Polynesia sub-region: Summary workshop outcomes report

POLYNESIAPOLYNÉSIE

NEW CALEDONIA

SOLOMON ISLANDS

PAPUA NEW GUINEA

FEDERATED STATES OF MICRONESIA

NORTHERN MARIANA ISLANDS

GUAM

PALAU

MARSHALL ISLANDS

VANUATU

FIJI

TONGA

NIUE

TUVALU

WALLIS &FUTUNA

AMERICANSAMOA

SAMOA

KIRIBATIKIRIBATI

TOKELAU

KIRIBATI

NAURU

COOK ISLANDS

FRENCH POLYNESIA

PITCAIRN ISLANDS

NEW ZEALAND

AUSTRALIA

HAWAII

MatthewHunter

(Disputed)

EASTER ISLANDS

ANTARCTICA

BOLIVIA

PERU

ECUADOR

COLOMBIA

PANAMA

COSTA RICA

NICARAGUA

HONDURAS

BELIZE

GUATEMALA

MEXICO

UNITED STATES

ALASKA(US)

RUSSIA

CHINA

TAIWAN

PHILIPPINESVIETNAM

BRUNEI

MALAYSIA

INDONESIA

TIMOR LESTE

MALAYSIA

CAMBODIA

THAILAND

LAOS

MONGOLIA

JAPAN

SOUTH KOREA

NORTH KOREA

EL SALVADOR

VENEZUELA

BAHAMAS

DOMINICANREPUBLIC

HAITIJAMAICA

CUBA

PUERTORICO

BRAZIL

ARGENTINA

CHILE

Macquarie Island(Aus.)

Desventuradas Islands(Chile)

Galapagos Islands(Ecuador)

Clipperton Islands(Fr.)

ArubaCuraçao Bonaire

Virgin Is.

BritishVirgin Is.

Grand Cayman Is.

Turks and Caicos Is.

Bermuda

(Colombia)

Serranilla Is.(Disputed)

Kuril Is.(Disputed)

Senkaku Is.(Disputed)

Joint regime(Jap./S. Korea)

Paracel Is.(Disputed)

Bayu-Undan(JPDA)

Spratly Is.(Disputed)

Christmas Is.(Aus)

Liancourt rocks(Disputed)

Norfolk Island

Lord Howe Is.(Aus)

Kermadec Is.(N. Z.)

Palmyra(US)

Johnston (US)

Wake (US)

Minami-tori Shima(Jap.)

Jarvis(US)

Howland

Baker(US)

180°

160°

E

140°

E

120°

E

80°

120°

W

140°

W

160°

W

180°

160°

E

140°

E

120°

E

100°

W

80°

120°

W

140°

W

160°

W

0 °

20° S

40° S

60° S

80° S

60° N

80° N

40° N

20° N

0 °

20° S

40° S

60° S

80° S

60° N

80° N

40° N

20° N

ANNEX 1 – Country matrices: Polynesia

Scaling-up Community-based Fisheries Management in the Pacific

Polynesia sub-region: Summary workshop outcomes report

Virtual Workshop: 26-29 January and 2 February 2021

2

Cook Islands 1.CurrentCBFMactions

CBFM interventions Proportion of coastal communities* receiving / having received support (%)*(i.e. coastal communities1)

Are other stakeholders reached – who? Do all communities need the same types of support?

How are community support needs prioritized? **(i.e. how are some chosen and not others)

Village visits includes awareness raising, distributing materials, organizing workshops – in collaboration with govt depts, NGOs, and project supervisors

0% adequate for CBFM but work is ongoing and working towards improving*

Have staff on all inhabited islands so this can progress.

Fishing Assoc., local govt - island council, church, traditional leaders, tourism operators – 100% coverage of all in the communities

No because communities have different values and needs and are often at different levels of CBFM. There is also a breakdown of traditional leadership and community values.

Political will and hierarchy – community leadership able to voice their concerns. Also dependent on those who haven’t received support recently (rotational). Based on monitoring, e.g., giant clam surveys, will indicate whether the community will need this support.

School visits, school conservation projects with fisheries officers

Marine surveys, species conservation * working on other projects at the same time, e.g., FADs, etc.

2.Informationandawarenessapproaches

Community awareness tools

National coverage (% Coastal communities)

Within community coverage(who reached / who missed)

Regularity: How often do they receive information / awareness?(e.g. weekly (W), fortnightly (F), monthly (M), quarterly (Q), annually (A), One-off (O))

Cost (approximate $)(or at least. low (L), Medium (M), High (H)

Strengths (S) / Disadvantages (D)

Radio talkback shows

50%

AM radio – Not outer islands (Northern islands)

90% of pop. has potential to be reached

Reached – older generation, both Men & Women

Missed - youth

Fortnightly (2-3 yrs running) – paid for by MMR – fisheries mgmt., etc

Weekly for 6mo. – traditional matters – paid (good feedback from listeners) – House of Ariki

Low cost

Low cost

Adv: Good value for cost; Potential coverage

Disadv: Need people to tune in; AM channel is down currently & needs to be fixed; Time slots for the show; Need to appeal to youth

School Programmes & part of curriculum

100% coastal community schools

Students – primary and secondary (Yrs 12-13)

Once every 2-3 years (outer islands) - MMR

Raro schools: quarterly for some, once a year for others - MMR

In last 5 yrs, 3 visits/year to outer islands – awareness on traditional conservation (House of Ariki)

Medium – High (depending on location)

Raro: Low

Adv: Enthusiastic learners; Educating the youth (future leaders); Programmes are ongoing & adaptable; Students take the message home to the family (sphere of influence); Good value for money

Disadv: Needs to happen more often; Resource intensive (need for capital & skilled passionate educators (labour)

1 refer to individual countries context in defining coastal communities

3

Community workshops & gatherings

40-60% Everyone – M, W, school children

Before the meeting, it is made clear that the meeting is for everyone

Community meetings – Before COVID, 6-9 / year

Village meetings – at least once a month

Medium – High (Need to invest to build relationships)

Charter flights to bring in agencies to outer islands

Adv: Everyone has a voice (now); Face-to-face communication on their grounds; Gives technical people opportunity to understand situations; Builds trust & confidence; Enhances networks as well as relationships betw. community members

Disadv: Needs time to build relationships, more than just 1 wkshp; Depending on location, can be very expensive (charter flights, etc);

Social Media – Facebook, Twitter, Instagram

100% when connected Reached – Youth

Missed – Some of the older generation

MMR – 1 post / month Low Adv: Reach (Everyone uses Facebook);

Disadv: Can be a distraction

3.Two-waycommunicationandrepresentation

Mechanisms, liaisons, networks that allow communities to inform government or each other on CBFM matters(differentiate between community (C) and government (G) support mechanism)i

Current roles in sustaining CBFM Opportunities for scaling up CBFM and what would be needed to achieve it

Island govt meetings (community to govt)

Fisheries Officers in outer islands (govt to community)

Raui locations, rules & regulations, whether it’s still in use, etc.

Co-management: FAD development/installation, black pearl industry (traditional leaders, community members, MMR, etc)

Govt assistance with marketing products & acting as the middlemen for pearls, etc

Need formal mechanism (communication channel) for community to govt communication.

Govt to community communication channels need strengthening (especially in awareness raising on sensitive issues like purse seiners allowed in the EEZs, etc). Need more transparency from govt to community (e.g., concerning offshore fisheries, etc)

Issue with sustaining communication & need good facilitation

Assistance from govt needed for value adding – how to tap into higher markets for increased albacore products & export markets (from Marae Moana)

Island govts – have AGM in Raro (community to govt) Customary rules and penalties that are going to be resurrected & agreed upon by the leaders.

Assist with enforcing Ra’ui rules & encouraging community ownership of mgmt.

Island govts – have AGM in Raro (community to govt)

Tribal organisations (community to govt & community to community)

Customary rules and penalties that are going to be resurrected & agreed upon by the leaders.

Penalties can include naming & shaming, peer pressure within the communities. Can instill set of values

Assist with enforcing Ra’ui rules & encouraging community ownership of mgmt.

Need to formalize regulations to assist with Ra’ui / mgmt.

Provide incentives for Ra’ui through FAD deployment – priority given to those Ra’ui being successfully managed

Fishing Associations have monthly meetings – MMR is a member of Raro Fishing Assoc. (Community to govt & community to community)

Yearly fishing competition (informal communication channel) (community to community)

Rarotonga Community Facebook page (community to community) i Mechanism Examples: Community-to-Community: Fishing clubs (outer islands keep records & use logs); Tribal organisations; Fishing Assoc. in Raro monthly meeting (MMR is a member); Island govt (Council members are also part of the fishing clubs & tribal orgs); Rarotonga Community Facebook page; Yearly fishing competition – people come from other islands to participate (informal sharing of information – this can lead to a more formal mechanism); Community to Govt: Tribal organisations; Fishing Assoc. in Raro (MMR is a member); Island govts - Have AGM in Raro (also present are other govt depts.); protests (last resort); For any projects, link with local govt first, then traditional leaders communicate with general community Need a communication channel for Ra’ui, location, rules, etc Insufficient funds/resources – possible source of income is a tourist levy, used to have one at the airport; Ministry of Finance opposed to tariff for tourists which goes straight into Marae Moana fund or fund for conservation work (upkeep of MPA)

4

4.Enablingconditionsthatsupportorempowerlocalcommunities

Enabling actions / conditions

What / numbers Do these exist and are they effectively implemented, indicate if Adequate (A) or Inadequate (I)?

What is needed to improve the enabling actions/conditions?

Staff support for CBFM

Directly supporting CBFM e.g. (1.) extension to villages (govt), 2. other formal strategies (Trochus, pearl farming), 3. Monitoring & enforcement of vessels & at markets

1. Inadequate (1 MMR officer present on every island works on all projects)

2. Adequate

3. Inadequate but there is ongoing monitoring in some areas, e.g. Manahiki

- Need for more officers but roles need to be defined; Or current officers need a formal role assigned by the island community e.g. defined role w/in Ra’ui

- Improved relationship betw community, govt & traditional leaders

- Training for improved facilitation/liaison skills betw stakeholders

- Selection of liaison/CBFM officer needs community approval

Indirect e.g. ministry information strategies

Non-govt support for fisheries mgmt

Operations budget to support CBFM

Directly supporting CBFM e.g. extension to villages, support for Ra’ui

Not Adequate or inadequate. There is support for Ra’ui but because CBFM is not defined (formalized), it is not sufficient. MMR staff on islands do have role in CBFM & it is a paid position.

Indirect e.g. enforcement at markets or ministry information strategies

Not adequate. There is no separate line in the budget specifically for this, funding is part of all other work & projects.

CBFM needs to be formally recognised at all levels (national/community/village level)

Political support for CBFM investment from national budgets*

Not adequate or inadequate. Because CBFM is not defined (formalized). Funding is mixed in with survey work & other projects.

CBFM needs to be formally recognised at all levels (national/community/village level)

Funding from external (non-govt) sources (i.e. NGO)

Not Adequate or Inadequate. Funding for establishing Ra’ui & mgmt., workshops, etc

Maintaining mgmt. practices. Once funding runs out, responsibility falls on community to conduct monitoring & enforcement

Supportive legislation and policies

Provide clear user rights and CBFM mandates or roles for communities and government staff

Inadequate. There is mention of Ra’ui & traditional leaders, but not properly defined with functions & roles.

