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7 Properties of Commercial PolyvinylFluoride Films
O U T L I N E
7.1 Introduction 151
7.2 Polymer Properties 152
7.3 Characteristics of Commercial PVF Films 157
7.4 Chemical Properties 160
7.5 Optical Properties 160
7.6 Thermal Properties 171
7.7 Electrical Properties 173
7.8 Weathering Performance 180
7.9 Description of Available Product and Properties of
Unoriented PVF Films 185
7.10 Effect of Radiation 189
7.11 NMR Spectrum of Polyvinyl Fluoride 191
References 191
7.1 Introduction
Polyvinyl fluoride (PVF) possesses unique properties such as: excellent
resistance to weathering; outstanding mechanical properties and inertness
toward a wide variety of chemicals, solvents, and staining agents. The fluo-
rine atoms in PVF are largely responsible for its properties of excellent
weatherability, chemical resistance, and mechanical properties. The main
application of PVF is as films that usually contain no plasticizers; thus, they
have good aging properties and remain tough and flexible over a broad tem-
perature range. This chapter presents the key properties of PVF films.
151Ebnesajjad: Polyvinyl Fluoride. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-4557-7885-0.00007-7
© 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
7.2 Polymer Properties
The physical, chemical, and electrical properties of a polyvinyl fluoride
[24981-14-4] film are shown in Table 7.1.
PVF is a semicrystalline polymer with a planar zigzag chain configura-
tion [2]. It tends to crystallize to a greater extent than polyvinyl chloride.
The degree of crystallinity depends on the polymerization method and the
thermal history of the polymer; reported values range from 20% to 60%
[3]. The significant variation of the degree of crystallinity is thought to be
primarily a function of defect structures. Wide-line NMR and X-ray diffrac-
tion studies show the unit cell to contain two monomer units and have the
dimensions a5 0.857 nm, b5 0.495 nm, and c5 0.252 nm [4]. Similarity to
the phase I crystal form of poly(vinylidene fluoride) suggests an orthorhom-
bic crystal [5].
The relationship of the polymer structure to the melting point and degree
of crystallinity has been the subject of a number of studies. Head-to-head
regio irregularities in PVF are known [3,6,7], and the concentration of such
units has been suggested as the source of variations in the melting point
[8�10]. Commercial PVF contains approximately 12% head-to-head linkages
by 19F nmr and displays a peak melting point of about 190�C [9,11�13].
Both NMR and IR studies have shown PVF to be atactic [3,6,7,9,14,17] and,
as such, variations in stereoregularity are not thought to be a contributor to
variations in melting point.
PVF with controlled amounts of head-to-head units varying from 0% to
30% have been prepared [9,11] by using a chlorine substituent to direct the
course of polymerization of chlorofluoroethylenes and then reductively
dechlorinating the products with tributyltin hydride. This series of polymers
shows melting point distributions ranging from about 220�C for purely head-
to-tail polymer down to about 160�C for polymer containing 30% head-to-
head linkages. This study, however, does not report the extent of branching
in these polymers. Further work has shown that the extent of branching has a
pronounced effect on the melting temperature [12,13]. A change of the poly-
merization temperature from 40�C to 90�C produces a change in branch fre-
quency from 0.3 to 1.35 while the frequency of monomer reversals is nearly
constant (12.56 1%). The peak melting point for this series varies from
186�C (polymerization at 90�C) to 206�C (polymerization at 40�C).
7.2.1 Conformations and Transitions ofPolyvinyl Fluoride
Commercial PVF is atactic and contains approximately 12% head-to-head
linkages [9,11,18,19]. These studies have focused on the relationship between
152 POLYVINYL FLUORIDE
Table 7.1 General Properties of Polyvinyl Fluoride Films [1]
Property Typical Value Test Method Test Condition
PHYSICAL Bursting Strength 29�65 psi Mullen, ASTM D-774-67 22�C (72�F)
Coefficient ofFriction (Film/Metal)
0.18�0.21 ASTM D-1894-78 22�C (72�F)
Density 1.37�1.72 g/cc ASTM D-1505-68 22�C (72�F)
Impact Strength 10�20 in lb/mil Spencer ASTM D-3420-80 22�C (72�F)
Moisture Absorption ,0.5% for most types Water immersion 22�C (72�F)
Water VaporTransmission
9�57 g/m2d ASTM E-96-E-80 39.5�C. 80% RH
Refractive Index 1.40 nD ASTM D-542-50 AbbeRefractometer
30�C (86�F)
Tear Strength
Propagated 15�60 g/mil Elmendorf-ASTM D-1922-67 22�C (72�F)
Initial (Graves) 260�500 g/mil ASTM D-1004-66 22�C (72�F)
Tensile Modulus 300�3803103 psi ASTM D-882-80. Method A100% elong./min�Instron
22�C (72�F)
Ultimate TensileStrength
8�163103 psi ASTM D-882-80. Method A100% elong./min�Instron
22�C (72�F)
Ultimate Elongation 90�250% ASTM D-882-80. Method A100% elong./min�Instron
22�C (72�F)
Ultimate Yield 6000�4900 psi ASTM D-882-80. Method A100% elong./min�Instron
22�C (72�F)
(Continued )
Table 7.1 (Continued)
Property Typical Value Test Method Test Condition
CHEMICAL ChemicalResistance
No visible effect 1 yr immersion in
Acids 25�C (77�F)
Bases 25�C (77�F)
Solvents 25�C (77�F)
2 hr immersion in
Acids Boiling
Bases Boiling
Solvents Boiling
Strength and appearance notaffected
Soil Burial—5 yr —
Gas Permeability
Carbon Dioxide 11.1 cc/(100 in2)(24 hr)(atm)(mil)
ASTM D-1434-75 24�C (75�F)
Helium 150 cc/(100 in2)(24 hr)(atm)(mil)
ASTM D-1434-75 24�C (75�F)
Hydrogen 58.1 cc/(100 in2)(24 hr)(atm)(mil)
ASTM D-1434-75 24�C (75�F)
Nitrogen 0.25 cc/(100 in2)(24 hr)(atm)(mil)
ASTM D-1434-75 24�C (75�F)
Oxygen 3.2 cc/(100 in2)(24 hr)(atm)(mil)
ASTM D-3985-80 24�C (75�F)
Vapor Permeability(at part. press. orvapor at giventemp.)
