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PLASTICS AND POLYMERS
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2
)
Polymers and PolymerizationPol
ymers and Polymerization
Polymers are compounds which consist of verylarge molecules formed by repeated joining of
many small molecules
The repeating unit in the molecule is
called monomer.
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Polymers consisting of a single
type of monomer moleculesare known as homopolymers.
The polymers obtained frommonomers of different typesare called copolymers.
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Homopolymer
-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-Example: Polythene, nylone-6,
Polystyrene, Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
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Copolymer
-A-B-A-B-A-B-A-B-A-B-Example: Nylone-6.6, Styrene-butadiene
rubber (SBR), Buna-S, Bakelite.
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11 Based uponBased uponsourcesource
Natural and synthetic polymersNatural and synthetic polymers
22 Based uponBased uponsynthesissynthesis
Addition and condensation polymersAddition and condensation polymers
33 Based uponBased uponelementselements
Inorganic and organic polymersInorganic and organic polymers
44 Based uponBased uponmolecularmolecular
forces.forces.
Plastic: Intermolecular forces of attraction arePlastic: Intermolecular forces of attraction are
intermediate between those of elastomers andintermediate between those of elastomers and
fibers.fibers.
Elastomers: Chains are held together by weakElastomers: Chains are held together by weakforcesforces
Fibers: Held together by strong inter molecularFibers: Held together by strong inter molecular
forces.forces.
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Elastomer
Plastic
Fibre
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9
35.1 Introduction (SB p.151)
Naturally Occurring Polymers andNaturally Occurring Polymers and
Synthetic PolymersSynthetic Polymers
The most important naturally occurring polymers are: Proteins Polysaccharides(e.g. cellulose, starch) Nucleic acids (e.g. DNA, RNA) Rubber
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Cotton fiber is mostly cellulose, and
cellulose is made of chains of the
sugar, glucose linked together a
certain way.
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Elastomers include all those polymers, whose chains are heldElastomers include all those polymers, whose chains are held
together by weak forces and hence can be stretched by pullingtogether by weak forces and hence can be stretched by pulling
and on relieving the stress, can be made to regain theirand on relieving the stress, can be made to regain theiroriginal shape.original shape.
Eg: RubberEg: Rubber
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Natural RubberNatural Rubber
A hydrocarbon CA hydrocarbon C55HH88 isoprene-(2-methyl-1,3-butadiene) which isisoprene-(2-methyl-1,3-butadiene) which is
the repeating unit in rubber. Rubber contains 16000-20000 unitsthe repeating unit in rubber. Rubber contains 16000-20000 units
in one string.in one string.
2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers
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2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers
Rubber is a natural elastomerRubber is a natural elastomer
Rubber forms by addition polymerization of isoprene
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VulcanizationVulcanization
It is the process of heating natural rubber with sulphur (3-5%),It is the process of heating natural rubber with sulphur (3-5%),
HH22S, benzoyl chloride to a temperature range 110-140S, benzoyl chloride to a temperature range 110-140ooC.C.
Merits of VulcanizationMerits of Vulcanization
1.1.It helps in preventing the slippage of chains on application ofIt helps in preventing the slippage of chains on application of
stress.stress.
2.2.It makes rubber less sensitive to temperature changes.It makes rubber less sensitive to temperature changes.
3.3.It increases elasticity, tensile strength and extensibility.It increases elasticity, tensile strength and extensibility.
4.4.It increases the resistance of rubber to oxidation, abrasion,It increases the resistance of rubber to oxidation, abrasion,wear and tear, water and organic solvents.wear and tear, water and organic solvents.
5.5.Rubber becomes a better electrical insulator as a result ofRubber becomes a better electrical insulator as a result of
vulcanizationvulcanization
2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers
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2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers
Untreated natural rubberbecomes soft and sticky when itis warm
When you heat rubber withsulfur it becomes modified toallow it to stay elastic when it iswarm
VulcanizedVulcanized
RubberRubber
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Applications of RubberApplications of Rubber
1.1. For making rubber bands, golf balls, mechanicalFor making rubber bands, golf balls, mechanical
rubber goods, rubber gaskets for sealing equipmentsrubber goods, rubber gaskets for sealing equipments
like pressure cooker, refrigerators doors etc.like pressure cooker, refrigerators doors etc.
