISSIONOriginal scholarship.Articles can now be submitted through the ScholarOneplatform at https://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/pls.

Files created by any Macintosh or Windows wordprocessor are acceptable; most table and graphicsformats are acceptable as well. If we are unable to openor read a submission we will simply ask that furtherattempts be made to create and send a usable file. Filessaved in RTF (‘‘rich text format’’) are ideal, since RTFfacilitates typesetting. PDF files (‘‘portable documentformat’’ files) are helpful adjuncts for submissions withlayouts incorporating tables and illustrations or forsubmissions formatted for paper sizes other than the sizeto which a reviewer is accustomed.

Assuming appropriateness for PLS in terms of topic,importance, and refinement, submissions will then bedistributed to reviewers.

SUBSCRIPTIONSPolitics and the Life Sciences is published biannually,in the spring and fall, by Cambridge UniversityPress. Subscriptions are of two types, individual andinstitutional. An individual subscription is a benefitof membership in the Association for Politics and theLife Sciences. For information, click ‘‘Membership’’at the APLS website (http://www.politicsandthelifesciences.org/SubscriptInfo.html). Readers may alsoe-mail the APLS Business Office to make membershipinquiries, report delivery problems, or change mailingaddresses.

Annual subscription rates for Volume 38 (2019):institutional subscription rate, print and electronic:$315; institutional subscription rate, electronic only:$248; individual subscription rate, print and electronic:$111.00; individual subscription rate, electronic only:$26.00.

Inside this issue

mçäáíáÅë ~åÇ íÜÉ iáÑÉ pÅáÉåÅÉëîçäK PUI åçK N péêáåÖ OMNV

Welcome to PLS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ii

RESEARCH ARTICLESNew evidence on the link between genes, psychological traits, and politicalengagement

Aaron C. Weinschenk, Christopher T. Dawes, Christian Kandler, Edward Bell andRainer Riemann ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1

Visual priming and framing of the 2016 GOP and Democratic Party presidentialprimary debates

Patrick A. Stewart, Austin D. Eubanks and Jason Miller ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14

Were our critics right about the Stasi?AIDS disinformation and ‘‘disinformation squared’’ after five years

Erhard Geissler and Robert Hunt Sprinkle -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 32

PERSPECTIVESHow and why disgust responses underlie prejudiceEvidence from the field

Michael Bang Petersen ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 62

Darwin’s politics of selectionFrom natural to artificial

Luis Manuel Sanchez ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 72

BOOK REVIEWSAlfred I. Tauber, Immunity: The Evolution of an Idea

Reviewed by Daniel Johnston ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 103

Christopher D. Johnston, Howard G. Lavine, and Christopher M. Federico, Open versusClosed: Personality, Identity, and the Politics of Redistribution

Reviewed by Ryan Strickler ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 106

Stephen Hilgartner, Reordering Life: Knowledge and Control in the GenomicsRevolution

Reviewed by Raffael Himmelsbach ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 109

Mikko Mattila, Lauri Rapeli, Hanna Wass, and Peter Söderlund, Health and PoliticalEngagement

Reviewed by Christopher Ojeda -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 111

c© Association for Politics and the Life Sciences, 2019

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Welcome to PLS

P çäáíáÅë ~åÇ íÜÉ iáÑÉ pÅáÉåÅÉë is an interdis-ciplinary peer-reviewed journal with a globalaudience. PLS is owned by the ^ëëçÅá~íáçå

Ñçê mçäáíáÅë ~åÇ íÜÉ iáÑÉ pÅáÉåÅÉë, the APLS(www.aplsnet.org), which is both an American PoliticalScience Association (APSA) Related Group and anAmerican Institute of Biological Sciences (AIBS)Member Society. PLS has been published by CambridgeUniversity Press since Spring 2016.

PLS publishes original scholarly research at theintersection of politics and the life sciences. The topicrange includes evolutionary and laboratory insightsinto political behavior, from decision-making toleadership, cooperation, and competition; evolutionaryanalysis of political intolerance and violence, fromgroup conflict to warfare, terrorism, and torture;political and political-economic analysis of life-sciencesresearch, health policy, agricultural and environmentalpolicy, and biosecurity policy; philosophical analysisof bioethical controversies; and historical analysisof currently misunderstood issues within the rangedescribed above. Contributors include political scien-tists, political psychologists, life scientists, clinicians,health-policy scholars, bioethicists, biosecurity andinternational-security experts, environmental scientists

and ecological economists, moral and evolutionaryphilosophers, political and environmental historians,communications and public-opinion researchers, andlegal scholars.

PLS is printed, mailed, and posted online (www.cambridge.org/pls) twice annually, in the spring andfall, by Cambridge University Press. Papers succeed-ing in peer review, once emerging from revision andprepress routines, may be published online-before-printfor access by subscribers, requesting journalists, and, infeatured instances, the public.

PLS is indexed comprehensively in full text, fromits first to its latest issue, on Cambridge Core (www.cambridge.org/pls). PLS is indexed comprehensivelyfrom March 2004, issue 23(1), at BioOne.2 (www.bioone.org). All titles and abstracts are indexed inMEDLINE at PubMed (www.pubmed.gov). Back issuesare archived in full text at JSTOR (www.jstor.org). PLSis also included in Academic Search Alumni Edition,Academic Search Premier, Academic Search ProductFamily, International Political Science Abstracts, Psy-chology & Behavioral Sciences Collection, and SocialSciences Abstracts — all aggregated for institutions byEBSCOhost R©, a commercial service.

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