Acetic Acid 45 g/(100 m2)(hr)(mil) ASTM E-96-80, modified 24�C (75�F)
Acetone 10,000 g/(100 m2)(hr)(mil) ASTM E-96-80, modified 24�C (75�F)
Benzene 90 g/(100 m2)(hr)(mil) ASTM E-96-80, modified 24�C (75�F)
CarbonTetrachloride
50 g/(100 m2)(hr)(mil) ASTM E-96-80, modified 24�C (75�F)
Ethyl Acetate 1000 g/(100 m2)(hr)(mil) ASTM E-96-80, modified 24�C (75�F)
Ethyl Alcohol 35 g/(100 m2)(hr)(mil) ASTM E-96-80, modified 24�C (75�F)
Hexane 55 g/(100 m2)(hr)(mil) ASTM E-96-80, modified 24�C (75�F)
Weatherability Excellent Florida exposure Facing South at 45� tohorizontal
THERMAL Aging 3000 hr Circulating Air Oven 150�C (302�F)
Heat Sealability Some varieties—see BulletinTD-14
Linear Coefficient ofExpansion
2.831025 in/in/�F
Shrinkage(Type 2) MD and TD
4% at 130�C (266�F) Air Oven, 30 min
(Type 3) TD only 4% at 170�C (338�F) Air Oven, 30 min
(Type 4) TD only 2.5% at 170�C (338�F) Air Oven, 30 min
Temperature Range
Continuous Use 272 to 107�C (2 98 to225�F)
Short Cycles orRelease (1-2 hr)
up to 175�C (350�F)
Zero Strength 260 to 300�C (500 to 570�F) Hot Bar
(Continued )
Table 7.1 (Continued)
Property Typical Value Test Method Test Condition
ELECTRICAL TTR20SG4 TWH20BS3
Corona Endurance(hr)
2.5 6.2 ASTM Suggested T method 60 cPs, 1000 V/mil
Dielectric Constant 8.5 11.0 ASTM D-150-81 1 Kc at 22�C (72�F)
Dielectric Strength(kV/mil)
3.4 3.5 ASTM D-150-81 60 cPs, kV/mil
Dissipation Factor(%)
1.6 1.4 ASTM D-150-81 1000 cPs, 22�C (72�F)
2.7 1.7 ASTM D-150-81 1000 cPs, 70�C (158�F)
4.2 3.4 ASTM D-150-81 10 Kc, 22�C (72�F)
2.1 1.6 ASTM D-150-81 10 Kc, 70�C (158�F)
Volume Resistivity(ohm.cm)
431013 73 1014 ASTM D-257-78 22�C (72�F)
231010 1.531011 ASTM D-257-78 100�C (212�F)
the concentration of head-to-head irregularity and branching on the PVF’s
melting point. Polymer consisting of pure head-to-tail linkages had a melting
point of 220�C as opposed to 160�C for PVF containing 30% head-to-head
reversals [9,11]. Further work has suggested that branching is the key variable
affecting the melting point [18,19]. Melting point varied from 186�C to
206�C when the polymerization temperature was decreased from 90�C to
40�C. This range produced 1.35% to 0.3% branching while monomer reversal
remained constant at about 12.5% [20].
Polyvinyl fluoride has a number of transitions below the melting tempera-
ture, the values of which depend on the measurement techniques. The lower
glass transition occurs at �15�C to �20�C and is believed to relate to relaxa-
tion free from restraint by crystallites. The upper glass transition ranges from
40�C�50�C, apparently due to amorphous regions under restraint by crystal-
lites [13]. Yet another transition occurs at �80�C because of short-chain
amorphous relaxation and another at 150�C associated with premelting intra-
crystalline relaxation.
PVF is nearly insoluble in all solvents below about 100�C % [10,20]. PVF
with more solubility has been produced by modifying the polymer with 0.1%
2-propanol. These resins were characterized in N,N-dimethylformamide solu-
tion containing 0.1 N LiBr. Number average molecular weight (Mn) ranged
from 76,000 to 234,000 as measured by osmometry.
7.3 Characteristics of Commercial PVF Films
PVF films are available in clear or pigmented forms at various degrees of
orientations, surface gloss, and adhesion treatment. Tedlars products are des-
ignated by a code such as TABNMJFP, which should be read according to
the description provided here.
Product Code TABNMJFP for Oriented Tedlars:
T5Tedlars
AB5Describes the film; for example, TR means a transparent film,
whereas WH indicates a white film.
NM5 Film thickness (gauge), ranges from 05�40; for example, 10 refers
to 0.001 inch equivalent to 25 μm, and 15 refers to 0.0015 inch equivalent
to 37 μm.
J5 Surface treatment for adhesion, A5 one-side treated, B5 two-side
treated, and S5 untreated.
1577: PROPERTIES OF COMMERCIAL POLYVINYL FLUORIDE FILMS
F5 Surface gloss, G5 glossy, M5medium gloss, L5 low gloss, and S5satin. E means enhance film for aircraft.
P5Measure of orientation, ranges from 1 to 5; 15most oriented,
55 least oriented, and 35medium orientation. Tedlars is referred to as
Type 3 or Type 5.
Some of the colors of Tedlars produced over the years are as follows:
BB5 bayberry; BK5 black; BR5 brownstone red; CC5 charcoal;
CD5 concord cream; CM5 island ivory; CN5Mediterranean olive; CR5colonial red; CW5 cloud white; DD5 desert sand; DS5 doeskin;
EB5 cameo white; ES5 eggshell; FM5 flame modified; GH5 dawn gray;
GO5Georgian sand; GY5 granite gray; HB5 sable brown; LG5 spruce
green; LY5 sun yellow; MB5misty beige; MR5 low gloss release;
PD5 pepper dust; RB5 royal blue; SB5 Salem blue; SE5 transparent;
TU5 tawny; WB5 antique white; WH5 shell white; WS5warm sand.
Product Code TABNMJHP for Unoriented Tedlars SP:
T5Tedlars
AB5Describes the film; for example, TR means a transparent film,
whereas WH indicates a white film.
NM5 Film thickness (gauge), ranges from 05�20; for example, 10 refers
to 0.001 inch equivalent to 25 μm, and 15 refers to 0.0015 inch equivalent
to 37 μm.
J5 Surface treatment for adhesion, A5 one-side treated, and
S5 untreated.
H5 Surface gloss, H5 high gloss, G5 glossy M5medium gloss,
L5 low gloss, and S5 satin.
P5Carrier or no carrier, can be either 8 or 9; 85with carrier film and
95without carrier film.
Tedlars SP is coated on a carrier film, which is removed before shipping.
It protects the PVF film during surface treatment for adhesion, slitting, and
other handling steps.
An increase in the type number of Tedlars, such as Type 2, Type 3, and
Type 4, indicates lower degree of orientation. Orientation of extrusion cast
films ranges from a high tensile strength, high flex variety (Type 2) to a high
elongation, high tear modification (Type 4), and to minimally oriented Types
5 and unoriented Types 8 and 9 (Tedlars SP).
158 POLYVINYL FLUORIDE
Type 5 PVF film has minimal orientation, rendering it suitable for applica-
tions in which deep draw and texturing are required. The characteristics of
cleanability, durability, color stability, and color reproducibility are lasting in
this type of film. It is also printable and can be laminated to a variety of sub-
strates. Applications of Type 5 film include formed parts requiring surface
protection such as aircraft cabin interior surfaces containing complex curves.
Because of high degree of formability, this film has ultimate elongation
almost twice that of standard Type 3 film.
Type 9, or Tedlars SP (made by DuPont-proprietary SP technology), is pro-
duced through a web coating technique to minimize orientation. These films are
designed to provide maximum conformability to substrates where deep draw is
required. Figure 7.1 shows an example of a decorative laminate made with PVF
film for an aircraft window section requiring deep draw. When Tedlars SP
films are subjected to high levels of forming, significant recovery stresses do
not develop thanks to the minimal orientation of these films.
Commercial PVF films come with different surface characteristics. Surface
“A” (one side adherable) and “B” (two sides adherable) surfaces are used with
adhesives for bonding to a wide variety of substrates. These surfaces have
excellent compatibility with many classes of adhesives, including acrylics,
polyesters, epoxies, rubbers, and pressure-sensitive mastics. The “S” surface
has excellent antistick properties for use as a mold release agent for epoxies,
Figure 7.1 An aircraft window section requiring deep draw. (Courtesy of
Schneller Corp., www.schneller.com.)