2.2. For making automobile and aeroplane tyres due to itsFor making automobile and aeroplane tyres due to its
abrasion resistance.abrasion resistance.3.3. In telephone receivers, battery cases, electricalIn telephone receivers, battery cases, electrical
switch board panels etc.switch board panels etc.
4.4. Due to its remarkable resistance to electricity usedDue to its remarkable resistance to electricity used
for insulating coating on wires and cables.for insulating coating on wires and cables.5.5. In medicine, rubber is used for making heart valves,In medicine, rubber is used for making heart valves,
transfusion tubings, padding for plastic surgery etc.transfusion tubings, padding for plastic surgery etc.
6.6. It finds uses as an eraser and adhesive too.It finds uses as an eraser and adhesive too.
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Synthetic RubberSynthetic Rubber
These are man made, rubber like polymerThese are man made, rubber like polymer
Eg: Buna-S, Thiokol, Buna-N
NameName UsesUses
11 Buna-SBuna-S Manufacture of motor tyres, floor tiles,Manufacture of motor tyres, floor tiles,gaskets, wire & cable insulation.gaskets, wire & cable insulation.
22 Buna-NBuna-N Conveyer belts, high altitude air craftConveyer belts, high altitude air craftcomponents, hoses printing rollers,components, hoses printing rollers,automobile parts.automobile parts.
33 NeopreneNeoprene Wire insulations, cable covering for conveyerWire insulations, cable covering for conveyerbelts and chemical apparatus, sponges etc.belts and chemical apparatus, sponges etc.
44 ButylButylRubberRubber
Cycle and automobiles parts, tank liningsCycle and automobiles parts, tank linings
55 ThiokolThiokol Hoses, gaskets and covering for cables.Hoses, gaskets and covering for cables.
66 SiliconSiliconrubberrubber
Artificial heart valves, transfusion tubes andArtificial heart valves, transfusion tubes andpadding for plastic surgery, in lubricants,padding for plastic surgery, in lubricants,
paints and protective coatings, shoes.paints and protective coatings, shoes.
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Plastics are foundPlastics are found
everywhereeverywhereExcept for our food, air, and water almost
every ordinary thing that we come incontact with contains some sort of plastic
in, on, or around it.
Plastics come in an amazingvariety of colors, shapes, types,
and textures
Plastics have found applicationsin nearly everything that we use
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PLASTICSPLASTICS It is aIt is a polymerpolymerwhichwhichcan be moulded intocan be moulded intovarious shapes, canvarious shapes, can
bebe recycledrecycled,,remouldedremoulded andand
reusedreused..
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A plastic is a material which shows theA plastic is a material which shows the
property of plasticity ie, capacity toproperty of plasticity ie, capacity to
change to different forms underchange to different forms under
pressure.pressure.
Plastics may be defined as organicPlastics may be defined as organic
material of high molecular mass, whichmaterial of high molecular mass, whichcan be moulded into any desired shape,can be moulded into any desired shape,
by subjecting to suitable heat andby subjecting to suitable heat and
pressure conditions in presence of apressure conditions in presence of a
catalysts.catalysts.
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TYPES OF PLASTICSTYPES OF PLASTICS
Plastics are ofPlastics are oftwotwotypes:types:ThermoplasticsThermoplastics
ThermosettingThermosettingplasticsplastics
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THERMOPLASTICSTHERMOPLASTICS
Plastics which can bePlastics which can bemouldedmoulded onon heatingheatingand used again.and used again.
ExampleExample: polythene,: polythene,PVC.PVC.
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The arrangement ofThe arrangement ofparticles (particles (monomersmonomers))
in thermoplastics isin thermoplastics is
linearlinearand these canand these canbebe recycledrecycled..
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POLYTHENEPOLYTHENE
MonomerMonomer: ethene: etheneUseUse: for making: for makingpolythene bags,polythene bags,toys and combs.toys and combs.