Needs clearly defined roles & functions of traditional leaders for CBFM.

Need to review current legislation.

Control on high value commercial and export commodities

Adequate for offshore species

Adequately supports local and national enforcement relevant to CBFM

Adequate in some situations. By-laws & MMR Act prohibit destructive fishing practices, e.g. poison fishing, & minimum sizes

Some regulations need strengthening, enforcement of current regulations needs improving

CBFM strategy or equivalent Inadequate because Ra’ui is not formally recognized in legislation (it is only mentioned) & there is no specific CBFM strategy.

Need specific policy & strategy for CBFM

Fisheries agencies capability

Capacity or training Inadequate because fisheries officers (govt) & Ra’ui are not clearly defined relationship & formally recognized. MMR does provide mgmt. advice, conducts surveys in Ra’ui.

- MOUs with Island Councils & govt (MMR) & communities. Would be beneficial for all islands.

- Training from external sources, e.g. SPC

- Local communities need

Adequate coordination with non-state actors (NGOs, CSOs, CBOs, private sector, etc.)

Inadequate. Need increased communication & coordination across all stakeholders

* Political forums highlighting status of coastal fisheries (and activities needed) and raising the urgent need for financial support from national budgets

5

5.Emergingandcross-cuttingissuesincludinginclusivityandequity

Emerging issues / cross cutting issues Existing mechanism that support all members of the communities

(e.g. taskforce, working group, committee, etc.)

Is the mechanism effective to address the issue?

Ways to strengthen or improve existing mechanism to ensure community support?

Wider ecosystem impacts (external) – across sectors e.g. development planning (tourism infrastructure), forestry, mining, agriculture

Development planning (tourism infrastructure, foreshore reinforcement)

EIA process, MMR is supposed to be part of the discussion along with other departments

EIA also requires approval from communities at some stage

This has been lacking

Yes, because communities are effectively involved in the approval process

Need more expert contribution

Need to improve the information given out during consultation – needs to be appropriate (size of report, language) so communities can make informed decisions.

Seabed mining activities being discussed by communities and a range of stakeholders through formal meetings in several villages/ outer islands by Marae Moana and Environment Services

This is quite new, there are a lot of science and it is a lot of getting buy-in by the population – it is a good start, but we need the right information, and this is a learning process

More community consultation is required but there is a lot of misinformation – consultation process is effective

Need to provide communities with more information, including impacts. Information needs to be appropriate for communities (local language, best communication media…)

Emerging issues / cross cutting issues Existing mechanisms that support all members of the communities




Community impacts on ecosystem (internal to the village)

Pig farming is regulated by Ministry of Health (+burning of plastics, rubbish = to prevent disease) – there are inspections quarterly with notifications

No – lack of enforcement, notices are not followed up

More diligent enforcement, don’t throw out any infraction on court

Community meetings and issues resolved by island government and traditional leaders

Mechanism that works the best, because it has everybody on board

6

Climate change, disasters and pandemics Emergency office (includes the Met Office) that deals with any natural phenomenon (COVID-19 is dealt with by Ministry of Health). They have linkages with communities in outer islands.

Emergency office is also part of the Prime Minister Office and the Police

Emergency office also has a plan to go through/involve specific community members with tasks

Effective mechanism, good communication with outer island, information is spread quickly using social media and effective response because of Prime Minister and Police directly involved.

Continue to assess effectiveness.

Within the Office of the PM, there is the Climate Change CI office. There is funding for resilience, adaptation and mitigation

Not really effective to address the issue in itself – effective at creating projects that protects the places and people – to the best of their ability

Need better models, sea-level rise, temperature data – the office of CCC is working on it to design better projects to combat specific impacts (based on better data)

There are plans within the Ministry in case of emergency – they can be revised and improved

Emerging issues / cross cutting issues Existing mechanisms that support all members of the communities




People-centred approaches (inclusive processes, taking into account interests of women fishers or other groups of fishers that are less visible, issues with neighbouring communities, balanced considerations between ecological sustainability and human needs to fish for food and livelihoods)

Community meetings

There are usually more men than women in meetings, but women can speak

Youth usually do not give their opinion in meetings – even when given the opportunity mostly because of the respect they have for elders.

Need to make it explicit that their view is needed

Including PCA in Ra’ui No, it is the chief’s responsibility to consult and there is no guarantee that all groups are involved

MMR could request more guarantee re-PCA to Chiefs while receiving the ‘’Ra’ui package” from them

Traditional management would ensure food security (biodiversity would be a bonus) – Cooks does not have high level commitment for coastal areas

This works well on few islands where there is still a culture of sustainability

There is an issue on main islands where sustainability is not in the mind of people, they focus on the harvesting (Raro, Aitutaki)

Chiefs try to make people to care about sustainability in the main islands

7

Samoa1.CurrentCBFMactions

CBFM interventions Proportion of communities* receiving / having received support (%)

*(i.e. coastal communities2)


How are community support needs prioritized? *

*(i.e. how are some chosen and not others)

Developing village by-laws in/with communities (related to CBFM) SF:

123 communities with CBFM (49%). 78 villages with approved by-laws

(other communities in process)

Buyers, market vendors Requests from communities (S. fisheries dept is the facilitating agent)

Requests from communities (S. fisheries dept is the facilitating agent)

Establishing fish reserves SF & USP

90% of all the CBFM active communities have reserves (of the 123)

Yes, neighboring communities and market vendors

Not all communities need reserves

(i.e. habitat contexts vary so not always appropriate)


Management plans (controlling fishing methods, technical support by fisheries divisions [e.g. giant clam management, coral replanting]) SF

Using example of Giant clams: 50 active communities (from 123) (incl training and follow-up from fisheries dep)

Marine biology and knowledge transfer from technical expert

Fishing communities

Schools and education groups (youth)

Tourism actors

Depending on the suitability for reserves or for giant clams

(i.e ecosystem habitat and its suitability for such interventions)


FADs SF 8 nearshore FADs deployed for communities

(one Fad used by many communities)

Fishers Associations (deployment and maintenances)

Market vendors

Depending on the suitability for FADs

(i.e. Access, ecosystem habitat and its suitability for such interventions)


Working with youth groups – tilapia farming, trochus shell polishing, SF

• 40 tilapia farmers have been established

• Shell polishing: 2 youth groups have been trained (new activity)

• vendors, households, farmers

• vendors, youth and women group, vocational schools (2 tech schools conducted the training to scale shell polishing across more communities)

Depending on the suitability for activity

(i.e. active youth or women group, market connections)



NB: abbre viations: SF = Samoa Fisheries, S-USP = University and NGO

8

National workshops with community leader for good governance SF

MPA management – implementation support (including collaborative decision making, adaptive management, expansion of areas, governance [by-laws]) regarding village MPA S-USP

All communities are invited (incl new, non-CBFM-active communities) – to allow for sharing lessons learnt/experience

Open for broad stakeholder engagement

Community networks are working together to create broad governance coverage between groups of communities

Periodic monitoring of CBFM plans with 6 monthly reviews SF

All communities with CBFM plans undergo annual reviews

Villages with management plans (assessing success of plan implementation & recommendations needed)

Fisheries Dep facilitates review

MPA management – awareness raising/information provision regarding village MPAs S-USP

Across the whole country – all communities

(i.e. using tv radio quarterly fisheries newspaper, annual Min agriculture/fisheries show)

Open to whole country – broadcasting

Open source/public access

Depending on audience (i.e. knowledge level), e.g. for giant clams need to target primarily fishers)


Community awareness tools National coverage

(% Coastal communities)

Within community coverage (who reached / who missed)

Regularity: How often do they receive information / awareness? e.g. weekly (W), fortnightly (F), monthly (M), quarterly (Q), annually (A), One-off (O))

Cost (approximate $) (or at least. low (L), Medium (M), High (H)


TV programs 1

(English and Samoan)

85%

(television owners)

People missed who don’t own/access a TV

Disadvantaged community members (e.g. disabled – blind and deaf)

M monthly

Advertisements – Daily (package deal with TV broadcasting enforcements rules and law etc)

H

(est. 15-20 % of national fisheries communication budget – TV & RADIO)

Strengths:

- Convenience

- Broad coverage

- Information is available (on hand)

Radio talk backs 1

(usually in Samoan)

90 %

(there’s greater proportion of radio owners)

- Non-Radio owners

- Disadvantaged community members (e.g., disabled – blind and deaf)

M M

(est. 15-20 % of national comm budget – TV & RADIO)

Strengths:

- Convenience

- Broad coverage

- Information is available (on hand)

9

CFBM consultations, training, and workshop processes (in-village collaborative - awareness tools: Pamphlets; brochures; Info sheets; Posters; School talks/visits/fieldtrips) 2

50%

(of the total 253 communities in Samoa, 123 are CBFM-active)

Inland (non-coastal) communities

Topic dependent (e.g.:

(i) aquaculture training involves community-groups who are active with that women;

(ii) Youth, children and students (also topic dependent, time availability)

Based on request (new communities and schools)

In addition to periodic 6-monthly review on existing CBFM plans

Topic-specific –

(i) based on request for interest group (aquaculture by women, fisher groups for FADs etc) &

(ii) annual monitoring and assessment

H

(very high cost – travel to outer islands)

(i) 50% of annual operation cost of aquaculture, inshore and advisory budget & (ii) assistance from donor bilateral projects (SPC, FAO, WB etc)

Strengths:

- Informative

- On-site (face to face interactive and live – for experience sharing and lesson learnt)

- Allows for proactive approach

Weakness:

- Expensive, given low budget (making scaling difficult)

Fisheries Newsletter (periodical – activities status, upcoming planning, new staff intros etc. Audience – stakeholders: CBFM communities, Int/Reg development and conservation partners, gov agencies etc) 3

- In Samoan and English language

- Hardcopy and online soft copy

- Est. 16 A4 pages

50%

(253 total, 123 is covered)

Incl – line ministries, partners

Hardcopies are targeting a set audience (identified stakeholders)

Softcopy – whoever has access to internet

Tri-Annual – 3 times a year M

(Not as high at TV or Radio – est. 2000 WST per issue)

Strengths:

- Informs stakeholders on outcomes and activity updates

- Informative medium

- Weakness:

- Time consuming to prepare the issues & updating info

Assessments reports of resources in Managed areas (monitoring reports) 4

H 50%

(253 total, 123 is covered)

Reports are written for community audience (in English and Samoan language and many visuals [graphs])

On an annual basis fisheries looks to assess est. 15 sites

H

(very high cost – travel to outer islands)

(i) 40% of annual operation cost of aquaculture, inshore and advisory budget & (ii) assistance from donor bilateral projects (SPC, FAO, WB etc)

Strengths:

Science-based information

Comparability over time and space (places)

Weakness:

Time consuming

Risky (hazardous work)

Newspaper articles - media press releases 5

Social media (Min FB page) 5

Ministry has a FB page but fisheries activities do not appear (we use our personal pages)

NOTE: Ministry FB page is too formal for most people – so people prefer to receive information from personal FB pages

Billboards 5

10

Annual Agriculture show week showcasing various CBFM related information, livelihood activities etc.

wide reach

(% unknown, but brings together politicians and chiefs and the general public to attend the show)

People who have access to visiting the show

Media coverage and programs broadcast about the show. Is broadcasted

A (Annual) Cost is very high

(it’s a couple weeks of intense activity for the fisheries staff in preparing and being at their show booths during the show week.)

