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Ponder the Improbable
PIRACY AND MARITIME ARMED ROBBERY IN SOUTHEAST ASIA
Jane Chan
Research Fellow & Coordinator
Maritime Security Programme
S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies
Ponder the Improbable
SCOPE OF PRESENTATION
•Definition of Piracy
•Current Situation
•Vulnerability Of Ships
•Regional Efforts and
Cooperation
UNCLOS Article 101 – Definition of Piracy
Piracy consists of any of the following acts:(a) any illegal acts of violence or detention, or any act of
depredation, committed for private ends by the crew or the passengers of a private ship or a private aircraft, and directed:(i) on the high seas, against another ship or aircraft, or against persons or property on board such ship or aircraft;(ii) against a ship, aircraft, persons or property in a place outside the jurisdiction of any State;
(b) any act of voluntary participation in the operation of a ship or of an aircraft with knowledge of facts making it a pirate ship or aircraft;
(c) any act inciting or of intentionally facilitating an act described in sub-paragraph (a) or (b).
* Note that “piracy” is a universal crime only committed on the high seas, EEZ or contiguous zone (“international waters”)
IMO DefinitionCode of Practice for the Investigation of Crimes of Piracy and Armed Robbery against Ships of the International Maritime Organisation (IMO) Assembly Resolution A. 1025(26)
Armed robbery against ships:
• An illegal act of boarding any vessel with the intent to commit theft or any other crime and with the intent or capability to use force in the furtherance of that act.
• This is broader definition that captures all forms of attack regardless of where committed – includes acts that … “within a State’s internal waters, archipelagic waters and territorial sea;”
Ponder the Improbable
Piracy & Armed Robbery in Southeast Asia 2001-2010
Ponder the Improbable
• Marked regional differences• Horn of Africa
– hijacking ships for ransom• South Asia
– petty theft on ships in port• Southeast Asia
– opportunistic petty theft
TYPES OF PIRACY
Ponder the Improbable
TYPES OF PIRACY
Southeast Asia
– Many attacks are on vessels at anchor, in port , entering or leaving a harbour
– Two regional “hot spots”
• the southern part of the South China Sea off Pulau Tioman and Pulau Mangkai / Pulau Damar
• waters off Batu Berhenti / Nipa Transit in Singapore Strait
Ponder the Improbable
Situation in Southeast Asia 2010
* Source: ReCAAP ISC Annual Report 2010
Pulau Mangkai
Pulau Damar
Pulau Jemaja
Legend
Incident (CAT 2)
Incident (CAT 3)
Attempted Incident
Diamond Coral3 Oct 080230 hrs
High Energy19 Nov 090120 hrs
Ellen S22 Apr 092145 hrs
Florinda16 Nov 090105 hrs
Sider Lion23 Apr 090405 hrs
Spar Cetus13 Apr 080205 hrs
Monalisa13 Apr 080355 hrs
Huyu 90826 Jul 070730 hrs
Medbothnia4 Jun 080300 hrs
Sun Geranium2 Oct 080220 hrs
Selendang Sari19 Nov 070100 hrs
Quds21 Apr 090100 hrs
Normannia19 Sep 092230 hrs
Sao Bien 0925 Jun 092140 hrs
Galax26 Jun 090315 hrs
Tahir2 Aug 090030 hrs
JKM Muhieddine30 Sep 080350 hrs
Sigloo Discovery27 Jun 090040 hrs
Red Wing4 Jun 082030 hrs
Prospect19 Sep 090020 hrs
PU241431 Mar 092120 hrs
White Tokio28 Jun 090115 hrs
Situation off Situation off Pulau Mangkai / Pulau Pulau Mangkai / Pulau
Damar (2007-2009)Damar (2007-2009)
Source: ReCAAP
Situation in the Singapore StraitSituation in the Singapore Strait(2007-2010)(2007-2010)
Off Batu Berhenti / Nipa Transit
Batu Berhenti
Sung Thai Lee 314 Nov 080150 hrs
Kimtrans Echo8 Sep 080523 hrs
Maju Daya 310 Nov 082000 hrs