1597: PROPERTIES OF COMMERCIAL POLYVINYL FLUORIDE FILMS
phenolics, rubbers, and other plastic resins. It is especially suited as a release
sheet for printed circuit board lamination. Outdoor weathering tests on oriented
PVF films have been run since 1970’s. Weather resistance, inertness, and
strength characteristics have allowed its broad use as a finish for metals, hard-
boards, felts, or plastics in architectural, decorative, or industrial uses.
Properties of interest to the electrical industry include excellent hydrolytic
stability and high dielectric strength and dielectric constant. Tedlars PVF
(by DuPont) film is generally available in thicknesses from 0.5 to 2.0 mil,
although at times specialty grades with higher thickness have been produced.
PVF films are strong, flexible, and fatigue-resistant. The resistance to failure
by flexing is outstanding. And the films perform well in temperatures ranging
from approximately �72�C to 107�C (�98�F to 225�F), with intermittent
short-term peaking up to 204�C (400�F). Some physical and thermal proper-
ties of different grades of oriented and nonoriented PVF films are summa-
rized in Tables 7.2 and 7.3, respectively.
7.4 Chemical Properties
PVF film has excellent resistance to chemicals, solvents, and stains. It
retains its film form and strength, even when boiled in strong acids and
bases. At ordinary temperatures, the film is not affected by many classes of
common solvents, including hydrocarbons and chlorinated solvents. It is
impermeable to greases and oils. It is partially soluble in a few highly polar
solvents at temperatures above 149�C (300�F) [23].Table 7.4 gives the chemical resistance of polyvinyl fluoride to a number
of common organic and inorganic chemicals. PVF samples were immersed in
these chemicals at room temperature and at 75�C. No changes were observed
in the PVF samples at the end of the indicated exposure period. Some of
these compounds are quite aggressive toward most plastics. Examples
include: acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, trichloroethylene, phenol, nitric acid,
sulfuric acid, and sodium hydroxide. Table 7.5 shows the stain resistance of
PVF films to a few common and potent agents such as iodine.
PVF films have excellent hydrolytic stability as demonstrated by retention
of flex life, impact strength, and break elongation after 1500 hours of expo-
sure to steam at 100�C.
7.5 Optical Properties
The optical properties of polyvinyl fluoride films have spurred its use in a
variety of outdoor applications such as cladding for siding and trims on
160 POLYVINYL FLUORIDE
Table 7.2 Typical Properties of Oriented Grades of Tedlars PVF Films [21]
Description
1.0 mil UV Screening
Transparent Type 3
1.0 mil
Transparent
Type 3
1.5 mil Low
Gloss White
Type 3
2.0 mil Satin
White Type 3
Designation Units TUT10BG3 TTR10BG3 TWH15BL3 TWH20BS3 Test Method
Physical Properties
Area Factor ft2/lb 14.0 14.0 87 60
m2/kg 28.7 28.7 17.8 12.3
Ultimate Tensile kpsi 13 13 8 9 Instron ASTM D-882-80
Strength, Min.
(MD)
MPa 90 90 55 62 Method A—100%/min
Tensile Modulus
(MD)
kpsi 310 301 305 385 Instron ASTM D-882-80
MPa 2138 2075 2103 2655 Method A—10% min
Ultimate
Elongation, Min.
(MD)
Instron ASTM D-882-80
% 95 95 90 110 Method A—100%/min
Bursting Strength psi/mil 56.9 48.1 28.9 . 34.7 Mullen
MPa/m 15,446 13,057 7845 .9420 ASTM D-774-67 (1971)
Tear Strength—
Propagating (MD)
g/mil 17.1 19.2 23.1 46.2 Elmendorf
kN/m 6.6 7.4 8.9 17.8 ASTM D-1922-67 (1978)
Tear Strength—
Initial (MD)
g/mil 373 423 333 506 Graves
kN/m 144 163 129 195 ASTM D-1004-66 (1981)
(Continued )
Table 7.2 (Continued)
Description
1.0 mil UV Screening
Transparent Type 3
1.0 mil
Transparent
Type 3
1.5 mil Low
Gloss White
Type 3
2.0 mil Satin
White Type 3
Designation Units TUT10BG3 TTR10BG3 TWH15BL3 TWH20BS3 Test Method
Tear Strength—
Initial(TD)
g/mil 435 478 264 377 Graves
kN/m 168 185 102 146 ASTM D-1004-66 (1981)
Impact Strength in lb/mil 20.3 17.5 9.6 16.1 Spencer
kJ/m 90.3 77.9 42.7 71.6 ASTM D-3420-80
Specific Gravity — 1.37 1.39 1.46 1.71 ASTM D-1505-68 (1979)
Coefficient of
Friction Film/Metal
— 0.21 0.21 0.18 0.18 ASTM D-1894-78
Coefficient of
Abrasion
— — — 385 — ASTM D-658-81
Moisture
Absorption
% , 0.5 , 0.5 , 0.5 , 0.5 ASTM D-570-81
Moisture Vapor
Transmission
g/m2d 30.1 30.2 24.5 16.9 ASTM E-96E-80
Thermal Properties
Aging in Air Hours to
embrittlement
3000 3000 3000 3000 Oven at 300�F
Linear Coefficient
of Expansion
(MD)
m/mk 7.8310�5 8.83 1026 6.731025 9.731026 D-696-79 (at 50�70�C)
Linear Coefficient
of Expansion (TD)
m/mk 8.131025 7.13 1025 8.031025 8.331025
Shrinkage, Max.
(TD)
% at �C 6 at 150 5 at 170 5 at 170 5 at 170 ASTM D-1204-78
Specific Heat cal/g �C 0.42 0.24 0.26 0.25 DuPont 990
kJ/kg κ 1.76 1.01 1.09 1.05 Thermal Analyzer
Table 7.3 Typical Properties of Unoriented Grades of Tedlars SP PVF Films [22]
Test Method
Units S.I.
(English)
0.5 mil
Transparent
Medium Gloss
TTR5JAM9
1.0 mil
Transparent
High Gloss
TTR10AH9
1.0 mil UV
Screening
High Gloss
TUA10AH9
1.0 mil
Colored
High Gloss
TXX10AH9
PHYSICAL Tensile Strength ASTM D882-80
Method A�100%
MPa (kpsi) 34 (5) 41 (6) 41 (6) 34 (5)
Tensile Modulus ASTM D882-80
Method A�10%
MPa (kpsi) — — — —
Elongation�Ultimate ASTM D882-80 % 175 200 200 100
Tear Strength, MD ASTM D1004,
Graves
kN/m
(g/mil)
550 (212) 550 (212) 550 (212) 550 (212)
Tear Strength, TD ASTM D1004,
Graves
kN/m
(g/mil)
550 (212) 550 (212) 550 (212) 550 (212)
Unit Weight ASTM D1505-68 g/m2 17.5 35 42�46 34�43
Coefficient of
Friction Film/Metal
ASTM D1894 — 0.21 — —
Falling Sand
Abrasion
ASTM D968 L — 234 — —
Moisture Absorption ASTM D570 % — 0.5 — —
Moisture Vapor
Transmission
ASTM E96E-80 g/m2 � d — 30 — —
Refractive Index ASTM D542-50 — 1.46 — —
Gloss 85 Gardner 31 93 93 93
Gloss 60 Gardner 27 81 81 81
Gloss 20 Gardner 6 57 57 57
Haze, Internal Gardner 2 0.6 1.7 —
Haze, Total Gardner 33 2.6 1.4 —
THERMAL Linear Coefficient of
Expansion, MD
D696-79 n/m � K — 9 • 1025 — —
Linear Coefficient of
Expansion, TD
D696-79 m/m � K — 9 • 1025 — —
Shrinkage, Max. ASTM D1204-78 % at 170 C 2 2 2 2
Specific Heat DuPont 990 cal/g � C — 0.24 — —
kJ/kg � K — 1.01 — —
Temperature Range
Continuous Use C 272 to 107 272 to 107 272 to 107 272 to 107
Short Cycle C Up to 175 Up to 175 Up to 175 Up to 175
ELECTRICAL Dielectric Constant ASTM D151-81 7
Dielectric Strength ASTM D151-81 (V/mil) 3000
Dissipation Factor ASTM D151-81 % 0.2
Volume Resistivity ASTM D257-7B ohm/cm 4 • 1013
CHEMICAL
RESISTANCE
Acids 2 hr boiling No Visible
Effect
Bases Immersion No Visible
Effect
(Continued )
Table 7.3 (Continued)
Test Method
Units S.I.