Strengths:

National attention

Big interface with wide-range face-to-face public audience

Weakness:

Time consuming for fisheries staff and resource intensive

NB: Would like Samoa Fisheries website on CBFM (incl libraries, resources, CBFM portal) currently have a general website linked to ministry… but this misses the details of our work


Mechanisms, liaisons, networks that allow communities to inform government or each other on CBFM matters


Standard processes/protocol for consultation in villages: Utilizing connections with the Min of Women (G)

Village mayor: oversight of process

VFMAC (village fisheries management advisory committee) - includes village councils, women committee, untitled men (no chief title), and youth:

(i) drafting village management plan, represent community (communicate concerns of community to mayor and gov), oversee implementation of management, contact fisheries division for activity implementation.

(ii) advisory committee will meet with fisheries div as part of 6-month review (M&E)

Fishery div Advisory officer: tasked with communicating with community on behalf of fisheries div

Opportunities for scaling up:

- allows for broad contact points between gov and community (not one person specific)

- 20 yrs of experience of using this tool, and has proven to be effective (may be applicable to other countries – but needs to fit context; NOT “one size fits all”)

Areas for improvement/expansion:

- Finding ways to prioritize voices (among different groups). E.g. targeting people that are actually using the resources (fishers) – need to identify interest groups. Sometimes mistargeting through focus/dependence on mayors who are not strongly engaged in fisheries issues.

11

Visits to CBFM-active village (G)

Based on:

1. REGULAR - Monthly and Quarterly: periodic visits (monitoring and assessments)

2. ON REQUEST: Calls from village mayor

1. Regular:

- Fisheries div, advisory group: produce a report and feedback during village consultations (reporting outcomes from assessments)

- Community (e.g. tilapia, giant clam etc)

- Mayor and VFMAC: communication between fisheries Div and communities

2. On request:

- Village Mayor: communicates issues/concerns from village/ chiefs/ local fishers, by way of letter signed by local leaders

1. Opportunities for scaling up:

- currently forms the nationally accepted process/strategy

- transparency and inclusive process, and widespread messaging

- e.g. in tourism development has benefited from the communication lines between gov and community (using coral replanting as a means to engage tourists and other groups)

- Areas needing to improve:

- depends on how active the mayor is

- establishing active fisher groups to work collectively and improve communication

- Challenge is big (20 staff to cover 123 communities & the mayor has other commitments also) – 253 total is the desired target:

- - so using other visits by Fisheries Division (by aquaculture team - quarterly)

- - utilize fisheries annual planning and targets (aquaculture target to visit all aquaculture sites per year, fisheries officers target to assess 15 fisheries reserves per year)

- - training of fishers in non-CBFM sites may bring new communities in the program

- (Fisheries Division can provide support based on request)

Community networks across Mayors connections – committee has formed at district level that allows for liaison between community and gov (C)

Mayor: among themselves in this district (6 villages) have developed network to address aquaculture fisheries etc, with support from Min of agriculture and Min of women

Fisheries div: provide technical support

Opportunity:

- starting from a small group of villages to grow to expand networks (e.g fish reserve networks: fisheries div was requested to see assess opportunities to expand and – “Coastal integrated management plan”)

Several inter-ministerial involvements

Challenge: Questionable for scaling-up beyond district – each village have distinct context (different traditional structure) which may not always be compatible.

6-monthly - Review of CBFM plans (G): review process requires 6 monthly reviews

Fisheries Div: facilitate the assessment – qualitative questionnaire used to interview the VFMAC members ((i) CBFM plan info, (ii) assess implementation, (iii) observation of fish reserves, (iv) community assessment of implementation. Outcome of assessments shows if more support is needed or no (e.g. 50% score means more support is needed, 80% score means implementation is effective as is)

Major and VFMAC: connection between communities and fisheries div (gov)

Differing levels of engagement in the VFMAC – outcomes from assessments indicates whether more input is needed to improve engagement

Opportunity for Scaling:

Annual and 6-month periodic reviews – new villages (6 month) and old established village (annual)

Challenge:

Covering all villages with the resources that we have (given differing contexts per village)

NB: - IDEA from community rep: in Fiji they have “fish wardens” in villages who enforce rules and monitor compliance. Potentially there is opportunity to apply a system like that to include an extra connection between fisheries div and community (direct to community rather than only through mayor)

12

4.Enablingconditionsthatsupportorempowerlocalcommunities

Enabling actions / conditions

What / numbers Do these exist and are they effectively implemented, indicate if Adequate (A) or Inadequate (I)? What is needed to improve the enabling actions/conditions?


Directly supporting CBFM e.g. extension to villages A

(ongoing cap dev in place)

In total there are 26 staff:

- Advisory section – 10 staff (directly dealing with CBFMP – links to village)

- Inshore section and Aquaculture section (‘right arms’ of advisory section – carry out in-village activities)

Challenge:

- High turnover of staff

More staff is needed to cover ALL communities (from current 123 CBFM active communities to Total 253)

More stability/continuity in staff needed (less turn over) … collaboration with communities benefit from continuity in staff)

Communication between Communities and Fisheries Div


A

- 5 enforcement staff working with enforcement agency

- Min legal advisor (lawyer) – provides support (court cases and regulations) [Somewhat Adequate]

- Min of Police – work together with enforcement officers [Adequate]

Legal advice - legal advisor is new to the position and is catching up to - Further support is needed (SPC?)

Community voice - more in-village enforcement would be beneficial (community member) [currently village plans have identified roles by Mayors and committee – but needs to be activated]


Directly supporting CBFM e.g. extension to villages Adequate to allow for 4 new villages to the program per yr

- Min of finance provide budget

50% more budget is needed to be able to scale up (adding more villages per yr) – atm we can add 4 villages per yr, but need more budget for more villages - (50 % budget increase would allow for 6 new villages per yr, instead of 4)

- Target is ‘4 yr a year’ but some years we receive 6 requests and so Fisheries div is obligated to use small budget to cover big amount of villages

- Community – communities do not have their own budgets to work with (we do apply for funds from donors)


A Community voice - more in-village enforcement would be beneficial (community member) – NO explicit budget line for this


Adequate for current rate (4 villages per year)

- sought to increase village per year – however budget request unsuccessful thusfar

Regional partners and regional donors (e.g. SPC, UOW, FAO etc) need to direct (funding and tech) support and longterm (long projects3-5 yr at a time) to national budgets for scaling (supplementing national budgets to showcase domestic success and drive further growth)

There is support for our current work – but for scaling up we need further political support

13



Adequate

Fisheries Management act (recognise of the village council as important platform)

Village FONO ACT

Process of CBFM – encourages inclusive consultation

Community: Rights are clear, but there is a formal ‘chain of command’ to make decisions etc (community – mayor-lawyer etc) – would benefit from closer link


Adequate

(Sea cucumber)

Rules/sanctions are adequate, however the enforcement of these rules and support is inadequate

Laws are defined by compliance is low: Regulations (sea cucumber) are in draft – this will improve

Community: Possibly consider – devolving monitoring and enforcement to fishers may help compliance (BUT will require information and training of fishers) for this to work requires two-way commitment (community and gov) – past initiatives have not yielded results yet.


- Adequate We have a good regulatory framework but resources to enforce it is low – so a challenge

People need to be better aware/informed of the rules and regs

CBFM strategy or equivalent


(there have been trainings and information provide through village consultations)

But would require more training for scaling

Fisheries staff would benefit from

- QGIS

- Hatchery management and operations training

- e-monitoring and data collection

Community training would be beneficial –

- hands on learning in ecosystem rehab information, technical management, destructive fishing, coral gardening techniques (no just fishing techniques) – bring down science to community.

- Making people understand long term planning needs


Adequate coordination across different groups

If to scale-up, then more and improved coordination is needed

‘Whole of village’ participation is important

Community: challenge is to have all village voices included during decision making (depends on Mayor’s level of engagement/interest in CBFM matters) – it’s important to put the correct active people on the committee so that the committee is representative [this requires good local in-village coordination]

Village organizations – for them to be effective – local in-village in-coordination is imperative

14


Emerging issues / cross cutting issues

Existing mechanism that support all members of the communities (e.g. taskforce, working group, committee, etc.)

Is the mechanism effective to address the issue? Ways to strengthen or improve existing mechanism to ensure community support?

Wider ecosystem impacts (external) – across sectors e.g. development planning, forestry, mining (inclusive processes, taking into account interests of women fishers or other groups of fishers that are less visible, issues with neighbouring communities, balanced considerations between ecological sustainability and human needs to fish for food and livelihoods).

Min of NRs issue permits (to control sand mining, coastal land reclamation – requires consent from village council and landowners)

Effective, widely practiced and reaches rural areas.

- This address larger developments, however small developments in communities may not be controlled in this

Not the commercial development programs

Involvement by community reps, and close relationship between stakeholders. Need more engagement to encourage community members to get permit

For coastal developments here are forms to be filled in and as part of that it requires and EIA which involves a fisheries impact assessment

Process is effective Mechanism is there, however needing to bring stakeholders closer together

More information

Mechanisms to allow for community involvement in development planning

Village CBRM plans – Some plans have rules & agreements established to address sandmining & land reclamation

In Livestock div (min Agri) – set out guidelines and regulations of livestock farming (e.g. zoning and buffers)

- Ridge to reef program led by Min of NRs: Fisheries div is an arm of implementation in this

Guidelines are working well, and system is in place to support good farming practice

Extension officer at district level is very helpful

Enforcement and community awareness can be improved

Min of Women and Social development lead consultation process for coastal infrastructure management plan (i.e. construction of sea walls) – Fisheries div in involved in the consultation process (to capture wider impacts on livelihoods and natural environment)

- Landslides - Partner agencies responsible for clean-up (Min NRs and land & transport) – need resourcing from fisheries div

Construction of seawalls are primarily implemented by Min of Land and transport (limited mandate for fisheries div to have influence)

Fisheries role in EIA can be made stronger and that the fisheries agency has a larger role (stronger mandate needed)

15


Overfishing techniques - night spearfishing is consistent problem – CBFM plans and management committees address this

No regulation in place to ban night spearfishing Stronger enforcement/management community structures needed to address this – committees, fisher groups (Fisheries already have set this up however upgrading link between fisheries and community and increasing role of community) –

THIS IS COMMUNITY DEPENDENT – depends on internal protocols…CBFM can support and empower these internal regulations (and improve community enforcements)

Destructive fishing (only in a few villages) EFFECTIVE - regulations exist for: scuba diving spearing, dynamite, poisons only

After CBFM was instituted and regulations passed - there was a big decline in dynamite fishing

Extension of community MPAs – MPAs are an effective mechanism to improve fisheries resource stocks

Addresses food security needs

Expanding of MPA size can improve effectiveness – however this needs to be assessed against community needs (food security needs differs per community) – ultimately look to recover stocks for people’s consumption (food security and livelihoods are paramount)

Women’s involvement in fishing is becoming less due to falling away from influential women leaders (women fishing impacting is low)Disaster risk strategy in place

Climate change, disasters, or pandemics

National emergency operations centers (CEO of Fisheries is one of the members) – provide situation reports on monthly basis

Effective with consultations (Disaster management office) – information is provided on how to cope with Climate change

All sectors require integrated response – mechanism in place is effective - as proven with COVID Training of community fishers and enhance them with knowledge and capacity of safety and rescue (more than just fisheries)

COVID – stimulus packages for agri and fisheries (gov support is effective per sector)

Very effective An evaluation analysis (post COVID) would be useful – but too early for this now

Climate change – ridge to reef program Focus on learning at community level (providing information and awareness, and educational campaign on CC processes)

16

People-centred approaches(inclusive processes, taking into account interests of women fishers or other groups of fishers that are less visible, issues with neighbouring communities, balanced considerations between ecological sustainability and human needs to fish for

food and livelihoods)

CBFM consultation process has proven effective for broad inclusion of groups in community – separate groupings women, leaders, youth (mechanism in place to allow voices to be heard). Ground level approach used across levels: (i) CBFM plan and (ii) policy consultation process.

