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Pollination by native, non commercial bumble bees in
Oregon crops
Sujaya Rao
Oregon State University
Acknowledgements
Kim Skyrm (PhD thesis): pesticide study, bumble bee colony development
Kim Phillips (MS thesis): cranberry cage study
Melissa Broussard (Undergraduate Honors thesis): cranberry bee
diversity; honey bee and bumble bee comparison
Sarah Maxfield-Taylor (Undergraduate research): pollen and nematode
studies
NSF-REU (Undergraduate summer research): pollen and nematode
studies
Nicole Anderson (County extension): red clover foragers
W. P. Stephen (Emeritus): blueberry and red clover cage studies
Mike Juhl (The “Bee Man”): bumble bee rearing
Blueberry, cranberry and red clover seed producers: field sites and
funding
Agro-ecosystems:
An abundance of food available but in isolated
patches
Temporal – not long enough for the life cycle of a
bumble bee colony
Spring
Summer
Late summer
Mutualistic relationship
Ag landscapes Bumble bee colonies
Record yields Population growth
Willamette Valley in Western Oregon
Portland
Salem
Eugene
(Wiley,2003; Defenders of Wildlife)
California
Washington
Western Oregon
Climate – mild rainy winter, dry summer
Agriculture – diverse, over 200 crops including several
that are bee-pollinated; many for seed favored by
climate
Urban areas - limited; small and large gardens
State has a rich history of development of non-
Apis bees for agriculture
W. P. Stephen
Nomia melanderi, Alkali bee
Megachile rotundata,
leaf cutting bee
Common native pollinator
Queens taken to common rearing facilities for production of colonies
Speculated that colonies returned to west were infected with a
pathogen
Even though the colonies were used only for greenhouse vegetable
production, a few escaped.
Now the species considered to be near extinction on the coast
Bombus occidentalis
Ban on introduction of non-native bumble bees
North American species, B. impatiens is not native
Growers have to depend on native populations
Oregon State University research:
Native bees in agroecosystems
Assessment of the diversity and abundance of native
bumble bees
Pollination efficiency of honey bees and bumble bees
Foraging behaviors
Bumble bee colony development
Three systems:
Cranberry
Blueberry
Red Clover for seed
Assessment of diversity and abundance
Cereal leaf beetle pest
Andre
na
Apis
Bom
bus
Cera
tina
Melis
sodes
Syn
halo
nia
Colle
tes
Agapost
em
on
Halic
tus
Lasi
oglo
ssum
Lasi
oglo
ssum
(st
s)M
egach
ile
Osm
ia
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400# o
f B
ees
Andrenidae Apidae Halictidae MegachilidaeColletidae
Cranberry beds
Bumblebee species
B. californicus
B. melanopygus
B. mixtus
B. vosnesenskii
1%
17%
28% 54%
Family Species Blueberry1,2
Red Clover1,3
Colletidae Hylaeus calvus (Metz) √ √
Hylaeus rudbeckiae Cockerell and Casad √ √
Halictidae Agapostemon texanus Cresson √ √
Agapostemon virescens (Fabricius) √ √
Halictus confusus Smith √
Halictus farinosus Smith √ √
Halictus ligatus Say √ √
Halictus rubicundus (Christ) √ √
Halictus tripartitus Cockerell √ √
Lasioglossum mellipes (Crawford) √ √
Lasioglossum olympiae (Cockerell) √ √
Lasioglossum pacificum (Cockerell) √ √
Lasioglossum sisymbrii (Cockerell) √
Lasioglossum titusi (Crawford) √
Lasioglossum trizonatum (Cresson) √ √
Sphecodes sp. √ √
Andrenidae Andrena sp. √ √
Meghachilidae Anthidium sp. √
Heriades sp. √
Megachile brevis Say √
Megachile perihirta Cockerell √
Osmia lignaria Say √ √
Osmia sp. √ (2) √ (5)
Apidae Anthophora bomboides stanfordiana
Cockerell
√
Anthophora urbana Cresson √
Bombus appositus Cresson √ √
Bombus bifarius nearcticus Handlirsch √
Bombus californicus Smith √ √
Bombus caliginosus (Frison) √
Bombus griseocollis (DeGeer) √ √
Bombus melanopygus Nylander √ √
Bombus mixtus Cresson √ √
Bombus nevadensis Cresson √ √
Bombus occidentalis Greene √
Bombus sitkensis Nylander √
Bombus vosnesenskii Radoszkowski √ √
Ceratina acantha Provancher √ √
Ceratina micheneri Daly √
Ceratina nanula Cockerell √
Melissodes agilis Cresson √
Melissodes bimatris LaBerge √
Melissodes robustior Cockerell √
Psythirus sp. √
Species Site 1* Site 2 Site 3 Site 4 Site 5 Site 6
Bombus appositus 3-5-0 0-1-0
Bombus californicus 3-0-0 1-1-0 6-0-0 10-1-0 1-0-0 3-1-0
Bombus melanopygus 1-29-0 0-14-0 0-2-0 0-5-0 0-8-0
Bombus mixtus 0-5-0 1-32-0 0-1-0 0-12-0 0-2-0 0-2-0
Bombus nevadensis 1-0-0 15-0-0
Bombus vosnesenskii 0-1-0 7-28-0 2-2-0 0-6-0 0-6-0 2-18-0
Blueberry bloom - 3 weeks in May
Bumble bee species
July 10-11 July 26-27 August 14-15
Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 Site 1 Site 2 Site 3
B. appositus 0-0-1 0-0-1 0-2-0 0-1-3 0-2-0 0-1-4
B. californicus 1-0-0 0-1-0 0-13-0 0-1-0 0-2-1
B. griseocollis 0-3-0 0-3-8 2-0-0 0-3-7
B. mixtus 0-2-0 0-2-0 0-1-0 0-2-0
B. nevadensis 0-1-0 0-10-0 0-10-0 0-1-1 0-3-0 0-1-1
B. vosnesenskii 0-22-3 0-24-0 0-23-0 0-52-11 0-64-0 0-51-0 1-59-212 0-208-195 0-52-155
Red clover seed bloom- 6 weeks in July-August
Bombus occidentalis
6 specimens captured in blue traps over 5 years
Comparison of pollination efficiencies
under caged conditions
Treatment Yield
Apis mellifera **
Bombus vosnesenskii **
Control – no bees *
Open pollinated ***
Cranberry Blueberry
Red Clover
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 800
5
10
15
20
25
30
Apis mellifera
Maximum Wind Speed (m/s)
# o
f B
ee
s
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 800
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Bombus spp.