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PVC (POLY VINYLPVC (POLY VINYL
CHLORIDE)CHLORIDE)MonomerMonomer: vinyl: vinylchloridechloride
UseUse: for making: for makingpipes, toys andpipes, toys andcombscombs
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THERMOSETTINGTHERMOSETTING
PLASTICPLASTICPlastic which oncePlastic which oncesetset cannotcannot bebemouldedmoulded on heating.on heating.
ExampleExample: Bakelite: Bakeliteand melamine.and melamine.
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The arrangement ofThe arrangement ofparticles (particles (monomersmonomers))in thermosettingin thermosetting
plastic isplastic is crosscross linkedlinkedand these cannot beand these cannot be
recycledrecycled..
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BAKELITEBAKELITE It is aIt is a poorpoorconductorconductorof heat and electricity.of heat and electricity. UseUse: for making: for makingelectrical switches,electrical switches,
handles of varioushandles of various
utensils.utensils.
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MELAMINEMELAMINE It isIt is resistantresistant toto firefire
and can tolerate heat.and can tolerate heat. UseUse: for making floor: for making floortiles, kitchen ware andtiles, kitchen ware and
fabrics which resistfabrics which resist
fire.fire.
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Thermoplasticshermoplastics Thermosetting Plastichermosetting Plastic11 They have formed by additionThey have formed by addition
polymerization and usually havepolymerization and usually have
linear structurelinear structure
They have formed by condensationThey have formed by condensation
polymerization and usually have threepolymerization and usually have three
dimensional extensive cross linkingdimensional extensive cross linkingbetween the polymer chains.between the polymer chains.
22 They are soft, weak and lessThey are soft, weak and lessbrittle and are soluble in organicbrittle and are soluble in organic
solventssolvents
They are more hard, strong brittle andThey are more hard, strong brittle and
insoluble in organic solvents.insoluble in organic solvents.
33 Can be remoulded, recastCan be remoulded, recastreshaped, and reused byreshaped, and reused by
application of suitable pressureapplication of suitable pressure
and temperature.and temperature.
Cannot be remoulded or reshaped.Cannot be remoulded or reshaped.
Once set, it cannot be recast by anyOnce set, it cannot be recast by any
means.means.
44 On heating they soften andOn heating they soften andbecome fluid but on coolingbecome fluid but on coolingbecome hard.become hard.
On heating, do not soften, rather theyOn heating, do not soften, rather theybecome hard and infusible, prolongedbecome hard and infusible, prolonged
heating make them burn.heating make them burn.
55 Eg. Cellulose acetate, PVC,Eg. Cellulose acetate, PVC,Polythene, Polypropylene, TeflonPolythene, Polypropylene, Teflon
etc.etc.
Bakelite, polyester, terylene, resins,Bakelite, polyester, terylene, resins,
urea-formaldehyde polymer ect.urea-formaldehyde polymer ect.
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Nylon 6,6
It is formed by the condensation polymerisation of adipic acidIt is formed by the condensation polymerisation of adipic acid
and hexamethylene diamine.and hexamethylene diamine.
It is a polyamide polymer.It is a polyamide polymer.
n HOOC-(CHn HOOC-(CH22))44--
COOHCOOH
++ n Hn H22N-(CHN-(CH22))66-NH-NH22
-[-OC-(CH2)4-C-NH-(CH2)6-NH-]n-
O
n Hn H22OO++
Nulon-6,6 is stronger than natural fibres. They are elastic, lightNulon-6,6 is stronger than natural fibres. They are elastic, light
weight, very strong and flexible, inert to chemicals and biologicalweight, very strong and flexible, inert to chemicals and biological
agents and are used in making fabrics, carpets, tyre cords, ropes etcagents and are used in making fabrics, carpets, tyre cords, ropes etc ..
Adipic acidAdipic acid Hexamethylene diamineHexamethylene diamine
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Nylon 6
It is manufactured by prolonged heating of caprolactum at 260-It is manufactured by prolonged heating of caprolactum at 260-
270270ooC.C.
It is another polyamide polymer.It is another polyamide polymer.