Very effective

Periodic workshops and follow up community visits by Fisheries Div Effective

More activities should follow this lead and be directed to fishers

Considers involvement of

- marginalized groups

- Interest groups (e.g. spear fishers - young men, untitled men [no chiefly titles, school leavers, but important for community work])

- neighboring community fishers for Extending MPAs

- Girl school dropouts – women’s committee help to

Using traditional knowledge and techniques (also means to mitigate/provide alternative to destructive fishing) – fishing committee is already using this

Stronger focus on untitled men needs (particular attention for information and awareness - school dropouts who end up working in the agri and fisheries sectors)

Monthly village council meetings – discuss problems, issues and developments in village (include more than fisheries issues here) opportunity people can raise concerns

Generally, the mechanism is very effective but does depend on community on how effective they use it

Livelihood programs are in place to address community needs (Near-shore FADs, stock enhancement programs giant clams and tilapia)

Effective

Tourism has pushed forward communities (tourism operators can play roles to engage communities in CBFM scaling)

17

Tonga1.CurrentCBFMactions



Are other stakeholders reached – who? Do all communities need the same types of support? How are community support needs prioritized? *


Consultations upon request from communities to develop new SMAs + follow-up.

46 gazetted SMAs + 8 ongoing consultations

Approx. 40% (total of 175 communities of which est. 111 coastal)

Neighboring communities

Youth groups

Challenges:

• Legal framework only allows 1 coastal community to have 1 SMA. Not possible to have for instance district-level SMA. Need to foster collaboration between SMAs.

• Need to improve inter-agency cooperation (e.g. environment, fisheries & tourism ministries) to deal with environmental challenges (e.g. on sand-mining)

Support depends on management ability/capacity of communities and available financial support from donors (e.g. reaching out resources). Small communities would need more support.

Support needs to be adaptable given local context (e.g. types & state of ecosystems).

MoF supports most of SMAs through consultations but further support dependent on donors funding.

MoF prioritize needs & requests for most active communities (more likely to follow-up). Needs are also prioritized based on SMA assessment once SMA are established.

Challenges:

• Limited resources and high costs. Further funding needed following initial support from MoF (for consultations, awareness, compliance & enforcement)

• Conflict between different SMAs (e.g. boundaries/ownership before & after SMA established). Further consultations can help.

• After establishing the SMAs, monitoring management plan is a challenge (e.g. to what extent problems have been addressed). Lack of long-term community commitment.

Awareness program Youth (improved environmental awareness).

Some communities are more aware and motivated (e.g. Vava’u many communities around one lagoon but only one is interested in setting up an SMA).

Training of community officers Need to foster collaboration between SMAs e.g. on compliance and enforcement.

Further support in compliance & enforcement needed for specific communities (e.g. training).

NB: Some debate on number of coastal communities – 111 according to Gillett (2016).

Key challenges limits/restrict national fisheries in providing adequate CBFM support to all coastal communities:

- Further funding needed following initial support from MoF

- Conflict between different SMAs (e.g. boundaries/ownership before & after SMA established). Further consultations can help.3 Commercial but still small scall fishing

18

- Limited resources and high costs.

- Management ability from communities (e.g. some very small communities struggle with compliance & enforcement)

- Legal framework only allows 1 coastal community to have 1 SMA. Not possible to have for instance district-level SMA. Need to foster collaboration between SMAs e.g. on compliance and enforcement.

- Need to improve inter-agency cooperation to deal with environmental challenges (e.g. multiple regulations)

- After establishing the SMAs, monitoring management plan is a challenge (e.g. to what extent problems have been addressed). Lack of long-term community commitment.


Community awareness tools National coverage (% Coastal communities)

Within community coverage

(who reached / who missed)

Regularity: How often do they receive information / awareness?(e.g. weekly (W), fortnightly (F), monthly (M), quarterly (Q), annually (A), One-off (O))

Cost (approximate $) (or at least. low (L), Medium (M), High (H)


Community consultations 46 established SMAs + 8 ongoing

Out of 100 (?) coastal communities

Within SMA communities: youth, fishers, women, coastal resource users, town officers, all interested.

Usually in the evening so some fishers are missing

SMA committee monthly and quarterly meetings (committee members only)

Monthly community meeting (Fono): committee members relay information to community

Depends on community location

Costs include fuel, sometimes refreshment, daily allowance (can be high if overnight stay)

1 night 3 staff 700$ TOP (Gillett 2016)

(S): In-person meetings are really important for newly established SMAs

(D): Hands-on activities, trainings and feedback also needed

Signboards in SMA communities (maps, regulations and penalties) in English & Tongan

All SMA communities (46) Location chosen so that everyone can access

Communities looking after the signboards

At least 2 signboards for each SMA

800$++ TOP for one signboard + freight + installation costs

(S) Quality of print is really good, design by MoF is really clear, has all the basic information

(D) Increase signage in neighbouring towns/communities (covering several SMAs) is costly and difficult (e.g. would need regular updates given new SMAs)

Radio and newspaper announcements (prior and after establishment of SMA)

General public Everyone has access to it even remote communities

Five times within 28 days before & after the plan is adopted

Newspaper high costs: around 900$/announcement

Radio medium costs: around 600$/announcement

Done because of the legislation. Don’t really know if it’s effective (not monitored).

19

National events e.g. agriculture and fisheries shows, world food day (display of catch to show success of SMAs)

National coverage

All island groups & all communities can access.

One agriculture and fisheries show per island group (6 events)

World Food Day only in Tongatapu

Open to the public, everybody can access, no entry cost

Gvt, tourist operators, fishers, farmers, schools etc. can display

Once a year (June/July/August)

1 day event

Cost of display is low

Very high cost for govt staff to travel (many staff travel)

Awards cost (money prize)

All display equipment, fuel etc.

Access if free

(S) Can reach everyone to show how successful SMA program is.

(D) Too resource costly on government (huge undertaking). Can be an incentive to overfish. Also high catches do not necessarily show success.

Social media (Facebook) and MoF website

Local radio programs (e.g. related to SMA topics in Vavau)

Educational awareness on related topics to SMAs for ex. visiting schools

VEPA newsletter (targeting whale watching, yachts, tourist operators)

Documentaries & short videos during consultations and on Facebook page SMA national lessons learned workshops Fisheries officers explaining regulations during consultationsTV programsPosters, banners & brochures (e.g. brochures explaining regulations)


What are different mechanisms, liaisons, networks that allow communities to inform government or each other on CBFM matters

(differentiate between community (C) and government (G) support mechanism)


Monthly (newly established SMAs) and quarterly (old SMAs) monitoring meetings

Monitoring meetings between MoF staff (SMA/fishery officers from both Tongatapu and local offices) and SMA committee (as per regulation committee include chairperson, town officer, district officer, fishery officer, representatives of fishers (2 women and 2 men) and 3 representatives chosen by chairperson; plus, any other person co-opted by the Committee) - See Regulation 6 of the Fisheries (Coastal Communities) Regulations 2009, as amended in 2016.

SMA committee members are chosen / approved during the Fono meeting (general assembly of community).

What about a dedicated Monitoring and Evaluation team at MoF that takes on the role of coordinating with communities, training, data handling etc.?

Number of SMAs increasing and limited number of staff (too many meetings & not enough staff -> revise the frequency of meetings?).

Need to review the monitoring agenda (focus is too much on logistics).

Agenda include some specific topics to be discussed linked to management plan (e.g. catch data). No clear indicators currently used. Need clearer monitoring indicators that can be evaluated more efficiently.

20

SMA communities can contact nearest MoF offices (extension officers) for any CBFM matters (5 in total: 1 office in each island group, except 2 in Haapai)

For liaison - there are other SMA’s officer’s extension main island working together with the committee members

Communication between fisheries extension officer and SMA committee members (chairperson or town officer).

Lack of staff.

Challenges related to enforcement & compliance. Might need clearer coordination arrangements between MoF, Police and SMAs for communities to reporting illegal fishing matters (e.g. clear procedures, outside working hours).

SMA communities must submit their catch data monthly but important challenges in getting them (most fishers are not collaborative, more awareness & training is needed in data collection, in particular for new SMAs, but not easy given changes in roles)

One person from SMA committee tasked to collect the data, then give data to chairperson or town officer, and then data is transmitted to MoF (this is decided during monitoring meeting).

MoF contact the person in charge of collecting the catch data (or chairperson) during the last week of every month.

Catch data is used to monitor consumption and MoF report back to SMA communities during monitoring meetings. Data can also be used for reporting purposes (e.g. to donors).

Not sure if there is accurate data on catch efficiency etc. for anywhere yet.

Data collection could be expanded to collect information on prices & end-use (e.g. to estimate income). Data sheets could be updated.

Provide tablets to communities to facilitate data collection process.

Data could complement work done and published in SMA report 2020 based on underwater surveys (http://purl.org/spc/digilib/doc/iwyna).

SMA national workshop (1 in the last 3 years) Brings together practitioners & representatives (town officer or chairperson) from all SMAs

MoF organizing the workshop.

Other line ministries attending (ministry of environment, land & survey (sandmining), tourism).

Making the workshop annual.

Currently no network of SMAs established but plans to establish one.

Fisheries Management Advisory Committee Includes a coastal community member and fisher’s representative, who are consulted with new SMAs are set up.

Members indicated in section 8 of the Fisheries Management Act 2002, as amended (fixed membership).

Already been improved by addressing multiple SMA requests in one meeting

4.EnablingconditionsthatsupportorempowerlocalcommunitiesEnabling actions / conditions What / numbers Do these exist and are they effectively implemented, indicate if Adequate (A) or Inadequate (I)? What is needed to improve the enabling actions/conditions?