Maximum Wind Speed (m/s)
# o
f B
ee
s
Maximum Wind Speed and Foraging
Middle 50%11.18-26.84
m/s
Middle 50%11.18-26.84
m/s
Open pollinated – record yields 13 tons/acre
1-5 honey bee hives/acre
Acetolysis of pollen from pollen traps placed
in honey bee hives in commercial fields
0
10
20
30
40
50
602009 – 350 loads
0
10
20
30
40
50
602010 – 500 loads
% o
f al
l po
llen
load
sBlueberry
Red Clover
0
10
20
30
40
5060
70
80
90
100
Early Peak Late
% o
f al
l po
llen
loa
ds
Bloom
Bumble bee abundance during clover bloom
70 % bloom 50 % bloom
0
5
10
15
20
25
7/7/07 7/12/07 7/17/07 7/22/07 7/27/07 8/1/07 8/6/07 8/11/07
Ave
rage
# b
ees
/ minut
e
Num
ber
of
bee
sCommercial fields with and without honey bee hive rentals
Bumble bees
B. melanopygus B. vosnesenskii
B. californicus
B. appositus
B. nevadensis
B. griseocollis
B. mixtus
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
B app
ositu
s
B. cal
iforn
icus
B. gris
eoco
llis
B mel
anop
ygus
B. mix
tus
B. nev
aden
sis
Workers
Queens
Tota
l u
mb
er
of
fora
gin
g b
um
ble
bees
Blueberry bloom
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
B. app
ositu
s
B. cal
iforn
icus
B. gris
eoco
llis
B. mix
tus
B. nev
aden
sis
Workers
Queens
Tota
l um
ber
of
fora
gin
g b
um
ble
bees
Red clover seed bloom
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
Blueberries Red Clover
Workers
Queens
Tota
l um
ber
of
fora
gin
g b
um
ble
bee
sBombus vosnesenskii
Spotted wing Drosophila
High cash value; pesticides
maximum field rate
2X maximum field rate
Brigade 2EC
0
20
40
60
80
100
24 hrs 48 hrs 72 hrs
untreated check
low
high
2X high
untreated check
minimum field rateBrigade 2EC
0
20
40
60
80
100
24 hrs 48 hrs 72 hrs
untreated check
low
high
2X high
Queen mortality
Pristine
0
20
40
60
80
100
24 hrs 48 hrs 72 hrs
% m
ort
alit
y (
avg ±
s.e
.)
Admire 2
0
20
40
60
80
100
24 hrs 48 hrs 72 hrs
% m
ort
alit
y (
avg ±
s.e
.)
Success
0
20
40
60
80
100
24 hrs 48 hrs 72 hrs
% m
ort
alit
y (
avg ±
s.e
.)
Low cash value
Replaced with wheat
Year-to-year variations in abundance
Need to augment the native populations
Bumble bee rearing
Commercial – Mike Juhl – 7 species (B.
vosnesenskii, B. californicus, B. melanopygus, B.
mixtus, B. nevadensis, B. sitkensis, B. bifarius)
Lab studies – impacts of pollen and honey on
colony development
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
no nectar low standard high
% m
ort
ali
ty (
avg
± s
.e.)
ejection
within-clump
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
no pollen low standard high
% m
ort
alit
y (
avg ±
s.e
.)
ejection
within-clump
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
no pollen low standard high
incre
ase in b
rood (
avg ±
s.e
.)
egg clump
larval clump
pupae
a a
a b
a
Growth
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
no nectar low standard high
incre
ase
in
bro
od
(a
vg
± s
.e.) egg clumps
larval clumps
pupae
Pollen
Nectar
Mortality
Nectar
Pollen
NSF REU – Pollination Biology
02468
101214161820
Number
of Queens
Nematode
Abundance with
Different BombusSpecies
No Nematodes
Queens infected with a nematode, Sphaerularia bombi
2009 – 15% infected (n=30)
2010 – 30% infected (n=30)
Bumble bee conservation
Ag landscapes Bumble bee colonies
Record yields Population growth
Judicious pesticide use
Maintenance of bee pollination crops that
bloom in sequence
Augmentation with commercial colonies
Low disease incidence
Thanks!