Greed, Graft & Corruption of Politics in the Gilded Age

U.S. History II

Ms. White

Bellwork:

• Have you ever done a favor for someone or given a person a gift with the expectation of getting something in return for it?

• Do you think that this practice is common among politicians today? Explain why or why not?

Chapter 15 Section 3

Learning Objectives:

• Understand the role of political machines and bosses.

• Understand how some politicians’ greed and fraud cost the taxpayers millions of dollars.

• Understand the measures taken by president Hayes, Garfield, and Arthur to reform the spoils system.

• Understand the positions taken by presidents Cleveland, Harrison, and McKinley on the tariff issue.

Gilded Age Political Machines• What does gilded mean?

• To cover something with a thin layer of gold leaf or a substance that looks like gold.

Why is this time period in American Politics referred to as the Gilded Age?

THE ROTTEN CORETHE “SHINY” EXTERIOR

APPEARANCE

VS.

REALITY

The “Gilded Age”?There are many young

men in American society, though well-educated, who let themselves drift, hoping to find the GOLDEN road to fortune. In a society of princes and paupers, everybody was hoping to get rich quick.

—Twain & Warner 1873

What Factors Paved the Way for the Gilded Age?

IMMIGRATION – Mass movement of a group of people from one place to another.

INDUSTRIALIZATION – Concentration of machines and labor to produce consumer goods and services.

URBANIZATION – Growth of cities and concentration of population (# of people) in cities.

So What?--Immigrants pour into cities (urban areas).

--Cities are ridden with problems due to overcrowding, crime, sanitation, etc.

--Workers endure long hours, low pay, & dangerous conditions.

--Factory Owners and Political Parties look for ways to exercise power and influence over the “new arrivals.”

--Political Machines dominate local politics in cities and compete for votes and power and influence.

IMMIGRATION +INDUSTRIALIZATION+ URBANIZATIONPOLITICAL MACHINES

POLITICAL MACHINEAn organized group that controlled the activities of a political party in a city.

Political Machines Controlled:

access to municipal (government) jobsExamples: police, firefighters, teachers, post office,

town employees, etc.

access to permits and licensesExamples: building permits for construction projects and

liquor licenses

court systems (judges) and other city organizations

Organization of the Political Machine

City Boss

Ward Boss

Captains Workers

The Role of the Political “Boss”

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cy178zHzLpU

Video clip From Boardwalk Empire on Atlantic City’s political machine controlled by Nucky Thompson in the 1920’s.

“LEGITIMATE” GANGSTERS?

-In charge of a city’s political machine.

Besides being involved in corrupt scandals, some political bosses held power by:

Funding urban betterment projects.Ex. Building roads, parks, police force

Helping small businesses. Ex. Loans, building permits

Assisting immigrants with the naturalization process.

How a Political Boss stays in Power

Political machines and bosses would use many underhanded methods to keep

power:

Voter fraud-Missing ballots, Fake voter names, Dead folks voting,

Bribery-use of illegal payments or “kickbacks” from activities.

Police Force- Control over city crime and police forces.

Graft• The illegal use of political

influence for personal gain.

• Example: By helping a person find work on a construction project for the city a political boss could ask the worker to bill the city for more than the actual cost. The worker then kickbacks a portion of the earning to the political machine.

Create your own example of graft.

Read the DiMasi found guilty on 7 out of 9 counts in kickback scheme article & answer the questions.

“Boss” Tweed and Tammany HallHead of Tammany Hall New York City’s the Democratic Political Machine.

1869-1871 led the Tweed Ring Defrauds NYC of $10 million in County Courthouse scheme.

Thomas Nast a political cartoonist helped arouse public outrage against Tammany Hall.

Tweed ring was broken in 1871, and Boss Tweed was convicted of fraud. He escaped to Spain; captured and imprisoned, but was later captured when officials identified him from a Nast cartoon.

Tammany Hall Graft• In 1871, the New York Times ran a series of news stories

exposing massive corruption by members of Tammany Hall, the Democratic political machine in New York City run by William “Boss” Tweed.

• The Times obtained evidence that the Tweed Ring stole the publics money in the form of inflated payments to government contractors.

• Example: Tweed ran a scheme to defraud taxpayers out of $10 million by charging the city $13 million to build a new courthouse when it only cost $3 million to build

Tammany Ring

• Who Stole the People’s Money? – Do Tell (NY

TIMES) ‘T Was Him

William “Boss” TweedBoss Tweed offered the owner of theTimes $5 million not to publish the material and Nast $500,000 to cease his cartoon attacks.

Tweed said, I don’t care so much what the papers write about me-my constituents can’t read; but… they can see pictures!” Both offers were refused.

Tweed was imprisoned, but later escaped, only to later be identified in Spain by someone who recognized him from Nast’s caricatured

version.

Political Cartoons• Political Cartoons- representative or

symbolic drawings that make a satirical, witty, or humorous point to influence government action and public opinion.

Thomas Nast - a political cartoonist who helped arouse public outrage against Boss Tweed and helped bring about his demise.

Elements of Political Cartoons

• Use of exaggerated features and or physical characteristics.