Staff support for CBFM Directly supporting CBFM e.g. extension to villages

SMA officer (we have SMA officer at the main office and each extension office) Not only the extensions to villages

(For staff number estimates, refer to CBFM questionnaire completed by MoF prior to the workshop: 12 staff have more than 25% of their time dedicated to CBFM specifically)

1 MoF office in each island group (ex: 16-18 staff in Vavau, around 30 staff (?) in Tongatapu, 5-6 (?) in Haapai) -> inadequate number of staff

Officers roles can be confusing from community perspective

Hire more staff & not only limit to main islands (for ex. Nomuka in Haapai has its own office)

Conduct more training

Clearer roles & responsibilities for all fisheries officer (e.g. who’s leading on compliance)


Enforcement at markets is sporadic

No information on where the fish is coming from so not really effective from SMA perspective

Capacity-building / awareness raising within community on importance of catch origin & enforcement/monitoring at markets

21


Directly supporting CBFM e.g. extension to villages

SMA officer (we have SMA officer at the main office and each extension office) not only the extensions to villages

(For operational budget estimates, refer to CBFM questionnaire completed by MoF prior to the workshop: TOP$ 119,800 allocated to CBFM)

Inadequate

Opportunities to develop financial mechanisms for SMAs?

Indirect e.g. enforcement at markets or ministry information strategies,

-Compliance & Enforcement officer conduct enforcement at the specific markets only.

Inadequate

-Extend enforcement locations

-Need to allocate funds/seek funds for compliance and safety tools for communities


MoF seeking out various support from international donors (e.g. current World Bank project, FAO, Waitt Institute) and local partners

Currently, lots of effort dedicated to establishing new SMAs (short-term) and less for management plans implementation & monitoring (long-term).

Long-term SMA support is needed for sustainable management.



Adequate No legal basis for district-level SMAs


Current moratorium on sea cucumber exports except farmed Making sure exported sea cucumber are actually farmed and not wild (juveniles given to communities for grow outs in SMAs)

SMA plans/regulations could also cover high-value species to a greater extent than national legislation (e.g. make more stringent provisions)?


Legislation adequate Policies & internal procedures need improvement

CBFM strategy or equivalent No existing formally adopted / published strategy or equivalent Opportunities with Pathways project or other in the future?

Fisheries agencies capability Capacity or training Inadequate More training & capacity-building for MoF staff & communities (e.g. regulations, compliance & enforcement, fish identification, monitoring & evaluation)


Developing Collaboration is improving but not well-established structures/processes (e.g. representation of NGOs/CSOs in formal national processes)

22


Emerging issues / cross cutting issues Existing mechanism that support all members of the communities (e.g. taskforce, working group, committee, etc.)


Wider ecosystem impacts (external) – across sectors e.g. development planning, forestry, mining

Any impacts on ecosystems or issues affecting ecosystems in a community (e.g. sand mining, deforestation) are recorded in SMA committee (CCMC) meetings. These issues are then reported by MoF to other relevant line ministry (e.g. land ministry).

Land and labour ministries sitting with FMAC so some issues could be accounted for when setting up SMAs.

SMA national forum/workshop brings together line ministries (e.g. in the last one there was a specific session dedicated to discussing wider ecosystem impacts).

Effective if the issue goes through MoF so that solutions can be found with relevant ministry.

However, sometimes the other line ministry is not following up. Feedback/follow up not always effective.

Legal arrangement needed for SMA committee to be able to collect tourism fees (whale watching, snorkeling, yatch mooring, e.g. community licenses for ecotourism activities with low licensing fees) to implement activities such as compliance, monitoring, livelihood development, waste management etc.

Other line ministries representatives (e.g. environment, tourism) could be appointed in FMAC.

MoF is seeking to make the national workshop annual so that issues mentioned by communities can be followed up with other line ministries and addressed.


Town officer part of SMA committee so linkage could be done e.g. on waste and water management

Youth committees, women groups, water committees, agriculture groups, education groups. Similar to SMA committees.

Trained community police also help in SMA compliance/enforcement.

Community committees (e.g. water, agriculture) are quite effective in reporting issues to relevant ministries. Communication and collaboration between groups/committees is effective within the village. Some youth groups for instance have helped the SMA committee (e.g. patrolling the SMA).

Ensure sustainable funding and support to current mechanisms

Climate change, disasters, or pandemics MoF conduct post disaster needs assessment focusing on fishing gears, boats etc. and then look for funding to support recovery (targeting all communities, not only SMAs). Other line ministries conduct their own assessment. One single PDNA report.

NEMO (government agency) in charge of managing infrastructure damages following disasters.

COVID-19 MoF is buying fish from fishers and sell at lower price (government subsidies) + opening of sea cucumber (SMA committees in charge of patrolling coastal areas for illegal fishing activities).

SMA committees targeted by COVID-19 surveys.

Assessment is effective but follow-up support depends on funding.

No assessment of ecosystem damage after cyclones and natural disasters

Needs to ensure follow-up support is provided within reasonable time frame after disasters assessment to meet communities’ needs (e.g. training to improve fishing techniques, provision of boats or gears).

Possible collaboration between NEMO and SMA committees [through MoF]?

Awareness of communities to limit fishing efforts to meet basic needs during COVID-19.

Training of communities under health national protocol for COVID-19.

People-centred approaches*(inclusive processes, taking into account interests of women fishers or other groups of fishers that are less visible, issues with neighbouring communities, balanced considerations between ecological sustainability and human needs to fish for food and livelihoods)

Representatives from fishermen, fisherwomen, youth, district officers in SMA committee (inclusive process).

Women groups, youth groups, education groups.

Consultations carried out to develop SMA management plan allow to balance development needs vs. ecosystem conservation (split groups into men, women, youth for e.g. to gather their interests/needs for the SMA). Consultations include neighboring communities. Public announcement of SMA on radio & newspaper allows inclusive information.

Some fishers claiming they are not aware of SMAs being established.

Increase radio & newspaper announcements.

More awareness on impacts from small-scale fishing and on importance of fishing restrictions & no-take FHR (data available showing positive differences inside FHRs, not SMAs, for diversity, biomass and abundance from the older communities + new data (not published yet) showing that both the FHR and SMAs both also have greater fisheries productivity).

23

French Polynesia 1.CurrentCBFMactions



Are other stakeholders reached – who?

Do all communities need the same types of support? How are community support needs prioritized? *


Managed fishing areas (and official Rahui) In total: 24 ZPR (with or without management committee)

All: Fishers, villages/communities, government manager, police officer, church group, schools, tourism operator, farmers, Civil society organisation, NGOs

No, Needs vary among ZPR

Need for fisheries information’s (Stock assessment…)

Training

Scientific & Traditional knowledge (scientist, fishers…)

Need for Expertise (skill)

Workshops

Development of adequate Legal framework and advise

Political will

Funded project opportunity can trigger actions (UE…)

Access to community/remoteness (especially for community hard to reach)

Priority according to date of request

Suitability of request (common benefits and not individual benefits)

Rahui (non offical/informal)

No governement support provided

3 known rahui but maybe more Fishers, villages/communities, church groups, schools, group of elders, farmers, associations, NGOs

Need for fisheries information’s (Stock assessment…)

Training

Scientific & Traditional knowledge (scientist, fishers…)

Not applicable

Marine spatial planning (PGEM) of Moorea / Fishing committee

Management committee (fisheries ressources : sea cucumber)

Educational Managed Marine Area

Participatory approach (monitoring: fish, habitats)

Workshop /Meeting dedicated to particular theme

Experimental fishing

Aquaculture initiatives/ interactions with fishers

3 Commercial but still small scall fishing

24


Tools National coverage Within community coverage Regularity: How often do they receive information / awareness?

Cost (approximate $) Strengths (S) / Disadvantages (D)

TV reports/awareness clips where community base management occur

Reach the whole country :

Broadcasted on national Channels (local news report) to maximize access / replay video are also available

Within the communities, all people have access to it because the broadcast times is during highest peak

Involving local personalities/champions to promote / enhance dissemination of key message

Ponctual (o) Variable

For national clips with participation of national channel (ex : TNTV, Polynesie 1ere): low cost

When no participation, costs (production and broadcasting) are high (covered by community or associations)

E.g.1: 4000 euros for a 2-min video clip

E.g.2: cost for a media service/partner: 30 000 euros/year

S :- Large audience - Key message are delivered D :- costs (production and broadcasting) are high Depends on the channel’s needs / broadcasting schedule

School outreach (context: Managed fishing areas, Educational marine protected area, fauna) performed by local environmental associations.

During the last 4 years: About a 1/3 of communities’ schools reached. All archipelagos are covered

First programme took place around 2012

(9-12 yo children)

Parents and family also reached through kids

Future School project: involve one entire schools (All kids and classes)

During three-year, punctual (o) visits during school cycle

Echosanté programme (Raiatea): quarterly visits with annual theme (Q)

Sea theme in the pipelines for 2022

Medium to high

- Logistical: transport of kid during filed trips

- Equipment

Local council involved to provide in-kind support

OFB is covering parts of costs for Educational Marine Protected Areas.

S :- Long term project- Enthusiasm to devellop the activies

D- Teacher turn-over/ slowdown after few years - Depends on teachers willingnessLimited budget

Community meeting about fisheries management

About 15 communities reached

Target: adult population

Including: Fishers, associations, local council, people with particular interest

information sharing after meeting to families, network etc.

Rather ponctual (O) but highly depends on message to deliver (status of implementation of community-based fisheries management) and the community

Low to medium

In-king contribution from local council and/or community (mic, meal, tent)

S- Strong adherence when people are convinced by message/information’s- Large diffusion within networks- Opportunity to reach newcomer

D- Meeting structuration hard to maintain: o Monopolization of speech o Expressions of dissatisfaction

Awareness signs for ZPR – local regulations

Social network (Facebook) Schools

Thematic trecks

Pamphlet on regulated species

Newsletter

Pamphlet on fish Assessment

25

Green class and elders

In the pipelines : video clip project on ZPR

In the pipelines : library oriented toward the sea/resources/environnement

3.Two-waycommunicationandrepresentationWhat are different mechanisms, liaisons, networks that allow communities to inform government or each other on CBFM matters

(differentiate between community (C) and government (G) support mechanism)

Current roles in sustaining CBFM Opportunities for scaling up CBFM

Management committee (link bet Community and Government)

Communities rôle :

- Representativity of committee (fishers, council, etc.) with the entire population

- Facilitation for some management committee

DRM (Marine resource department)

- Technical role: committee facilitation, define framework and objectives, provision of advice (expertise, participatory approach to monitoring)

- Vertical transfer: link between politics, regulations and population (fishers etc.)

- Provide training

Strategic documentation: develop roadmap, guidelines (master plan)

With the objective of enabling/scaling participatory approach to monitoring.

Management committee need to gain accountability

- Capacity building of committee members

- Define/ clarify everyone’s role

DRM provide funds for implementing of ZPR (logistical needs during implementation phase, equipment etc.) but not directly to the committee.