(English)
0.5 mil
Transparent
Medium Gloss
TTR5JAM9
1.0 mil
Transparent
High Gloss
TTR10AH9
1.0 mil UV
Screening
High Gloss
TUA10AH9
1.0 mil
Colored
High Gloss
TXX10AH9
Vapor Permeability ASTM E96-80 Mod. g/(100 m2)
(h)(mil)
Acetic Acid ASTM E96-80 Mod. — 45 — —
Acetone ASTM E96-80 Mod. — 10000 — —
Benzene ASTM E96-80 Mod. — 90 — —
Carbon
Tetrachloride
ASTM E96-80 Mod. — 50 — —
Ethyl Acetate ASTM E96-80 Mod. — 1000 — —
Ethyl Alcohol ASTM E96-80 Mod. — 35 — —
Hexane ASTM E96-80 Mod. — 55 — —
Water ASTM E96-80 Mod. — 22 — —
Weatherability Atlas
Weatherometer
Excellent Excellent Excellent
Table 7.4 Chemical Resistance of Polyvinyl Fluoride to Select Organic and Inorganic Chemicals [24]
Exposure Medium Exposure Time Exposure Temperature Exposure Note
Glacial Acetic Acid One Year Room Temperature No Change
Hydrochloric Acid (10% & 30%) One Year Room Temperature No Change
Hydrochloric Acid (10%) One Year Room Temperature No Change
Nitric Acid (20%) One Year Room Temperature No Change
Nitric Acid (10% & 40%) One Year Room Temperature No Change
Phosphoric Acid (20%) One Year Room Temperature No Change
Sulfuric Acid (20%) One Year Room Temperature No Change
Sulfuric Acid (30%) One Year Room Temperature No Change
Ammonium Hydroxide (12% & 39%) One Year Room Temperature No Change
Ammonium Hydroxide (10%) One Year Room Temperature No Change
Sodium Hydroxide (10%) One Year Room Temperature No Change
Sodium Hydroxide (10% & 54%) One Year Room Temperature No Change
Acetone One Year Room Temperature No Change
Benzene One Year Room Temperature No Change
Benzyl Alcohol One Year Room Temperature No Change
Dioxane (14) One Year Room Temperature No Change
Ethyl Acetate One Year Room Temperature No Change
Ethyl Alcohol One Year Room Temperature No Change
(Continued )
Table 7.4 (Continued)
Exposure Medium Exposure Time Exposure Temperature Exposure Note
n-Heptane One Year Room Temperature No Change
Kerosene One Year Room Temperature No Change
Methyl Ethyl Ketone One Year Room Temperature No Change
Toluene One Year Room Temperature No Change
Trichloroethylene One Year Room Temperature No Change
Phenol One Year Room Temperature No Change
Phenol (5%) One Year Room Temperature No Change
Sodium Chloride (10%) One Year Room Temperature No Change
Sodium Sulfide (9%) One Year Room Temperature No Change
Tricresyl Phosphate One Year Room Temperature No Change
Glacial Acetic Acid 31 days 75�C No Change
Hydrochloric Acid (10% & 30%) 31 days 75�C No Change
Hydrochloric Acid (10%) 31 days 75�C No Change
Nitric Acid (20%) 31 days 75�C No Change
Nitric Acid (10% & 40%) 31 days 75�C No Change
Phosphoric Acid (20%) 31 days 75�C No Change
Sulfuric Acid (20%) 31 days 75�C No Change
Sulfuric Acid (30%) 31 days 75�C No Change
Ammonium Hydroxide (12% & 39%) 31 days 75�C No Change
Ammonium Hydroxide (10%) 31 days 75�C No Change
Sodium Hydroxide (10%) 31 days 75�C No Change
Sodium Hydroxide (10% & 54%) 31 days 75�C No Change
Acetone 31 days 75�C No Change
Benzene 31 days 75�C No Change
Benzyl Alcohol 31 days 75�C No Change
Dioxane (14) 31 days 75�C No Change
Ethyl Acetate 31 days 75�C No Change
Ethyl Alcohol 31 days 75�C No Change
n-Heptane 31 days 75�C No Change
Kerosene 31 days 75�C No Change
Methyl Ethyl Ketone 31 days 75�C No Change
Toluene 31 days 75�C No Change
Trichloroethylene 31 days 75�C No Change
Phenol 31 days 75�C No Change
Phenol (5%) 31 days 75�C No Change
Sodium Chloride (10%) 31 days 75�C No Change
Sodium Sulfide (9%) 31 days 75�C No Change
Tricresyl Phosphate 31 days 75�C No Change
Table 7.5 Stain Resistance of Polyvinyl Fluoride Films [23]
Staining Agent TTR20SG4 Glossy TWH15BL3 Delustered
Iodine “Lestoil” (full strength) Dry towel
Grape Juice Damp towel Damp towel
Grease “Lestoil” (full strength) “409” all-purposecleaner
Ink, Carter’sBlack
“409” all-purposecleaner
Methylene chloride
Note: Staining agents were applied to the film, allowed to dry for 24 hr, and then removed. Above
are the strongest methods required to completely remove these stains.
100
7
6
5
300
200
100
500 1000Hours in 100ºC (212ºF) steam
%
200
300
Flex life
(a)
(b)
(c)
Impact strength*
Elongation
Fle
x cy
cles
× 1
0–3
kg-c
m/m
il
Figure 7.2 Hydrolytic stability of polyvinyl fluoride: (a) flex life to fatigue
failure; (b) impact strength; and (c) elongation at break [21].
170 POLYVINYL FLUORIDE
buildings, awnings and signs, and automotive exteriors. Transparent grades of
PVF film are basically transparent to solar radiation in the near ultraviolet, visi-
ble, and near infrared ranges of the light spectrum. Ultraviolet absorbing types
of PVF films protect substrates against ultraviolet light attack (Figure 7.3).