• Caricature exaggerates or distorts a person’s prominent features to allow the viewer to identify a him or her quickly.

• Use of symbols or other recognizable icons to visually represent abstract ideas.

• Use of satire, wit, irony, sarcasm, humor and ridicule to attack the vices and follies of humankind.

• Presence of an opinion or message by the author.

ExaggerationIdentify symbols.

What do the symbols represent?

Who is the Giant?

What is exaggerated in the cartoon?

What purpose does the exaggeration serve?

What is the message?

Can the Law Reach Him? – The Dwarf & the Giant Thief

Symbols• What symbols are

used in this cartoon?

• Who is this depicting?

• What is the message?

• (Hint: Why did the artist use a money bag for his head??

“The Brains”

Satire, Wit, Humor, Irony, & Sarcasm

• Does the cartoon use humor to make its point? If so, how?

Author’s Opinion or Message

• What do you think the author’s message is?

• How do they feel about the topic?

Caption: “That’s What’s The Matter”

Boss Tweed, “As long as I count the votes, what are you going to do about it?”

The Ballot In

Counting There is Strength

The Tammany Tiger Loose-What Are You Going to Do about it?

Thomas Nast Political Cartoon• What is the setting of the cartoon?• The female is Columbia a poetic name for the

united States. What is happening to Columbia in this cartoon?

• What does the tiger represent?• Who is watching from the stands on the left?• What is the significance of the town piece of

paper under the tigers paw that reads, “LAW”?• Who is the tigers next victim?• What effect do you think the cartoonists, wanted

his cartoon to have on his readers?

Who is the man in the cartoon?

What is the man wearing?

What is happening to everything around him?

What do you think the message is that the cartoonist is trying to convey?

Who created the cartoon?

What are you laughing at? To the victor belongs the spoils.”

Create Your Own Political Cartoon

• Create a political cartoon that reflects the urban political scene during the Gilded Age.

Suggested Ideas

• How a political machine uses graft, kickbacks, bribes, etc.

• How political bosses provided services to immigrants in exchange for their votes.

• How political machines affect taxpayers.

Political Cartoon Rubric

Group Work• Arrange yourselves into groups of three. • Teacher will distribute a Gilded Age political

cartoon and cartoon analysis worksheet.• Spend approximately 5 minutes analyzing the

cartoon individually and complete the cartoon analysis worksheet.

• As a group share your findings and discuss the elements of the political cartoon and how it ties in with Gilded Age politics.

• Share your political cartoon analysis with the class.

Calls for “Change”: Political Reform

PATRONAGE – Giving jobs in government to political supporters (Not based on “merit”).

Reform in CIVIL SERVICE – Government jobs; should no longer be “handed out” to people who supported a candidate or political party.

Rutherford B. HayesRepublican elected in 1876

No support from Congress to make “reforms.”

Named independents to his cabinet & to set up a commission to investigate nation’s customhouses, which were big centers of patronage.

Angers the Stalwarts-Republicans who don’t want civil service reform.

Does NOT decide to run for re-election.

The Garfield / Arthur Ticket: A “Compromise”?• 1880: Republican party

nominates James Garfield, an independent reformer.

• Chester Arthur, connected to the Stalwarts was nominated for VP candidate.

• Garfield gives reformers most of his patronage jobs.

• Garfield was shot and killed in 1881 by a disgruntled Stalwart lawyer.

• Arthur takes the role of President; takes on the role of “reformer.”

Arthur and the Pendleton Civil Service Act (1883)

• A bipartisan civil service commission to make appointments to federal jobs based on merit.

• Gets rid of the Spoils System – Giving government jobs based on “loyalty.”

• Establishes the Merit System – Jobs now given based on merit-ability, experience,& qualifications.

• Limit on number of family members that could apply for civil service jobs.

• Preferential treatment for veteran applications.

Big Business & TariffsWhat is a tariff?

Tariff- a tax or fee to be paid on a particular class of imports or exports.

How does an increase in tariffs (tax) effect the price/cost of goods?

Which goods would American consumers buy (American made or foreign imports) if tariffs were increased and Why?

Big Business & Tariffs

US businesses hoped the government would preserve or even raise the tariff (a tax on imported goods) to protect their domestic industries from foreign competition.

• Democrats traditionally did NOT support high tariffs.

How do high tariffs (taxes) on imports protect American businesses?

Which group in society would supporter lower tariffs and why?Consumers

Grover ClevelandGrover Cleveland (1884):

Nominated by the Democratic party

• Democratic Party supports lower tariffs

• Could not get Congressional support to lower tariffs

• Does NOT win re-election.

• Who would vote Democratic?Consumers, working class & poor people

Lower Tariffs

Benjamin Harrison Raises Tariffs• Benjamin Harrison(1888):

Nominated by the Republican party

• Republican Party supports higher tariffs

• He signs the McKinley Tariff Act.

• Taxes on foreign manufactured goods to their highest level ever. Who would vote Republican? (which group in society would support the higher tariffs?)

Tariffs are

AWESOME!

Cleveland Makes His Comeback!

• Re-elected as president in 1892.

• Refuses to lower tariffs since it gives tax money to the Federal Government.

• In the end, tariffs remain high.