- Develop a ZPR network (between communities):

o allow a space for wider exchange than what committee currently allow and benefiting from others’ experience (e.g., good practice, rising issues)

o Gain greater political recognition/ Formal representativeness to enable more GCP initiatives

Partnership :

Associations, villagers, Chamber of agriculture and lagoon fisheries (CAPC) etc.),

Research institutions*

- Provide observations feedback, warn public institutions/government

- *link between population and government with provision information

- *in their research programs, scientist provide management advices and CBFN management plans (Rahui)

- Structure/ Formalise a network with specialists, point of contact, council representative

o Dedicate a specific budget to structure this network

o Provide training to point of contacts and council representative in the island

o ZPR facilitation activities

- *Link research institute with community networks to further disseminate information

Union for promotion of communities / Community group

- Community gathering to exchange on specific subject that can include fisheries management (Large panel of subject are discussed)

Provide a more direct relay between villagers/population (resource users) and the government:

- Provide a status/ fund committee activities/ recognise committee role/ political will to recognise decision making legitimacy / regulation framework shared by management committees

To involve more people

To have the ability of organising more meetings / of improving network dynamics

26

4.EnablingconditionsthatsupportorempowerlocalcommunitiesEnabling actions / conditions



Staff support for CBFM Directly supporting CBFM e.g. extension to villages Currently in place (I):

- Approx 0,25 full time positions in islands & 2 Full time positions in Tahiti

- Administrative burden impact on time that can be spend in the field

- Understaffing result in a lack of reactivity

Strengthening human resources :

- Train current staff (especially island-base staff 8-9)

- Additional staff

(3 Full time positions under the current needs)


(I)

- Limited number of MCS staff, sometimes national police can play this role

- Lack of political willingness to enforce existing regulations (especially current Covid-19 situation)

- Dedicate more staff to awareness raising and enforcement of regulations

- Raising awareness of the political force about management and process of implementing regulations


Directly supporting CBFM e.g. extension to villages (I) Current budget (200 000 euros without staffing) dedicated to:

- ZPR signs/marquing (buoys, etc.) ≈ 50%

- Communication (signboard, pamphlet etc.) ≈ 15 %

- Preparation of regulation documentation ≈ overtime

- Studies/ Assessment/ monitoring… (limited budget allocated) ≈ 25 %

- Operating budget (transport/ duty travel etc.) ≈ 10 %

Increase operating budget (to 800 000 euros x4) :

- Studies (impact assessment studies, monitoring, effectiveness of ZPR, etc.) +++

- Implementation of adequate communication and management strategies (increase budget/ improve current strategies) ++

- Communication tools (information, raising awareness, etc.) : ++


(I) No logistical means (boat, etc.) - Strengthen logistical means: +++


(I) Support limited to the Minister in charge of Fisheries - Strengthen current political support (large scale)

- Plea to describe/support the importance of reef fisheries



(I) Role of different actors are unclear (fishers, council, management committee)

Clarifying roles :

- Clarifying/ sharing des roles/expertise of the different actors (community council etc.)

o community council : field logistics, traditional knowledge

- DRM support


(A) Regulated (& CITES) species

(I) Lack of control on non-regulated species (aquarium trade excluding giant clam)

- Revising existing regulation based on scientific studies

- Enforcement of regulation


(I) Many gaps in outdated regulation (ex : where management measures are critical implementation remain impossible)

- Revision of current regulations and filling gap for missing ones (eg take into account new management tool)

CBFM strategy or equivalent Non-exisisting - Roadmap to be define with creation of ZPR network

27

Fisheries agencies capability Capacity or training (I) Some trained staff but other need training (e.g. island based staff) - Capacity building (technical and facilitation)


(I) Coordination :

- (-) NGO (env associations): rare

- (+) Scientific institutions : Common

- Roadmap to coordinate actions/activities

5.Emergingandcross-cuttingissuesincludinginclusivityandequityEmerging issues / cross cutting issues

Existing mechanism that supports all members of the communities (e.g. taskforce, working group, committee, etc.)



Impact : Industrial activities ; nautical tourism (noise pollution, visual pollution, user conflicts) ; Fish waste rejection ; Pearl farming (plastics, nutrient enriched water …)

Both internal and external impacts have been identified simultaneously (same impacts but different scales)

3 main mechanisms identified

Regulatory mechanism:

- Facilities classified for environmental Protection-ICPE (DIREN) -

- Study/Survey (IAS)

Consultation mechanism :

- Community consultations

- Management committee: conflict management role about usages and space

- Network of management committees (to be implemented)

- Participatory process

Protest mechanism:

- Social networks (e.g. Facebook) : source of information / follow-up on project


Complex process :

- Slow process

- Difficulties to reach the adequate person (representative)

- Formal heavy progess

Consultation mechanism:

- Efficient : allow discussion or debate on local issues / provide space for conversation

- Sometimes consultations result in concrete actions

Protest mechanism:

- Very efficient, generate lots of reactions

- Role in structuring local residents in association/ grouping

Protest process can lead to consultations and/or participatory mechanisms


- Simplify process (E.g. creating a unique counter as point of contact)

- Identify representative /experts

- Staff with technical knowledge

- Implement compensatory measures (ex. Rahui)

- Facilitate access to ICPE

Consultation mechanism:

- Involve community council to consultation process

- Transpose existing farming committee to marine questions/environnement : raising local issues et exchange on these subjects

- Have expert advices at community disposal

Protest mechanism:

- Select/ identify adequate message-bearer


- Terrestrial run-off and pollutions : boat repairs, farming, land reclamation by community council to their benefits

Climate change, disasters, or pandemics

Climate change

- No funds dedicated to climate change. Climated change strategy lacking at country level (or lacking communication)

Covid-19 & natural disastersFinancial instrument implemented by Governement / social services :

- Financial compensation - Household appliance help- Meal voucher

Compensation mechanisms in case of natural disaster: fund distribution for government to community council. It is community council responsibility to redistribute to local users.

Climate change - No compensation measured for events linked to climate change in absence of proof/ perception (e.g. flooding can be caused by a combination of factors, including issues in coastal planning)

Development/Planning suggestions in case of regular flooding’s

28

People-centred approaches(inclusive processes, taking into account interests of women fishers or other groups of fishers that are less visible, issues with neighbouring communities, balanced considerations between ecological sustainability and human needs to fish for food and livelihoods)

Management committees :

- Open to all subject to their motivation - Suburb/neighbourhood representative and by actor type (e.g. : church, farmer, sport representative etc.)- Both gender always represented (with same rights)

- Youth individual represent

- Overall, everyone is given a chance to speak.

Some group can be intimidated to speak (e.g. youth in presence of elders)

Exploring if improvements are necessary for minority or marginalised group representation

29

Wallis and Futuna 1.CurrentCBFMactions






Meetings/ consultations organised by the Environment Division with Fisheries Division (NB: Discussion is more about terrestrial issues, so less on community-based fisheries)

Diagnostic with 36 villages (100%) in 2 steps 1. meetings with village chiefs who decide on which households should be involved. Although the issues were more about land-based impacts, it was an opportunity to review and establish a register of fishers in the different villages, undertaking interviews with elected officials, chiefs… (then diagnostic was summarised by consultants and return to communities). 2. Return of results of discussion with a movie: here participation of chiefs and community members. This is an important tool for community members to realise the potential impacts of land-based activities on the marine environment

Not really during the first step. However, during the return of results, most governmental divisions were involved. Good starting point but ongoing

Themes of discussion is more about terrestrial issues, so less on community-based fisheries)

Action plan ongoing (example: priority on watershed pollution themes)

Technical workshops for the sharing of the analysis - 3 workshops (fisheries observatory, aquaculture, management) during tailor made community events called “Fishing Friday”.

Wallis: 3 districts involved; all the village chiefs were present (about 15 villages) - then transmission of knowledge to the communities.

Futuna: none of the 15 villages

Total: 40% of the village chiefs of Wallis and Futuna

Chiefs, subsistence fishers, professional fishers, associations, vendors, technical services (education, health...).

(+) Wide participation.

(-) No elected officials

Request for more detailed information and appropriate outreach for each community

Training request

Weaknesses identified during the workshops (at this stage) :

lack of knowledge of the state of marine resources

- the practice of underwater hunting at night

- non-application of regulations

- the lack of involvement of customary people in the development of regulations

- lack of knowledge of food fishermen and their practices

- the lack of support and communication when implementing the regulations.

During the last participatory workshop: evaluation of main actions to be part of the strategy thanks to a prioritization of the listed actions by the workshop participants.

30

Exchanges of best practices (with NC and PF) - note: exchanges slow down due to travel restrictions

About ten people took part in an exchange in 2017 (with associations + technical services), representativeness of the communities <10%.

With associations + technical services

Discussion with technical services upon return to request support on aquaculture (based on lessons learned during the exchange)

Direct discussion between village chiefs - e.g. to establish marine protected areas

1 District (5 villages) All the district chiefs, all the chiefs of the northern villages

Request for the establishment of 1 marine protected area managed by the chiefs

Ongoing discussion

List of CBFM interventions

Initial analysis phase: evaluation of past experiences for the assessment of fisheries management (top down). Example: establishment of protected marine areas in 2003 by the Environment Division.

Management Plan for Maritime Spaces (PGEM) in phase 1: wide consultation with fishing associations and communities but the causes of failure are not known. Note from the community representative: no follow-up.

Management Plan for Maritime Spaces (PGEM) in phase 2: consultation with the chiefdoms, approach of the Grand Chiefdom for the designation of 2 villages but the process has been stopped. It is more of a spatial approach than a participatory approach, based on an initiative in Moorea. The discussion at the level of cartography has slowed down the discussions. Training of a certain number of people, then communication with the communities with roles distributed among the different services.

Consultation with a group of fishers: for a work on the regulations and status of the professional fisher (in the 2000s): this approach was carried out mainly thanks to the dynamism of a fisher but no consultation with the communities.

INTEGRE project: Integrated Coastal Zone Management

Consultation, diagnosis + action plan on 2 villages in Futuna. But stop after the action plan establishment with the end of the project. The actions were rather focused on agriculture.

Exchange of good practices with French Polynesia and New Caledonia.

PROTEGE Project

Consultations with the different villages (organized by the Environment Division, in association with the agriculture and fishing departments): but many themes on land-based, less marine actions. The Environment Division will make action plans (in progress).

Analysis and participatory workshops: consultations facilitated by an external consultant with fishers (analysis) then presentation and discussion of the results in a participatory workshop.

31




Regularity: How often do they receive information / awareness? (e.g. weekly (W), fortnightly (F), monthly (M), quarterly (Q), annually (A), One-off (O))

Cost (approximate $) (approximate $) (or at least. low (L), Medium (M), High (H)


Use of the media to raise awareness on a large scale

Themes: Wallis and Futuna marine resources, fishing practices

Radio: Monthly broadcast, with guests (fishers, chefs) and interviews involving fishers.

TV: Video clips of fisher’s portraits integrated in the Talanoa program.

Other: to promote the exchange of practices: video clips of fishers from the region (Polynesia for example).

Radio + TV = almost 100%.

Young people not reached (i.e. use of other means such as Facebook to reach youth)

Radio: monthly

TV: monthly show + specific shows

Partnership with Tv (low cost for diffusion) but medium/high cost for production (preparation work, research)

Disadvantages: Fishers do not like to put themselves forward.Note: Before the implementation of these programs, it is necessary to meet with fishers to involve them and gather information.

Establish a link of proximity with the fishers, communication in the communities with the technical services

Topics: the state of the marine resources of Wallis and Futuna, fishing practices.

Regular information and exchange meetings of the fisheries authorithy:

- 1st level: with the fishers (one to one)

- 2nd level: with groups of fishers and the general public

- 3rd level: technical meeting with elected and customary officials for decision making

20% in each village Young people often not directly reached

Regular: Every 6 months.