The refractive indexes of PVF and other fluoropolymer films are provided
in Figure 7.4 and Table 7.6. UT grade is opaque ultraviolet-opaque transpar-
ent PVF film, and TR is the transparent grade of PVF including resistance to
UV. Increase in fluorine content of the fluoropolymer decreases its refractive
index; thus, FEP and PFA have the lowest index values. Haze of PVF and
other fluoropolymer films versus light wave length is given in Figure 7.5.
The fluoropolymers in this figure are semicrystalline materials, but only films
of PVF (UT20BG3) and ethylene tetrafluoroethylene copolymer exhibit sig-
nificant haze. Fluorinated ethylene propylene copolymer, perfluoroalkoxy
polymer, and polyvinyl fluoride TR10AH9 films are very clear and show
much less haze than the UV-opaque Tedlars grade [25].
7.6 Thermal Properties
Polyvinyl fluoride performs well in temperatures ranging from approxi-
mately �72�C to 107�C (�98�F to 225�F), with intermittent short-term
1 mil Transparent Tedlar ®PVF Film—TTR10BG3
1 mil UV Opaque, transparentTedlar ® PVF Film—TUT10BG1
Infra-red
Visiblerange
Ultra-violet
20
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
Wavelength, µm*
1.0 1.2
40
Tra
nsm
issi
on, % 60
80
100
1/8 in Thick window glass
Figure 7.3 Spectral transmission of polyvinyl fluoride [23].
1717: PROPERTIES OF COMMERCIAL POLYVINYL FLUORIDE FILMS
peaking up to 204�C (400�F). Figure 7.6 shows the effect of thermal aging
on mechanical properties of polyvinyl fluoride films when aged at 149�C(300�F). These properties include tensile strength, elongation at break, impact
strength, and flex life to fatigue failure.
Figure 7.7 illustrates the effect of temperature on mechanical properties of
polyvinyl fluoride films, including tensile strength, elongation at break, and
tensile modulus.
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.3150 350 550 750 950
Wavelength (nm)
Inde
x of
ref
ract
ion
“n”
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.3
Inde
x of
ref
ract
ion
“n”
Wavelength (nm)
1150 1350 1550
150 170 190 210 230 250 270 290
Tedlar® TR10AH9Teflon® ETFE
Tedlar® UT20BG3Teflon® FEP
Teflon® PFA
Figure 7.4 Refractive index of fluoropolymer films as a function of light
wavelength [25].
Table 7.6 Refractive Index of Fluoropolymer Films at d-line at 589.3 nm (LightWavelength) [25]
FP
Tedlar�
PVFUT20BG3
Tedlar�
PVFTR10AH9
Teflon�
ETFETeflon�
FEPTeflon�
PFA
n atD-line
1.474 1.478 1.398 1.350 1.343
PVF5Polyvinyl fluoride (41% by weight fluorine).
ETFE5Ethylene tetrafluoroethylene copolymer (59 % by weight fluorine).
FEP5Perfluorinated ethylene propylene copolymer (76% by weight fluorine).
PFA5Perfluoroalkoxy polymer (76% by weight fluorine).
UT grade is ultraviolet (UV) opaque transparent PVF film.
TR is the transparent grade of PVF (transparent to UV.)
172 POLYVINYL FLUORIDE
7.7 Electrical Properties
Polyvinyl fluoride films have electrical properties that are of interest in some
applications such as electrical insulation. These characteristics include a high
dielectric constant and high dielectric strength, as shown in Figures 7.8 through
7.11. The excellent thermal aging properties and chemical resistance of Tedlars
offer many functional contributions in a wide variety of applications.
Table 7.7 shows the typical electrical properties of clear and pigmented
Tedlars films. TST20BG4 is a 2 mil (50 μm) thick, Type 4, clear glossy
film; and TWH20BS3 is a 2 mil (50 μm) thick, Type 3, white film with a
satin finish.
The dielectric strength of PVF film varies with film thickness, as shown in
Figure 7.12, and ranges from 2000 to 5000 volts/mil. It is essentially the
same for transparent and colored varieties.
7.7.1 Piezoelectric and Pyroelectric Properties
PVF is one of the few materials that have unusual and interesting properties
called piezoelectricity and pyroelectricity. The direct piezoelectric effect was dis-
covered when electric charges were created by mechanical stress (pressure) on
the surface of tourmaline crystals. A concomitant property of piezo-crystals and
piezo-materials is pyroelectricity, which is defined as the ability of certain mate-
rials to generate a temporary voltage when they are heated or cooled [28].
Tourmaline is an inorganic mineral that occurs naturally with a formula of:
ðNa11 ;Ca21ÞðLi11;Mg21;Al31Þ ðAl31; Fe31;Mn31Þ6ðBO3Þ3ðSi6O18Þ ðOHÞ4:
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%380 480 580
Wavelength (nm)
Haz
e
680 780
Tedlar® TR10AH9 1 mil
Teflon® ETFE 5 mil
Tedlar® UT20BG3 2 mil
Teflon® FEP 5 mil
Teflon® PFA 5 mil
Figure 7.5 Haze of fluoropolymer films as a function of light
wavelength [25].
1737: PROPERTIES OF COMMERCIAL POLYVINYL FLUORIDE FILMS
250
200
150
100
50
5
4
3
2
1
100
10
1
0.1500 1000 1500
Hours in 149ºC (300ºF) air
%10
20
Tensile strength
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Elongation
Impact strength*
Flex life
psi ×
10–3
kg-c
m/m
ilF
lex
cycl
es ×
10–3
Tedlar ® 2
Tedlar ® 3pigmented
Tedlar ® 3pigmented
Tedlar ® 2
Tedlar ® 3pigmented
Tedlar ® 2
Tedlar ® 3pigmented
Tedlar ® 2
Figure 7.6 Effect of thermal aging on mechanical properties of polyvinyl
fluoride films: (a) tensile strength; (b) elongation at break; (c) impact strength;
and (d) flex life to fatigue failure (Tedlars 2 is more oriented than Tedlars 3)
[21].
174 POLYVINYL FLUORIDE
Other natural inorganic crystals, man-made ceramics and a few polymers
including polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and polyvinyl fluoride (PVF), polyte-
trafluoroethylene (PTFE), and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) have been found to have
piezoelectricity and pyroelectricity properties. Nearly all pyroelectric polymers
are semicrystalline except PVC, which is not crystalline. In spite of noncrystalli-
nity, PVC has relatively high piezoelectric and pyroelectric coefficients.
300
200
100
500
100
10
0(–18)
50(10)
100(38)
200(93)
Temperature, ºC (ºF)
300(149)
%
10
5
15
25
20
Tensile strength
(a)
(b)
(c)
Elongation
Tensile modulus
psi ×
10–3
psi ×
10–3
Tedlar ® 3pigmented
Tedlar ® 2 & 4
Tedlar ® pigmented
Tedlar ® 4
Tedlar ® 2
Tedlar ® 3pigmented
Tedlar ® 4
Tedlar ® 2
Figure 7.7 Effect of temperature on mechanical properties of polyvinyl
fluoride films: (a) tensile strength; (b) elongation at break; and (c) tensile
modulus [21].
1757: PROPERTIES OF COMMERCIAL POLYVINYL FLUORIDE FILMS
The most common piezoceramic is lead zirconate titanate (PZT) [chemical
notation: Pb(Zr, Ti)O3], and its piezopolymer counterpart is polyvinylidene fluo-
ride (PVDF). Table 7.8 lists piezoelectric/pyroelectric materials and the respec-
tive coefficients for these properties. When the coefficients of PVF are compared
with those of other polymers in Table 7.8, it is evident polyvinyl fluoride has
fairly weak piezoelectric and modestly strong pyroelectric properties.
