Pollution from 2 & 3 Wheelers in Dhaka

Hanoi, Sept 05 - 07, 2001

M Abdur RabAssistant Director

Bangladesh Road Transport Authority

Bangladesh: National & Urban Statistics

1991-92 2000

Total Population, million 111.5 130

Urban Population, % 20 24

Urban GDP, % 36.4 40

BIRD’S EYE VIEW OF DHAKA

STATISTICS OF DHAKA

Area of Greater Dhaka: 2000 sq. km

Population: 10 m

(projected to16 m by 2015)

Natural Growth of Population 1.6%

Growth through Migration 3%

Percent of the country’s population 7.7%

Contribution to GDP 13%

DHAKA TRAFFIC

During a religious gathering

SHARE OF TRANSPORT MODES IN DHAKA

1. Walking 45.8 %2. Cycle Rickshaw 15.2 %3. Three Wheeler 10.8 %(27.7%)4. Bus 23.4 %(60.0%)5. Cars 4.8 % (12.3%)

Figures in ( ) % Share in Motorized Transport

Vehicle Statistics-2000

Type National *DhakaMotor Car 95774 70,872Jeeps/Microbus/S Wagon 40260 24,156Taxi 2908 2,123Bus + Minibus 27668 2,000 Truck 43728 16617 Autorickshaw 78767 50,017 Motor Cycle 246395 98,558Others 15511 6,840

551011 271183

There are 300,000 Cycle Rickshaws (non-motorized)*Estimated

Ambient Air Quality of Dhaka

• Ambient Air Quality in Dhaka

� PM2.5 & PM10 are Pollutants with PSI of USEPA reaching as high as 337 (Hazardous Level)

� Other Pollutants being Identified

• Total: 34733 tons/yr. (estimated)

� 2-Stroke Three Wheelers 36 %

� Motor Cycle 22 %

� Cars 16 %

� Buses 21 %

� Trucks 5 %

Ambient Air Quality of Dhaka

Yearly average APM concentration of Dhaka in µµµµg/m3

APM Size Dhaka Rural USEPA

PM2.5 50.0 ±±±± 42.9 21.1 ±±±± 10.7 15

PM2.5-10 72.0 ±±±± 69.3 35.0 ±±±± 32.9 -

PM10 122.7 ±±±± 81.5 56.1 ±±±± 34.6 50

The table above shows the mean with seasonal variation. Dry season pollution being the maximum.

Ambient Air Quality of DhakaContribution of Black Smoke by Various Modes

35%

27%

21%

17%

Ambient Air Quality of DhakaContribution of Oil Particulate by various Modes

36%36%

17%

47%47%47%

Ambient Air Quality of DhakaIdentified main polluter of Dhaka’s ambient air quality:

2 stroke, 3W: 36% of the gross pollution;35% of the black smoke;47% of the oil particulate.

2 stroke, 2W: 22% of the gross pollutionTruck / bus: 26% of the gross pollution.

Ambient Air Quality of DhakaActions taken:• Import of the 2 stroke 3-wheelers banned

• Gasoline has been made lead free.

• Sulphur has been reduced to 0.5% in diesel.•Auto workshop for 2 S 3W to raise awareness on the use of better lubricants

and I&M• Measures to reduce congestion • Phase out of 2S two wheeler through natural scrapage process. •Emission laboratory is being set up in BRTA under DUTP.•Phase out plan for the in-use 2 stroke 3W on the anvil.

REASONS ADVANCED FOR 2 S 3-WHEELERS PHASE-OUT

• Air Pollution– Visible Smoke– High Unburned Fuel (HC)– Identified as major contributor to air pollution.

• Additional Reason Cited– Traffic Congestion

(DUTP DCA Covenant to Phase Out by Jan 01, 2003)

National and Dhaka Total Registered 3 Wheelers

Year National DhakaNew Total Total*

1994 9895 43445 275871995 14953 53340 338711996 11984 62548 397181997 6546 69094 438751998 4403 73497 466711999 2140 75637 480292000 3135 78767 50017

* Estimated

Numbers of 2-Stroke 3W to be Phased-Out Based on Vintage

Date No. of 3W

Dec. 2001 15,000Jun. 2002 15,000Dec. 2002 10,000Jun. 2003 10,000

IMPORTANT ISSUES

• Alternative Modes of transport• Socio-economic impact on operators and public• Stakeholders participation• Infra-Structure to support alternatives• Funds availability to finance alternatives• Fate of phased -out vehicles• Institutional arrangement