Punctual: Add meetings for special missions

Low/medium + Inclusion of different groups.Exchanges with the technical services allowed certain groups such as women to realize that they are fishermen.Disadvantages: Difficulty to mobilize many people and several times.Translation problem (difficulty to translate in real time, importance of the availability of local agents)Important human time to mobilize the actor

Implementation of pedagogical projects targeting school audiences

Theme: what’s in the lagoon, what are the marine resources of Wallis and Futuna (simplified science (species biology, ecology, etc.)

School visits

Role-playing games

Involvement of high school students on scientific work related to establish the size of maturity

Use interactive tools to allow children to view underwater landscapes and fish

Field trip with the children

2020: 300 children from 10 to 15 years old

(6 classes of primary school / 1 day per class)

4 classes of college students

1 high school class)

Only young people are targeted

Punctual BenefitsYoung people are messengers to their families.Disadvantages :Time consuming.Note: A joint work with associations would make it possible to reach more school children.

32

Establish an awareness-raising event dedicated to fisheries at the national level.

General public Annual (1-2 day format) High cost

Partnerships with other technical services to raise awareness and disseminate information on marine resources (chamber of commerce, environmental services, etc.

Low


What are different mechanisms, liaisons, networks that allow communities to inform government or each other on CBFM matters (differentiate between community (C) and government (G) support mechanism)


Established and well-structured traditional customary network

In Wallis: 1 king and his ministers (including a minister in charge of agriculture and fisheries), 3 district chiefs and 21 village chiefs + village chiefs. In Futuna: 2 kings, ministers and 15 village chiefs.

The customary chieftaincy is an important governance body. Each of the three kingdoms has its own model of hierarchy. The district chiefs have authority over the village chiefs, who are a valuable relay for communication and exchange with the population. They are in fact the direct representatives of the inhabitants of each village, relay information, participate in federating and bringing the population together, and are a fundamental tool for village mobilization. The three kings work closely with their customary ministers.

(G+C) Provide Feedback information from the communities, identify village priorities for investment in community or personal projects.

Strengthen the use of this established community network to feedback information and (fisheries resources related) needs of community members and fishers (especially for members who do not speak French very well).

Traditional networks

Example: the tauasu in Futuna

Every evening, the men of the villages gather. Place of discussion, exchange around the kava (only men).

(C) Meeting place with a space for the expression of democracy. At the tauasu around the Kava, men exchange, discuss about the current events of the village, of the Territory. In the tauasu, the problems of the village are also solved.

Village Associations

Some villages have very active associations with a committee chaired by the village chief.

Example: a village chief invites the technical services to an event called “the culinary day”.

Challenge: language barrier, thus limiting communication between the fishers and the fishing service

(G) Introduce technical services to communities and provide contacts (phone number)

(C) Identify village priorities

33

Social networks Facebook: the “fishers of Wallis and Futuna” Facebook page (300 fans) is administered by the fisheries service. It is mainly used for the diffusion of information by the fisheries service, but fishers have the possibility to comment and share.

(G) Messenger: Messenger group between the fisheries service and the fishers to request and give information.

Fisheries Associations

Several experiences where professional fisheries have tried to federate in association without real success.

(C+G) Pooling of means and representation of the fishermen at the level of the authorities Concept to be developed:

- creation of a committee

- support from the fisheries service to assist the fisheries association in its management

Note:

Wallis and Futuna are rather small and therefore fishers communicate with each other without having a formal network.





Directly supporting CBFM e.g. extension to villages (I) Inadequate5 staff for coastal fisheries, each staff helps to establish a framework for participatory management of coastal resources but:-no staff dedicated to CBFM-only 2 staff speak the local language

Create 1 position dedicated to the participatory management of coastal fisheries (to perpetuate/sustain the PROTEGE project animation position).


(I) Inadequate

2 technicians and 2 temporary contract positions for the Fisheries Observatory contribute indirectly to the participatory management of coastal fisheries.

Perpetuate 1 temporary contract position within the Fisheries Observatory.

Personnels des services de l’environnement (I) Inadequate

2 environmental officers are sworn in to ensure the control and enforcement of environmental regulations.

Make sure that the environmental service and the fisheries service strategies are consistent.

34


Directly supporting CBFM e.g. extension to villages 2 million XPF / year over the duration of the PROTEGE project to define the strategy and implement the activities.

Note from the facilitator: the finalized strategy will not be a CBFM strategy but a strategy for a sustainable management of coastal resources in Wallis and Futuna (with a participatory approach)

Establish a detailed budget of the actions to be implemented within the framework of the intervention strategy for the sustainable management of coastal resources in Wallis and Futuna.

For the future and after the PROTEGE project, create a permanent budget line dedicated to communication and awareness activities targeting communities.


(A) Adequate for now

- Regional budget of the PROTEGE project

- Communication budget of the fisheries service: 200,000 XPF/year

- Budget for FAD: 2,000,000 XPF/year

- Other budgets from the Ministry of Agriculture, the Convergence and Transformation Contract or the Digital Strategy may also support PCM.

1. Political support for CBFM investment from national budgets*

Soutien politique pour investissement GCP des budgets nationaux*

(I) Inadequate

There is no political support for the establishment of CBFM.

Approve the intervention strategy for a sustainable management of coastal resources, in particular by decision-makers (elected and customary).


Wallis and Futuna Inshore Fisheries Regulations

Existing national regulations (which have not been subject to prior consultation) are not accepted by the communities, or not understood.

Marine tenure

Difference between practices and theory:

-Officially, marine tenure is under the jurisdiction of the Territorial Assembly.

-Perception of the land according to custom: The lagoon belongs to the chieftaincy. The decisions of the chiefdom is over all other decisions.

-Obtain quantitative data to assess the state of marine resources and evaluate community perceptions

-Debate on fishing practices with the communities in order to possibly adjust the regulations on coastal fisheries.

-Clarify the role of the chiefdom in the regulation on the management of coastal marine resources.


(A) Adequate but more data needed

Moratorium on beche-de-mer and export banned since 2015

Controlled export on trochus (a law well accepted by the communities).

Control on Export for protected species (CITES)

Assess stocks

Example in Futuna: Scientific study allowed the implementation of appropriate regulations for lobsters.


The law provides a legal framework for fisheries officers to enforce the inshore fisheries regulations.

(I) Inadequate

For the moment, there is no willingness of the territory to enforce the regulations.

Approve the intervention strategy for a sustainable management of coastal resources

CBFM strategy or equivalent No Stratergy yet Approve the intervention strategy for a sustainable management of coastal resources, in particular by decision-makers (elected and customary).

35


Capacity or training (A) Adequate

Training of fisheries officers in participatory facilitation processes.

Strengthen capacity in several topics including in communication and awareness


Coordination adéquate avec les acteurs non-gouvernementaux (ONG, OSC, Organisation communautaire, secteur privé, etc.)

Work with village associations and environmental NGOs Adopt a strategic approach


Emerging issues / cross cutting issues Existing mechanism that supports all members of the communities (e.g. taskforce, working group, committee, etc.)



Impact studies

Example: study of the impact of the destruction of mangroves and its consequences on coastal areas.

This impact study had been requested by a village association.

Implementation of strategies

The environmental service has legal tools (environmental code) and has developed strategies on waste management, pig pen effluents, sanitation and watershed management. Village diagnostics have been carried out by the environmental service in collaboration with the other departments/technical services to better define the implementation of public policies.

Impact studies

In reality: there have been very few impact studies.

The results of the study on the artificialization of the coastline has not been communicated outside the technical services.

Strategies

There is often a mismatch between public policy and the needs of communities.

Impact studies

Carry out studies on the impacts of land use on coastal marine resources.

Strategies

Strengthen collaborations between the technical services (environment, fisheries, health) during the diagnostics and during community consultations to better integrate the terrestrial coastal component on fisheries management.

36


Call for proposals/projects

Calls for proposals/projects funded by the government for communities on cross-cutting themes related to coastal development. Village associations have the possibility to send a proposal in order to get funding to implement projects for a community.

Example for a village: relocation of pig pens + studies on septic tanks that have an impact on the coast.

Regional network of pilot farms to promote exchanges on good practices in agro-ecology (PROTEGE project initiative).

In Wallis and Futuna: about ten pilot farms have been selected to be part of this network.

Mangrove plantation projects: Initiative led by the environmental service.

Project of methanisation of pig effluents (in progress): initiative led by the environmental service

Waste collection: initiative led by the environmental service or by NGOs (Malia poli).

Call for projects

There have been very positive projects for local communities. However, projects require a great involvement of the communities and a strong support from the technical services. What works:

-Involvement of the different technical services (environment, agriculture, health)

-Communication with the villagers through the village association.

-A project that works well can make other village associations want to implement it.

- High level of grants and transparency in grant management

Regional network of pilot farms

Network just established, to be evaluated in the long term. What worked:

-The traditional chiefs accompanied the technical services during the survey.

-Follow-up of messages by the traditional chiefs with the villagers.

-Ensure that communication on calls for projects is widely disseminated (in local language).

-Reinforce the technical support and accompaniment of project leaders by the technical services.

-Accompany / provide technical support to projects and initiatives over the long term.

-Better define the modalities of access to funding by the communities (call for tenders, expression of interest, etc.)

Climate change, disasters, or pandemics Public Policy

Hurricane + tsunami risks:

-Meetings between the villagers and the administration

-Implementation of security teams

-Organization of simulations

COVID

Establishment of a unit bringing together the State, elected politicians, the health agency, the Chiefdom and the parishes/church networks to ensure communication with communities

Public Policy

In Wallis and Futuna, public policies are well defined on the issues of natural risks and disasters.

Cyclonic risks + tsunami + COVID

Good communication between technical services and communities thanks to dedicated committees and process.

Cyclonic + tsunami + COVID risks

Implement awareness activities in schools.

Climate change

Implement awareness activities on the impacts of climate change in Wallis and Futuna.


Village associations: representatives of women’s groups are part of the village associations.

Communication in local language(s) by the technicians of the fisheries service

Trainings

The fisheries service benefited from a training on the participatory approach and inclusive processes.

Village associations

Women often do not participate in decision-making processes.

Trainings

Training of technical services on the participatory approach is positive but the practice should be long-term (because there are always people who are excluded or do not want to participate).

-Systematically plan communications in local languages to reach the entire population.

- Technical services can carry out individual interviews with different categories of the population.

Facilitator’s note: In addition to the group discussions, one of the fisheries officers mentioned the traditional role for women called “Fa’u”. They are key interlocutors for the village chiefs. The fisheries officer suggested to organize specific meetings with Fa’u.

37

Tokelau1. CurrentCBFMactions

CBFM interventions Proportion of communities* receiving / having received support (%)*(i.e. coastal communities6)


How are community support needs prioritized? **(i.e. how are some chosen and not others)

1) Visit fishers to collect catch data

The fisheries officers in 3 islands can collect data on pelagic species and reef species (trolling and line): Fakaofo: 75% fishers Atafu: 100% fishers Nukunonu: 100% fishers

2) Build anchored FAD 2 anchored FADs on each island

1 nearshore and 1 is further away

All the fishers can fish around FADs (100% are concerned)

SPC provides material to construct and deploy FAD

Fisheries officers provide some training on FADs fishing activities. They use the same method for all anchored FAD localized in different islands.

The objective of the training is to know how to use anchored FADs (e.g., not damage FADs).