260-270260-270ooCC
C
H2
CH2 C=O
HN
CH2CH2
C
H2CaprolactumCaprolactum
-[-C-NH-(CH2)5-]n-
O
Nylon 6Nylon 6
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Terylene or Dacronerylene or DacronCondensation polymerization ofCondensation polymerization of
terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol, interephthalic acid and ethylene glycol, in
presence of a weak base results in thepresence of a weak base results in the
formation of the most importantformation of the most important
polyester fabric named Terylene.polyester fabric named Terylene.COOHCOOHHOOCHOOC
++OH-CHOH-CH22-CH-CH22-OH-OH
-[-OC-C6H4-CO-O-CH2-CH2-O-]n-
Teraphthalic
acid
Ethylene Glycol
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Fibres are thread like bits of materials characterized byFibres are thread like bits of materials characterized by
great tensile strength in the direction of the fibre.great tensile strength in the direction of the fibre.
Cloths are making from fibres.Cloths are making from fibres.
Types of Fibre..Types of Fibre..
1.1.Natural fibre, obtained from natural sources like cotton,Natural fibre, obtained from natural sources like cotton,
jute, wool and silk.jute, wool and silk.
2.2.Semi synthetic fibres, obtained from natural sources eg:Semi synthetic fibres, obtained from natural sources eg:cellulose, which is heated with special reagents to bring itcellulose, which is heated with special reagents to bring it
to solution or dispersed state and then turned intoto solution or dispersed state and then turned into
filamentsfilaments
Eg: Rayons.Eg: Rayons.3.3.Synthetic fibres, obtained by addition or condensationSynthetic fibres, obtained by addition or condensation
polymerization.polymerization.
Eg: Nylon, terylene, orlon etc.Eg: Nylon, terylene, orlon etc.
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COMMO
NPL
ASTICS
ANDTH
EIRU
SES
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A polymer made
form just onemonomer is
polyethylene. It is
the most common
plastic you see.
It is used for
bottles, buckets,
jugs, containers,toys, even synthetic
lumber, and many
other things.
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High Density Polyethene(HDPE) isused in making Detergent bottles,milk jugs, and molded plastic cases.
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low density polyethylene (LDPE). It is made by
causing the long chains of ethylene to branch. That
way they cannot lie next each other, which reduces
the density and strength of the polyethylene. This
makes the plastic lighter and more flexible.
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It serves double duty, both as a plasticand as a fiber.
As a plastic it's used to make things like
dishwasher-safe food containers. It can do this
because it doesn't melt below 160oC, or 320oF
Asa fibre, polypropylene is used to make indoor-outdoorcarpeting, the kind that you always find around swimming
pools and miniature golf courses. It works well for outdoor
carpet because it is easy to make colored polypropylene,
and because polypropylene doesn't absorb water, like
nylone does.
Polypropylene can be made from the monomer
propylene by Ziegler Nutta polymerisation
POLY PROPYLENE
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PolystyrenePolystyrene is an inexpensive and hard plastic
The outside housing of the computer you are
using now is probably made of polystyrene. Model
cars and airplanes are made from polystyrene, and
it also is made in the form of foam packaging andinsulation .
Clear plastic drinking cups are made of
polystyrene. So are a lot of the molded parts onthe inside of your car, like the radio knobs.
Polystyrene is also used in toys, and the housings
of things like hairdryers, computers, and kitchen
appliances
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Polystyrene is produced by free radicalpolymerisation , from the monomer styrene.
Polystyrene is also a component of a type ofhard rubber called poly(styrene-butadiene-
styrene) , or SBS rubber. SBS rubber is a
thermoplastic elastomers.
POLYSTYRENE
Polystyrene is a rigid, brittle, inexpensiveplastic that has been used to makeplastic
model kits and similar knick-knacks.
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The plastics industry wasrevolutionized in the 1930s withthe announcement ofPolyamide(PA), far better known by
its trade name nylon. Nylon wasthe first purely synthetic fiber,introduced by DuPont coparation atthe 1939 worlds fair in New York
city.