140ºC
Dielectric constant—Tedlar ® TST20BG4 vs.frequency at various temperatures
Die
lect
ric c
onst
ant
100ºC
50ºC
23ºC
100 1000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000
Frequency, Hz(Log scale)
789
1011121314151617181920
Figure 7.8 Dielectric constant versus frequency at various temperatures [26].
140ºC
Dissipation factor—Tedlar ® TST20BG4 vs.frequency at various temperatures
Dis
sipa
tion
fact
or
100ºC
50ºC
23ºC
100 1000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000
Frequency, Hz(Log scale)
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
Figure 7.9 Dissipation factor versus frequency at various temperatures [26].
176 POLYVINYL FLUORIDE
Some of the applications of piezoelectric materials include the following:
1. Inkjet print heads
2. Optical switches
3. Actuators
4. Accelerometers
140ºC
Dielectric constant—Tedlar ® TWH20BS3 vs.frequency at various temperatures
Die
lect
ric c
onst
ant
100ºC
50ºC
23ºC
100 1000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000
Frequency, Hz(Log scale)
789
1011121314151617181920
Figure 7.10 Dielectric constant versus frequency at various temperatures [26].
140ºC
Dissipation factor—Tedlar ® TWH20BS3 vs.frequency at various temperatures
Dis
sipa
tion
fact
or
100ºC
50ºC
23ºC
100 1000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000
Frequency, Hz(Log scale)
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
Figure 7.11 Dissipation factor versus frequency at various temperatures [26].
1777: PROPERTIES OF COMMERCIAL POLYVINYL FLUORIDE FILMS
5. Level/flow detectors
6. Micro-positioners
7. Therapeutic medical ultrasound
8. Diagnostic medical ultrasound
9. Hydrophones
Applications of pyroelectric materials include the following:
1. Low weight vibrational sensor
2. Low weight accelerometer
Table 7.7 Examples of Electrical Properties of Commercial Tedlars Film [26]
Property TST20BG4 TWH20BS3 Test Method
Volume resistivity, Ω.cm
At 23�C (73�F) 1.83 1014 6.93 1013 D257-78
At 100�C (212�F) 7.43 1018 1.93 1011
Surface resistivity, Ω/square
At 23�C (73�F) 6.13 1015 1.63 1015 D257-78
At 100�C (212�F) 7.23 1011 1.63 1012
Short-term dielectric strength
DC � V/mil 3700 3200 D149-81
AC � RMS V/mil 2100 1800
5
4
3
2
1
0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0
Thickness, Mils
Vol
ts/M
il ×
10–3
Figure 7.12 PVF 6 lm dielectric strength at 25�C [27].
178 POLYVINYL FLUORIDE
3. Pressure or force sensor
4. Mechanical deformation transducer
5. Temperature transducer
6. Infrared sensor
7. Imaging device-pyrometer
8. Flowmeter
9. Water vapor sensor
10. Micro-motion sensor
11. Semiconductor integrated FET sensor
12. Event counter
13. Ultrasonic detection of failures in metals or plastics
Table 7.8 Piezoelectric and Pyroelectric Constants (d31) of VariousMaterials [29]
Material Material Structure
PiezoelectricCoefficient,pC/N
PiezoelectricCoefficient,µC/K.m2
Polymers
PVDF 2CF22CH22CF22CFH2(β-phase)
20�30 30�40
PVDF δ-phase 10�17 10�15
VDF-TriFE 2CF22CH22CFH2CF22 15�30 30�40
PVF 2CH22CFH2CH22CFH2 1 10
PVC CH22CClH2CH22CClH2 1 1�3
Nylon 11 (γ-phase) 3 3
Ceramics
Lead zirconatetitanate
Pb[ZrxTi(12x)]O3
0# x# 1)100�300 50�300
Barium titanate BaTiO3 80 200
Quartz SiO4 (silicon�oxygentetrahedral)
2
1797: PROPERTIES OF COMMERCIAL POLYVINYL FLUORIDE FILMS
7.8 Weathering Performance
Weathering resistance, or weatherability, refers to the resistance of polyvinyl
fluoride to degradation by sunlight in combination with other elements of climate.
The outdoor durability of PVF is among the characteristics discovered early in
the development this polymer. Most plastics degrade in outdoor environments,
exhibited by fading, deterioration of mechanical properties and being abraded.
PVF was found to possess outstanding resistance to all elements of the outdoor
climate. All key properties of PVF are retained to a significant extent after years
of exposure, even in challenging environments such as Florida. Thus, polyvinyl
fluoride became a coating of choice for siding and cladding on the exterior of
buildings and other objects such as radomes (a radome is a dome that protects
radar equipment, usually made from material transparent to radio waves).
Decorative requirements of architectural designs are met by the availability of
PVF films in a variety of colors. Durable pigments have been used to manufac-
ture a vast number of colors and appearances of PVF films. The inside surfaces
of PVF films are treated to render them bondable using adhesives. These films
are laminated to a variety of substrates, including metal, plastic, and wood, thus
imparting a long serviceable life to the substrate. Most colors exhibit no more
than 5 NBS units (Modified Adams Color Coordinates) color change after 20
years of vertical exposure outdoors.
There are two ways of testing the weather resistance of materials that include
plastics: outdoors and accelerated. Outdoors testing requires placement of
numerous samples outdoors under well-defined exposure conditions, typically
according to ASTM D1435-05. Periodically, samples are removed to measure
the properties of interest. The results of outdoor weathering of plastics represent
the closest outcome to what may be expected in an outdoors application.
Locations are usually selected according to the latitude and the prevailing
climate. The biggest drawbacks to outdoor testing are the length of time and cost.
The American Society for Testing Materials defines accelerated weather-
ing as follows:
The exposure of plastics to cyclic laboratory conditions involving
changes in temperature, relative humidity and ultraviolet (UV) radiant
energy, with or without direct water spray, in an attempt to produce
changes in the material similar to those observed after long-term con-
tinuous outdoor exposure.
Accelerated weathering machines have been devised for a long time to
mimic the action of sunlight and the elements. The early machines used car-
bon arc, which was replaced by Xenon arc and ultraviolet lamps in newer
apparatus. The most popular of these machines are called by their trade
180 POLYVINYL FLUORIDE
names Weather-O-Meters, Xenotests (by Atlas Material Testing Solutions),
and QUVs Weathering Tester (by Q-Lab). To date, no machine has been
found that completely duplicates the natural light and climate conditions
because of the complexity and unpredictability of the natural weather ele-
ments. The correlation between outdoor performance of plastics and weather-
ing tests is inexact. The biggest benefit of accelerated testing in machines is
in comparison of types of plastics and other variables in formulation of a
given plastic such as PVF. Machine data are useful in characterizing the
weatherability of plastics and differentiation of different materials.
Weatherability of polyvinyl fluoride films has been studied in outdoor
environments and under accelerated conditions. The popular locations for
weathering in the United States are stations in south Florida and Arizona
because of the intensity of the sun and humidity in the case of Florida.
Unsupported transparent PVF has retained at least 50% of its tensile strength
after 10 years in Florida facing south at 45�. Color stability, Weather-O-
meter, and Florida exposure are shown in Figures 7.13 through 7.15.