Number of Vehicles Required to Fill the Void Created by Phase Out

Date No. of 3W Equivalent Replacement, nos.Bus* M Bus** Taxi

Dec. 2001 15,000 7 50 2500 7,500

Jun. 2002 15,000 7 50 2500 7,500Dec. 2002 10,000 500 1667 5,000

Jun. 2003 10,000 500 1667 5,000

Total 50,000 2500 8334 25,000* Considering 1 bus equivalent to 20, 3W (as per BRTA) ** Considering 1 M bus equivalent to 6, 3W*** Considering 1 taxi cab equivalent to 2, 2S 3W

Is 2-stroke, CNG, 3W an Alternative?

• Two - stroke technology uses lubricating oil induction into air or fuel to lubricate the engine components.

• In 2-stroke CNG Engine same technology is applied.

• Unburned lubricating oil in the exhaust, the cause of Blue smoke is present in both the Petrol and CNG cases.

• Two - Stroke technology results in 20 to 30 % loss of fuel

These are the primary reasons why this technology is being phased out

Is 2-stroke, CNG, 3W an Alternative?

• CNG reduces reactive HC, which can also be done by use of 4-stroke engines and further reduced by catalytic converters.

• Cost of conversion of 2-stroke, 3W to CNG do not weigh in favour of benefits.

Is 4W Taxi an Alternative?

• 3 to 4 times high initial cost

• Practically the passenger load per trip being same as 3W, 2.5 to 3 times higher fuel costs per km

• Passenger km per hour per unit area of road 55 to 70% of 3W

• Emissions per km 1.5 to 2 times of an equivalent technology 3W

Is 4W Taxi an Alternative?

• Higher fare per Km.

• Narrow lanes not accessible

• Parking space required 2 to 2.5 times, if introduced in large numbers could create more traffic congestion

Is Bus the Alternative?

• 50% of Dhaka roads inaccessible to buses

• Buses on only major transport corridors can fill the void created by 3W phase-out

• Diesel buses are considered major source of harmful particulate emissions (some of the cities have phased out or phasing out diesel buses)

• Only Diesel buses meeting Euro I or Euro II should be considered

Is Bus the Alternative?

• Euro II needs diesel of < 0.05% Sulphur(current content is 0.5% Sulphur)

• We should not invite another phase-out plan next being diesel buses.

• CNG buses not possible at an early date due to unavailability of adequate fuelling infrastructure

Strategy to ImplementPhase Out Plan

• Identify alternatives

• Prepare for implementation

• Reduce emissions from operating 2 & 3Ws

What Could be Acceptable Alternatives!

• Provide better emission control technology diesel buses on main transport corridors

• Phase-in CNG buses as the fuelling network is built-up.

• Replace existing present 3Ws by less polluting, 4-stroke petrol.

• Later, phase-in 4-Stroke CNG 3Ws as the infrastructure develops.

Elements of a Phase Out Plan

• Institutional Arrangement• Public Consultation• Determination of Replacement Vehicles• Detailed Plan• Fund availability• Incentives • Enforcement Mechanism • Mitigation of Adverse Impacts

One Proposed Phase Out PlanTotal 2S 3W to be replaced: 50000

Replacement Number % of existingMode 2S 3W fleet

• 4S 3W Pet/CNG 10000 20%• Taxi Cab 5000 20%• M bus (10-12 seats) 1700 20%• Bus ( 40-50 seats) 1000 40%

* 1 bus equivalent to 20, 3W** 1 M bus equivalent to 6, 3W (as per BRTA) *** 1 taxi cab equivalent to 2, 2S 3W

Fund Required for Replacement vehicles

Vehicle Type Unit Price Number Total Price

(USD) (m, USD)

4S, 3W 3500 10000 35

Bus 61000 1000 61

M Bus 17500 1700 30

Taxi 12000 5000 61

187

If replaced all by 4S, 3W fund required is USD 175 m

Conclusion:Pious wishes can be many but the phase out plan has to be pragmatic and implementable.

For success of the plan, stakeholders participation in the formulation, availability of resources, and acceptance and commitment of implementation of the plan by all is a must.

Phasing out of modes is very difficult but we must overcome all handicaps and obstacles to save the posterity.

Thank You