NYLONE
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Nylon is actually a copolymer because is it made
from two monomers. When these two monomers
are in the same beaker, they combine and give off a
molecule of water. This is called a dehydrationreaction because we are taking away (de) water
(hydra). (regarding odor: amines smell like fish or
worse. Adipic acid is odorless )
Hexamethylene diamine
methylene x 6 (hexa) amine x 2 (di)
Tetramethylene
dicarboxylic acid
(adipic acid)
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Another kind of nylon is nylon 6. It's a lot likenylon 6,6 except that it only has one kind of
carbon chain, which is six atoms long.
It's made by a ring open polymerisation form the
monomer caprolactam.
Nylon 6 doesn't behave much differently from nylon 6,6.
The only reason both are made is because DuPont patented
nylon 6,6, so other companies had to invent nylon 6 inorder to get in on the nylon business.
NYLON 6
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Polyester is
another
copolymer.
It is made
from equalamounts of
two different
monomers.
Polyester isused to
make bottles
and fabrics.
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H O CC
O
Polyester is made from the two monomers, terephthalic acid (note: ph is
silent) and ethylene glycol (car antifreeze). This makes a popular plastic
called PETE, which is short for Polyethylene Terephthalate. The synthesis
is also a dehydration reaction because water is given off.
Hence the name
POLYESTER
ESTER groups
formed
PE
TE
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Another polymer, which is almost the same as
polyethylene, is PolyVinyl Chloride or PVC. The differenceis that every other hydrogen is replaced with a chlorine
atom (green sphere).
POLY VENYL CHLORIDE (PVC)
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PVC pipes are used in our homes and
they are even handy for making a
table or chair.
PVC is used inPlumbing pipes andguttering, shower curtains, window
frames, flooring.
PVC is also used as insulation around
electric wires in the home and theautomobile.
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PVA is used to make wood glues, as well as
other adhesives. Paper and textiles often have
coatings made of PVA and other ingredients to
make them shiny.
It's made by free radical venylpolymerisation of the monomer
vinyl acetate.
POLY VENYL ACETATE
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Epoxy resins make great adhesives,and are one of the few adhesives that
can be used on metals. But they're
also used for things like protectivecoatings, and as materials in things
like electronic circuit boards and for
patching holes in concrete pavement.
EPOXY RESINS
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Polyacrylonitrile is a vinylpolymer, and a derivative
of the acrylate familyof polymers. It is made from
the monomer acrylonitrile byfree radical
vinylpolymerisation
POLY ACRYLONITRILE (PAN)
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Homopolymers of polyacrylonitrile have been used
as fibers in hot gas filtration systems, outdoorawnings, sails for yachts, and even fiber reinforced
concrete. But mostly copolymers containing
polyacrylonitrile are used as fibers to make knitted
clothing, like socks and sweaters, as well asoutdoor products like tents and such.
Sweaters can also be made out of acrylics, like
Poly acrylonitrile
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Kevlar is synthesized in solution from the
monomers 1,4-phenylene-diamine (para-phenylenediamine) and terephthaloyl
chloride in a condensation reaction
Kevlar (poly paraphenylene terephthalamide)
Kevlar is the registered trademark for a para-
aramid synthetic fiber
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Kevlar has many applications, ranging from bicycle
tires and racing sails to body armor because of its
high tensile strength-to-weight ratio; by this measureit is 5 times stronger than steel on an equal weight
basis
Kevlar is a well-known component of personal armorsuch as combat helmets, ballistic face masks, and
ballistic vests.Other military uses include bulletproof
facemasks
It is used as an inner lining for some bicycle tires
to prevent punctures, and due to its excellent heat
resistance
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Synthetic rubber is any type of artificial
elastomers, invariably a polymer. An
elastomer is a material with the mechanical
(or material) property that it can undergo
much more elastic deformation understress than most materials and still return
to its previous size without permanent
deformation. Synthetic rubber serves as a
substitute for natural rubber in manycases, especially when improved material
properties are required.
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Polychloroprene is a synthetic rubbermade from the monomer chloroprene
Polychloroprene is usually sold under the
trade name Neoprene. It's especially resistant
to oil.