The darkness-lightness of film color affects the temperature that the film
experiences; the higher the temperature, the higher the rate of degradation.
Temperature of the exposed film is an important consideration is signage and
awnings. Figure 7.16 shows temperature increase (over ambient temperature)
5
4
3
2
1
01000 2000 3000 4000 5000
Hours
Note: Colored films vary slightly in color retention, depending on color.
E—
NB
S u
nits
Figure 7.13 Color stability: accelerated exposure using a carbon arc (Atlas
Sunshine Arc Weather-Ometer) [23].
1817: PROPERTIES OF COMMERCIAL POLYVINYL FLUORIDE FILMS
of vinyl siding substrate coated with a color polyvinyl fluoride film as a
result of exposure in a moderate climate. Darker colors such as brown and
gray can reach as much as 39�C (70�F) hotter than the ambient temperature
when exposed at a 45� angle, whereas the surface temperature of light colors,
such as white, under identical conditions may reach only 11�C (20�F)over ambient temperature; and dark colors at a 45� exposure angle can be as
100
80
60
40
20
0
% o
f ini
tial p
rope
rtie
sre
tain
ed
1 2 3 4 5 6
Years
Elongation
Tensile
Figure 7.15 Physical property retention of PVF film: Florida exposure (45�
facing south) [23].
100
80
60
40
20
02000 4000 6000 8000
Hours
% o
f ini
tial p
rope
rtie
sre
tain
ed
Tensile
Elongation
Figure 7.14 Accelerated exposure of PVF film using carbon arc (Atlas
Sunshine Arc Weather-O-meter) [23].
182 POLYVINYL FLUORIDE
much as 11�C (20�F) hotter than those at a vertical angle, whereas light col-
ors at a 45� angle may be only several degrees more than those at a vertical
angle [30].
Adding color pigments or ultraviolet (UV) ray absorbers to PVF films pro-
tects the components behind them differently than colored films. The pig-
ments in colored PVF films act as blockers to UV and visible light and are
longer lasting than are the additives used to screen out UV light in the trans-
parent films. Because the clear films do not contain pigments, they rely on
these special additives to help keep harmful UV light from affecting the film
and the adhesive.
There are transparent grades of Tedlars PVF films that contain UV block-
ers. Clear PVF film with UV absorber additives initially blocks greater than
99% of the UV light over the energy wavelength range of 290�350 nm.
Lower energy light in the range of 350�400 nm is blocked to a lesser extent
by the film. As with all other transparent films, the UV screening film trans-
mits visible light.
The UV absorber additives in PVF film do not endure permanently. After
a period of time, these absorbers are gradually depleted, and the more
destructive, higher energy light is allowed to pass through the film. Studies
of free-standing, 1 mil thick, UV-screening Tedlars film grade TUT10BG3
weathered in south Florida at a 45� angle facing south indicate that under
these conditions, the UV absorbers will be slightly less than 50% depleted
after 5 years (see Figure 7.17). The rate of depletion of UV absorber may
80
70
60
50
40
30
2020 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Tem
pera
ture
incr
ease
ove
r am
bien
t, ºF Vertical angle exposure
45º Angle exposure
Increasing film color lightness
Figure 7.16 Temperature increase of vinyl laminates surfaced with PVF film
versus film darkness [30].
1837: PROPERTIES OF COMMERCIAL POLYVINYL FLUORIDE FILMS
increase when the film is laminated to a substrate. A laminate reaches a high-
er temperature than a free-standing film. This difference in temperature can
accelerate the degradation of the UV absorber.
Uncoated and unclad vinyl fabrics show a different weathering pattern.
The appearance of these fabrics deteriorates gradually, typically manifesting
by loss of gloss and accumulation of dirt (see Figure 7.18). A material that
loses gloss will appear lighter and less colorful to the eye. Vinyl that is
embedded with dirt also will appear less colorful. The benefit of PVF film is
100
80
60
40
20
00 2 4 6 8 10
Florida exposure (Years): 45º Angle, south facing
Initi
al a
bsor
banc
e (a
t 360
nm),
%
Figure 7.17 Average rate of UV absorber degradation in free-standing
Tedlars PVF film (TUT10BG3) exposed in Florida [30].
80
100
60
40
20
00 1 2 3 4 5
Years
60º
Glo
ss r
eten
tion,
%
TUT10BG3 Tedlar ® filmPigmented vinyl
Figure 7.18 Percent gloss retention in south Florida weathering at 45� anglesouthern exposure [30].
184 POLYVINYL FLUORIDE
that once it becomes dirty, the initial appearance can be restored easily, with-
out harsh chemicals.
7.9 Description of Available Product andProperties of Unoriented PVF Films
The trade name of unoriented PVF film is Tedlars SP (by DuPont). This
family of products possesses a few major attributes. First, it is manufactured
by web coating on a carrier film. Second, multilayer adhesive-free films can
be produced to replace adhesive-bonded laminates in some end uses. Third, it
is much easier to manufacture thin PVF films using SP technology.
Following the cure of PVF coating and the finishing steps, PVF film is
removed from the carrier. Some of the manufacturing steps, such as slitting
and surface treatment for adhesion, are facilitated by the presence of the
carrier. Presence of a PVF carrier is even useful for some applications such
as laminations in which the PVF surface must be protected [22].
The unoriented PVF films are used in a variety of parts, including aircraft
interiors, signs, awnings, body side moldings, wall coverings, architectural
panels, and thermoplastic laminates. Unoriented PVF film has been manufac-
tured in a broad range of colors and thicknesses including those required for
aircraft interior walls and ceilings [22].
Table 7.3 presents the properties of a few single-layer Tedlars SP PVF films.
7.9.1 Physical/Thermal Properties
In spite of minimal orientation, unoriented PVF films are strong, flexible,
and fatigue-resistant. Their resistance to failure by flexing is outstanding.
They performs well in temperatures ranging from approximately �73�C to
107�C (�100�F to 225�F), with intermittent short-term peaking up to 204�C(400�F). Figures 7.19 through 7.23 show a number of properties of unor-
iented PVF films as a function of temperature.
7.9.2 Chemical Properties
Unoriented PVF films have excellent resistance to chemicals, solvents,
and stains. They retain strength even when exposed to strong acids and bases.
At ordinary temperatures, unoriented PVF film is not affected by many
classes of common solvents, including hydrocarbons and chlorinated
solvents. It is resistant to greases and oils.
1857: PROPERTIES OF COMMERCIAL POLYVINYL FLUORIDE FILMS
7.9.3 Electrical Properties
Properties of interest to the electrical industry include hydrolytic stability,
high dielectric strength, and relatively low dielectric constant. The excellent
thermal aging properties and chemical resistance of unoriented PVF films
offer many functional contributions in a wide variety of applications.
7.9.4 Optical and Spectral Properties
Transparent types of unoriented PVF films are essentially transparent to
solar radiation in the near-ultraviolet, visible, and near-infrared regions of the
spectrum. Ultraviolet-absorbing types of Tedlars SP are useful for protecting
various substrates against ultraviolet light attack (Figure 7.24).
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.050 75 100 125 150
Temperature, ºC
Shr
inka
ge, %
TUA10AH91 Mil colored filmsTTR10AH9TTR5JAM9
Figure 7.19 Shrinkage of unoriented PVF films as a function of temperature
(held for 30 minutes at the indicated temperature) [22].