No prioritized because they provide support to everyone because of the small size of the population.

3) meeting with the council of each island on tuna catch every year + coastal fisheries are mentioned as well + awareness on FAD

Each island is concerned The consultation is only with the council (composed by elders, 30 people)

For each island:

Provide information to the fishers by the council in each island Council can ask support in awareness and information tool Council role is also to approve management plan Awareness on coastal fisheries to the council Raise awareness: how to deploy FAD?

No prioritized because they provide support to everyone because of the small size of the population.


38

Tuvalu 1.CurrentCBFMactions






Community awareness 35% Yes, Women association, youths, fishermen association, island leaders

No Depend on the availability of funding, human resource, technical capability, time and their willingness

School awareness 100% No Yes Availability of Fisheries staff and source of funds

Kaupule Courtesy visit 100% No Yes Availability of Fisheries staff and source of funds

Consultations 51% Yes, Women association, youths, fishermen association, island leaders

No Depend on the availability of funding, human resource, technical capability, time and their willingness




Regularity: How often do they receive information / awareness? (e.g. weekly (W), fortnightly (F), monthly (M), quarterly (Q), annually (A), One-off (O))

Cost (approximate $) (approximate $) (or at least. low (L), Medium (M), High (H)


Meetings(Kaupule/island meeting etc) 40% Reached Missed

Island leaders Children

Some youth Youth

Some women Most women

Elders

Fishermen Non Fishermen

Meetings-monthly or quarterly L S – Output of meetings are reached out to all level in the community through their respective representative

Community workshops 45% Reached Missed

Selected candidates

Unselected pupils

Quarterly(Q) H S – message reached selected candidates

D – if selected candidates does not share to the community

School awareness 100% All reached Annually M S - message reached all students

39

Short videos(promotional or awareness) 15% Reached Missed

Fishermen Non fishermen

Students/Teachers

Parent

Selected candidates for trainings and workshops

Unselected candidates

Annually L S – message is reached out

Radio awareness 80% Reached Missed

Listeners(elderly & some youths, fishermen and women)

Non listeners(kids & most youths)

Daily L S- message is reached out


What are different mechanisms, liaisons, networks that allow communities to inform government or each other on CBFM matters (differentiate between community (C) and government (G) support mechanism)


Internet, Telephone, VHF, etc. Connect, update and provide feedback on CBFM issues Need quality speed internet connection and VHF, Funds to top up internet bills.

Department of Rural Development Liaise between TFD and Communities Transparent, uniform information between TFD and all islands

During consultations, workshops and Prime Minister’s visit Direct interaction between each parties Follow up for updates





Directly supporting CBFM e.g. extension to villages A – data collectors and R2R officers on each island To absorb their salaries by the Gov. budget.


A – relevant to TFD concept, PACER plus initiative (Trade Department) Community Managers need training on Marketing Management

Resources for marketing and above all… FUNDING.


Directly supporting CBFM e.g. extension to villages A – under the island Kaupule’s management (TFD provide only technical support) Kaupule to consider VDS as an operational aid support


A – only if OI fish market are operational (now not successfully operate) Kaupule to consider VDS as an operational aid support


A – VDS support fund to all OI Kaupule Kaupule to consider VDS as an operational aid support

40



A – clearly define stakeholders user rights Clearly explain all Tuvalu community members, their right on legislation and policies


I – under TRADE Department and Business Administration Review marketing price for Fish


A – TFD provide technical advice and support to formulate their By – Laws, etc. Community to Master the process of formulating By-Laws.

CBFM strategy or equivalent A – Exist now only for Funafuti, now extending to OI. Community to Master the process of formulating By-Laws.

TFD & Community to formulate Fisheries Management Plans for islands.


Capacity or training A – upgrade technical capcity Need trainers (dive, QGIS app, Database, etc.) further study, etc.


A – R2R, Environment Department, Island Kaupules, To merge cross cutting activities to avoid duplication

(insert into TFD Annual Workplan)


Emerging issues / cross cutting issues Existing mechanism that supports all members of the communities (e.g. taskforce, working group, committee, etc.)



1 By-Law: Funafuti banned the extraction of gravels and sand on all coastal areas.

2 Environment Impact Assessment

3 Building code - building plan

1 Yes

2 Yes, but sometimes not effective due to political influence.

3 Yes

1 Awareness and improve enforcement, also to extend to Outer Islands

2 Act to be well enforce.

3 Enforce building’s planning and survey


1 Waste Management (Rubbish)

2LMMA, MPA, Conservation areas, etc.

3 Workshops

1 Yes

2 Yes, but there are poachers.

3 Yes, but with no allowance/food, No/ a few attendance.

1 Initiate cleaning campaigns programme where community as a whole are included (schools, youths, women, etc…)

Climate change, disasters, or pandemics 1 Rapid Assessment Team: assess impacts caused by Tropical Cyclones.

2 Sea Safety (Fishermen)

3 Food security support from TFD

4 Coral Planting (R2R under Environment and Fisheries)

1 yes

2 Yes

3 Yes

4 Yes (Pilot project)

1 Develop a sectoral disaster Risk reduction plan for Fisheries.

2 Develop an authorized body to ensure fishermen’s are comply with sea safety instructions - Develop By Laws to strengthen and guide fishers during fishing trips.

3 Training on TFD officers in terms of different techniques to preserve food for long-term use.

4 To consider into the Coastal Work plan


1 Value adding Training (Post harvest trainings)

2 Fishing Techniques trainings

3 Developing of MOUs, Management Plans, etc…

1 Yes

2 No (only some)

3 Yes

1 Maintain the participation of women in these trainings.

2 a) Gender department to do public awareness to avoid gender exclusion.

b) develop fishing techniques training that are suitable for women

3 Maintain the participation of women in any managements planning.

41

Appendix: Priority topics for information and awarenessFrenchPolynesiaInformationandawareness

Here are some specific topics on which we think it is important to raise community awareness:

- Why not fish during egg-laying aggregations? Why ban fishing during certain months of the year?

- Why put minimum and maximum catch sizes?

- What are the interests of no-take zone?

- The exhaustion of marine resources.

The targets are just about all of the targets that have been cited, apart from the traditional leaders and community guardians that we do not have in FP.

Regarding the “low cost” means, there would be the broadcast on the Facebook page of the DRM and potentially the radio.

SamoaInformationandawareness

Specific awareness topics Target audience (men (M), women (W), youths (Y), children/students (C) commercial and subsistence fishers (F), market vendors (V), traditional leaders (T), community wardens / authorised officers (AO)

Fishing methods to be used in nearshore FADs M, Y, F, AO

Fish poster (illustrated sizes) Everyone

Size limit, Giant clam farming, Tilapia farming, COTs, coral replanting, trochus shell polishing, seaweeds, (information sheet, brochure, poster, guides)

Everyone

CBFM program – short videos on process, and scaling up, etc everyone

Fish and Invertebrates guides and posters everyone

Sea cucumber guides/ posters/ everyone

TongaInformationandawareness


SMA Regulation/Fishing Condition/Compliance Program SMA Communities, M, W, Y, C, F, T, AO

Status & Catch data (results) SMA Communities, CCMC (Coastal communities management committee), M, W, Y, T

Benefits & challenges of SMA

Lesson learned & way forward SMA Communities, CCMC (Coastal communities management committee)M, W, Y, C, F, V

What is SMA, Background, Why SMA & How does it work? SMA Communities, CCMC (Coastal communities management committee), M, W, Y, C, F, V, T, AO,

42

WallisandFutunaInformationandawareness

Here are my answers to the questionnaires. Our information strategy (under development) should consolidate all this work.

1. Please list the specific topics that need to be taken into account in the awareness and information tools?

• Deepening knowledge about fishermen and resources

o Bring the actors to meet and share information (Sharing information between Pacific countries, between Wallis fishermen, between fishermen and the general public, communicating on the results of the observatory....)

o To make known the actors, the sector and the state of the resources (Communicating on the results of the observatory, designing captivating communication media, demonstrating the importance of data collection with regard to coastal fishing)

• Debate and raise awareness of sustainable practices

o To raise awareness of the fragility of resources (Informing about the life cycle of species, life history traits...)

o To make known and understand the good fishing practices and the impact of unsustainable practices (How to fish well by the line, with the rifle, the net, be more selective, the impact of underwater hunting at night, the impact of seine fishing, the impact of land-based activities: breeding, sanitation, artificialization of the coastline, etc.)

o Make the regulations known and understood (Who regulates, why? who controls?... )

2. who are the main target audience of the above topics (e.g., men (M), women (W), youth (Y), children/students (C), commercial and subsistence fishermen (F), market vendors (V), traditional chiefs (T), community guards/authorized agents (AOs), name others). Please fill in the table below


Using the media to raise awareness on a large scale

TV: Awareness clips, fisherman’s testimonials, micro-documentaries, “Talanoa” show Awareness clips on good fishing practices Information clips on species biology Fishermen’s stories Micro-documentary on fishing practices Talanoa emissionexchange on fishing topics

M,W,Y

Radio-trottoir on fishingtechniques, the perception of fishermen, customaries,the general public-documenting and debating certain practices. Accompanying a fisherman at night Accompanying a fisherman with a net Accompany an octopus fisherman with poison Ask conservators about protected species...

M,W,Y

Establish a close relationship with fishermen: communication in communities with technical services

Individual interviews, fishing trips Accompany fishermen in fishing (male, female, food professionals....) Investigate fishing habits and perception of resource status

F

43

Technical meetings: Share information between pacific countries, between fishermen of Wallis, between fishermen and the general public, communicate about the results of the observatory.... To make known the actors,the sector and the state of the resources(Communicating on the results of the observatory, designing captivating communication media, demonstrating the importance of data collection with regard to coastal fishing)

F,T

Implementation of educational projects targeting school audiences

Intervention in classrooms Inform about the life cycle of species, life history traits How to fish well by angling,by rifle, net, to be more selective,the impact of the nightunderwater hunt, the impact of seine fishing, the impact of land-based activities: breeding, sanitation,artificialization of the coastline...

And

Role-playing games Inform about the life cycle of species, life history traits How to fish well by angling,by rifle, net, to be more selective,the impact of the nightunderwater hunt, the impact of seine fishing, the impact of land-based activities: breeding, sanitation,artificialization of the coastline...

And

Educational projects Inform about the life cycle of species, life history traits How to fish well by angling,by rifle, net, to be more selective,the impact of the nightunderwater hunt, the impact of seine fishing, the impact of land-based activities: breeding, sanitation,artificialization of the coastline...

And

Field trip Inform about the life cycle of species, life history traits How to fish well by angling,by rifle, net, to be more selective,the impact of the night underwater hunt, the impact of seine fishing, the impact of land-based activities: breeding, sanitation,artificialization of the coastline...

And

Introduce a national fishing awareness event

Fishing Fridays Must address all the themes mentioned above.

M,W,Y,C,M,V,T,AO

3. Are there other simple and inexpensive ways that can be implemented in French Polynesia / Wallis and Futuna so that information can reach all communities?

The first TV/radio channel Wallis is open to content proposals and does not charge for its services.

The Fishermen’s Facebook page of Wallis and Futuna

The traditional traditional network

Documents

Polynesia sub-region: Summary workshop outcomes report