POLY CHLOROPRINE
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Styrene-butadiene or styrene-butadiene rubber
(SBR) is a synthetic rubber copolymer consisting
of styrene and butadiene. It has good abrasion
resistance and good aging stability when
protected by additives, and is widely used in car
tires, where it may be blended with natural rubber.
The elastomer is used widely in pneumatic tires, shoe
heels and soles, gaskets and even chewing gum. It is a
commodity material which competes with natural rubber.
Latex (emulsion) SBR is extensively used in coatedpapers, being one of the most cost-effective resins to
bind pigmented coatings. It is also used in building
applications, as a sealing and binding agent behind
renders as an alternative to PVA, but is more expensive
SBR
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PMMA, is a clear plastic used as a shatterproof
replacement
When it comes to making windows, PMMA has
another advantage over glass. PMMA is moretransparent than glass. When glass windows are
made too thick, they become difficult to see
through. But PMMA windows can be made as
much as 13 inches (33 cm) thick, and they're still
perfectly transparent. This makes PMMA a
wonderful material for making large aquariums,
whose windows must be thick in order to contain
the high pressure millions of gallons of water
PMMA(POLY METHYLMETHACRYLATE
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Acrylic "latex" paints often contain PMMA
suspended in water
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PMMA is also used in Contact lenses,
glazing (best known in this form by itsvarious trade names around the world;e.g., Perspex, Oroglas, Plexiglas), aglets,fluorescent light diffusers, rear light
covers for vehicles. It forms the basis ofartistic and commercial acrylic paintswhen suspended in water with the use ofother agents.PMMA is avinyl polymer, made by free
radical vinyl polymerisation from themonomer methyl methacrylate.
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Bakelite,Bakelite or polyoxybenzylmethylenglycolanhydride,
is an early plastic. It is thermosetting phenol-formaldehyde resin, formed from an elimination
reaction of phenol withformaldehyde. It was
developed in 1907 by Belgianborn chemist Leo
Baekeland.
One of the first plastics made from synthetic
components, Bakelite was used for its electrically
nonconductivityand heat-resistant properties in
electricalinsulators, radio and telephone casings,
and such diverse products as kitchenware,jewelry,
pipe stems, and childrens toys
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Poly urethane(PU) Poly urethane isused in Cushioning foams, thermalinsulation foams, surface coatings,printing rollers (Currently 6th or 7th
most commonly used plastic material,for instance the most commonly usedplastic found in cars).
POLY URETHANE
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Melamine formaldehyde(MF) Oneof the aminoplasts, and used as amulti-colorable alternative to
phenolics, for instance in moldings(e.g., break-resistance alternativesto ceramic cups, plates and bowls forchildren) and the decorated top
surface layer of the paper laminates(e.g., Formica).
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It is a thermosetting plastic, withthe familiar trade name Bakelite, thatcan be molded by heat and pressure
when mixed with a filler-like woodflour or can be cast in its unfilledliquid form or cast as foam (e.g.,Oasis).
Problems include the probability ofmoldings naturally being dark colors(red, green, brown), and as
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Polytetrafluoro ethylene
(PTFE) Heat-resistant, low-friction coatings, used in thingslike non-stick surfaces forfrying pans, plumber's tape and
water slides. It is morecommonly known as Teflon.
POLYTETRAFLOUROETHYLENE
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Urea formaldehyde (UF) One of theaminoplasts and used as a multi-colorable
alternative to phenolics. Used as a woodadhesive (for plywood, chipboard,hardboard) and electrical switch housings.
UREA FORMALDEHYDE
PO Y TETRA F OURO ETHY ENE (PTFE)
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Polytetrafluoroethylene is better known by the
trade name Teflon. It's used to make non-stick
cooking pans, and anything else that needs to be
slippery or non-stick. PTFE is also used to treat
carpets and fabrics to make them stain resistant.What's more, it's also very useful in medical
applications. Because human bodies rarely reject
it, it can be used for making artificial body parts.
POLY TETRA FLOURO ETHYLENE (PTFE)
Polytetrafluoroethylene is made from the
monomer tetrafluoroethylene byfree radical
venyl polymerisation.
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Biodegradable plastics are plastics that are
capable of being decomposed by bacteria or
other living organisms.