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
020 40 60
Temperature, ºC
Elo
ngat
ion
at b
reak
, %
80 100
MD-TTR10SH9
MD-TUA10AH9TD-TUA10AH9TD-TTR5JSH9MD-TTR5JSH9
TD-TTR10SH9
Figure 7.20 Break elongation of clear, unoriented PVF films as a function of
temperature [22].
186 POLYVINYL FLUORIDE
6.0
5.5
5.0
4.5
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.0
2.5
1.520 40 5030 60 70
Temperature, ºC
Ten
sile
str
engt
h, k
psi
80 90 100
TD-TTR10SH9
TD-TTR5JSH9TD-TUA10AH9MD-TUA10AH9MD-TTR5JSH9
MD-TTRJ10SH9
Figure 7.21 Tensile strength of clear, unoriented PVF films as a function of
temperature [22].
400
350
300
250
2000 10 20 30
Temperature, ºC
Elo
ngat
ion
at b
reak
, %
40 50
Figure 7.22 Break elongation of pigmented unoriented PVF films as a
function of temperature [22].
8
6
7
5
4
3
2
120 40 60
Temperature, ºC
Ulti
mat
e te
nsile
str
engt
h, k
psi
80 100
Figure 7.23 Tensile strength of clear, unoriented PVF films as a function of
temperature [22].
1877: PROPERTIES OF COMMERCIAL POLYVINYL FLUORIDE FILMS
7.9.5 Weather Resistance
Accelerated weathering tests on unoriented PVF films have been conducted
using a variety of test methods. The weather resistance, inertness, and tough-
ness characteristics allow for broad use as a surface protection for metals,
hardboards, felts, or plastics in architectural, decorative, or industrial applica-
tions. Pigmented Tedlars SP, properly laminated to a variety of substrates,
imparts a service life significantly longer than that of conventional finishes.
7.9.6 Formability
Unoriented PVF films are versatile industrial films that can be applied
over a variety of substrates, including Nomexs aramid fiber, polycarbonate,
vinyl fabric, and aluminum. Formable Tedlars SP is manufactured in 0.5,
1.0, and 2.0 mil thicknesses.
Unoriented PVF film can be stretched over 300%�400% high irregular
shapes when sharp edges on the mold surfaces are avoided. It is recommended
that film thickness and surface temperature be optimized for the depth of draw
and part size. Film-forming surface temperatures from 105�C to 171�C (221�Fto 340�F) allow excellent shape forming. The heat-up time to reach this tem-
perature window is not important. However, it is possible to overheat the film.
To avoid part failure by overheating during forming and to minimize part cost,
the film or laminate surface temperature should not exceed 171�C (340�F).
7.9.7 Surface Aesthetics
Designers will appreciate the wide range of color and gloss options avail-
able with Tedlars SP. Unoriented PVF film can be used alone or in accented
texture color styling. Low-gloss multilayer films have specular gloss in the
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0200 250 300 350 400 450
Wavelength, nm
Abs
orba
nce
500 550 600 650 700
TUA10BG3TUA10AH9TTR10BG3TTR10AH9
Figure 7.24 Ultraviolet light absorbance of clear, unoriented PVF films as a
function of temperature [22].
188 POLYVINYL FLUORIDE
10%�15% range at 85� Gardner scale. These films are suitable for silk-screen
printing. Medium-gloss films offer specular gloss in the 30%�35% range and
are fit for fabric laminates and automotive trims. High-gloss unoriented PVF
film ranges from 80% to 85% and is intended for striping, lettering, and plastic
laminates. Transparent Tedlars SP is manufactured in high-gloss, medium-
gloss, and low-gloss versions. These products are laminated as a protective
cap sheet over printed or silk-screened graphics to lock in their beauty.
7.9.8 Adhesion
Unoriented PVF film has different surface characteristics. Films are avail-
able as one-side adherable (A), two-side adherable (B), or strippable (S).
Adherable surfaces are used with adhesives for bonding to a wide variety of
substrates. These surfaces have excellent compatibility with many classes of
adhesives, including acrylics, polyesters, epoxies, rubbers, and pressure-
sensitive masses. The strippable surface has excellent release properties for use
as a mold release agent for epoxies, phenolics, rubbers, and other plastic resins.
7.9.9 Ease of Cleaning
Unoriented PVF films exhibit superior stain resistance and ease of clean-
ing. Tedlars SP is resistant to staining agents and will not fade or streak
even after heavy cleaning.
7.9.10 Abrasion Resistance
Comparative testing of aircraft laminate materials clearly demonstrates
superior abrasion resistance of unoriented PVF film over other
commonly used surface materials. This exceptional abrasion resistance makes
it possible to replace heavyweight components in many interior applications.
Table 7.9 presents the results of a study of abrasion of oriented and unoriented
PVF film as a result of outdoor exposure for a few years. The results for both
types indicate excellent retention of thickness after 2�4 years of Florida exposure.
7.10 Effect of Radiation
Polyvinyl fluoride cross-links readily when exposed to ionizing radiation
[31]. Investigation [32] of the tensile properties of PVF showed the elonga-
tion to break to drop from about 200% for the unirradiated polymer to
approximately 20% after a dose of 1000 kGy. Tensile strength also dropped
significantly, indicating predominant cross-linking. The tensile properties
of PVF were investigated in other studies [33], which also concluded
1897: PROPERTIES OF COMMERCIAL POLYVINYL FLUORIDE FILMS
cross-linking. Irradiation doses were relatively small (max. 200 kGy), but
there was an observed decrease in the elongation to break.
Wall et al. [34,31] investigated the swelling and sol/gel ratios of PVF.
PVF films of 4 mm thickness were g-irradiated in a vacuum. The important
radiolytic reaction was that HF split off. Similar to polyvinylidene fluoride,
the rates of thermal volatilization of HF were observed to increase for PVF
samples that had been previously irradiated.
Table 7.9 Effect of Outdoor Weathering on PVF Film [27]
Film ExposureThickness,in.
AbrasionResistance,min./min FilmThickness
Retentionof Gloss(20�), %Initial Aged
UnorientedPVF
— 0.0042 4.8 4.1 74
4 yr. inFlorida
0.0037 4.6 4.2 —
OrientedPVF
— 0.0015 3.4 3.0 75
2 yr. inFlorida
0.0016 2.9 2.2 80
–150 –160 –170 –180 –190 –200 –210 –220 –230 –240
i
h, ed, g
c
a
b
f
Figure 7.25 Solution-state 1H-decoupled 19F NMR spectrum of polyvinyl
fluoride dissolved in dimethyl formamide-d7 [35].
190 POLYVINYL FLUORIDE
7.11 NMR Spectrum of Polyvinyl Fluoride
Figure 7.25 shows a solution-state 1H-decoupled 19F NMR spectrum of
polyvinyl fluoride dissolved in dimethyl formamide-d7 obtained by Ando et al.
[35]. Based on work by Bruch et al. [36], they made assignment to peak sig-
nals, in Figure 7.25, of the solution-state 19F spectrum of commercial PVF and
of samples synthesized in the laboratory. The assignments were based on
inversions or defects in PVF molecules that consist of head-to-head and tail-
to-tail bonds (see Section 7.2 in this chapter).
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192 POLYVINYL FLUORIDE