Two basic classes of biodegradable plastics
exist:[1] Bioplastics, whose components are
derived from renewable raw materials andplastics made from petrochemicals with
biodegradable additives which enhance
biodegradation.
bioplastics
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While aromatic polyesters are almost totally
resistant to microbial attack, most aliphatic polyesters
are biodegradable due to their potentially
hydrolysable ester bonds:
Naturally Produced: poly hydroxy butyrate(PHB);Renewable Resource: polylactic acid (PLA);Synthetic: Polybutylene succinate (PBS),)...Most of the starch derivatives
Cellulose esters like cellulose acetate and theirderivativesEnhanced biodegradable plastic with additives.
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Enzymes are used to break starch in theEnzymes are used to break starch in the
plants down into glucose, which isplants down into glucose, which is
fermented and made into lactic acid.fermented and made into lactic acid.
This lactic acid is polymerized andThis lactic acid is polymerized andconverted into a plastic called polylacticconverted into a plastic called polylactic
acid, which can be used in theacid, which can be used in the
manufacture of products after beingmanufacture of products after beingheated and shaped.heated and shaped.
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In addition, bioplastics are biodegradable.In addition, bioplastics are biodegradable. If something made of bioplastic is buried in theIf something made of bioplastic is buried in the
ground, microorganisms will break it down intoground, microorganisms will break it down intocarbon dioxide and water.carbon dioxide and water.
Bags made of bioplastic can be thrown awayBags made of bioplastic can be thrown awayand buried with other biodegradable garbage,and buried with other biodegradable garbage,and there are a growing number of other usesand there are a growing number of other usesfor the materials as well, including artificialfor the materials as well, including artificial
fibers, medical products, and constructionfibers, medical products, and constructionmaterials.materials.
U f Bi l tiU f Bi l ti
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Use of BioplasticUse of Bioplastic
Bioplastics are already being used inBioplastics are already being used inautomobile interiors and in cases forautomobile interiors and in cases for
consumer electronics.consumer electronics.
A li tiA li ti
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ApplicationsApplications
Packaging :- The use of bioplastics for shoppingPackaging :- The use of bioplastics for shoppingbags is already very common.bags is already very common.
After their initial use they can be reused as bagsAfter their initial use they can be reused as bagsfor organic waste and then be composted.for organic waste and then be composted.
Trays and containers for fruit, vegetables, eggsTrays and containers for fruit, vegetables, eggsand meat, bottles for soft drinks and dairyand meat, bottles for soft drinks and dairyproducts and blister foils for fruit and vegetablesproducts and blister foils for fruit and vegetablesare also already widely manufactured fromare also already widely manufactured from
bioplastics.bioplastics.
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Catering products:- Catering productsCatering products:- Catering products
belong to the group of perishable plastics.belong to the group of perishable plastics.Disposable crockery and cutlery, as wellDisposable crockery and cutlery, as well
as pots and bowls, pack foils foras pots and bowls, pack foils for
hamburgers and straws are being dumpedhamburgers and straws are being dumpedafter a single use, together with food-after a single use, together with food-
leftovers, forming huge amounts of waste,leftovers, forming huge amounts of waste,
particularly at big events.particularly at big events.
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Gardening:-Gardening:-Within the agricultural economy and theWithin the agricultural economy and the
gardening sector mulch foils made ofgardening sector mulch foils made ofbiodegradable material and flower pots made ofbiodegradable material and flower pots made ofdecomposable bioplastics are predominantlydecomposable bioplastics are predominantlyused due to their adjustable lifespan and the factused due to their adjustable lifespan and the factthat these materials do not leave residues in thethat these materials do not leave residues in the
soil.soil. This helps reduce work and time (and thus cost)This helps reduce work and time (and thus cost)
as these products can simply be left toas these products can simply be left todecompose, after which they are ploughed in todecompose, after which they are ploughed in to
the soil.the soil. Plant pots used for flowering and vegetablePlant pots used for flowering and vegetable
plants can be composted along with gardeningplants can be composted along with gardeningand kitchen litter.and kitchen litter.
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