Destiny 331 Mar 092235 hrs
Cathay 527 May 080315 hrs
Sin Huat4 Oct 080050 hrs
Arowana Rangers31 Oct 080115 hrs
Salviceroy22 Jun 091600 hrs
Weihai 512 Jul 090225 hrs
Kenryo12 Jul 090200 hrs
Faith 826 Oct 092200 hrs
Gulf Coral28 Dec 092030 hrs
Joy Chemist28 Jun 102320 hrs
Britoil 6228 Jun 101150 hrs
AOM T13018 Dec 100428 hrs
Surya Wira 123 Dec 100340 hrs
Lanpan 1615 May 102015 hrs
Alina XXII22 Jan 102344 hrs
Source: ReCAAP
Source: ReCAAP
Ponder the Improbable
VULNERABILITY OF SHIPS
Size, Type and speed of ship
– Tankers, bulk carriers, container ships and general cargo shipslarger size-higher speed-less vulnerable whist underway
– Fishing vessels, tugboats and yachts: smaller size-lower speed-more frequently to
be attacked whilst underway
Ponder the Improbable
• Containerships less vulnerable – operate at higher speed
• General cargo and bulk carriers usually older• Bulk carriers figure prominently in attack
statistics• slower with lower freeboard when laden• the way in which they are employed
VULNERABILITY OF SHIPS
Ponder the Improbable
Ships attacked while underway in Southeast Asia
Source: inspection record on database of Tokyo MOU, Paris MOU, Indian Ocean MOU, Mediterranean MOU and Riyadh MOU on Port State Control.
Commercial ships attacked while underway
87
Size<7000 GRT 28
Average speed <=15 knots 48
Slow voyage 25
Age>25 Years 14
With Sub-standard PSC Record 32
Quality ships (no deficiency) 12
Ships had no record of inspection
10
Ponder the Improbable
Ships attacked while underway in Horn of Africa
Ships attacked while underway in Southeast Asia
Type of Ship
Date of Attack
Location of Incident
From ToDeparture
DateRemarks
Product tanker
13/06/2010
Approximately 10 nm northwest of Pulau Mangkai,
Indonesia
Singapore Eastern Special Purpose
Anchorage
Seria, Brunei Darussalam
13-Jun-10It took 18 days for ship
to travel from Singapore to Brunei
Product tanker
17/08/2010
Approximately 12.6 nm northwest of Pulau Mangkai, Indonesia (South
China Sea)
Singapore Sudong Bunkering Anchorage
Singapore Western Anchorage
16-Aug-10It took 17 days for ship to travel from Indonesia
to Singapore
Bulk carrier 18/08/2010
Approximately 11.7 nm west of Pulau Mangkai,
Indonesia
Singapore Eastern Anchorage
Singapore 17-Aug-10It took 20 days for ship to travel from Indonesia
to Singapore
Bulk Carrier 16/10/2010 Bontang RoadsStraits of Malacca
and Singapore
Singapore Eastern Special Purpose
Anchorage13-Sep-10
It took 33 days for ship to travel from Singapore
to Indonesia
Bulk Carrier 2/11/10 Belawan PortDumai Anchorage,
Indonesia
Singapore Eastern Special Purpose
Anchorage23-Oct-10
It took 10 days for ship to travel from Dumai to
Belawan Port
Ponder the Improbable
Countering Piracy and Armed Robbery
Shipping Industry to take ownership
- well maintained vessels
- training of crew
Regional Efforts/ Cooperation
- Coordinated patrols
- ReCAAP ISC
- RSN IFC
Ponder the Improbable
Joint Coordinating Committee
Malacca Straits Sea Patrol
Eyes inthe Sky
IntelligenceExchange
Group
12
Joint Coordinating Committee (JCC)
Regional Cooperation Agreement on Combating Piracy and Armed Robbery against Ships in Asia
Key features of the AgreementKey features of the Agreement
Definition of Piracy & Armed Robbery iaw UNCLOS & IMO MSC.1/Circ.1333 & MSC.1/Circ.1334.
ISC/Secretariat to be located at Singapore. Formation of a Governing Council (1 rep/Contracting Party) Governing Council’s decision by consensus. An International Organisation (foreign staff - diplomatic privileges &
Immunities). Identification/designation of a Focal Point (1 per Contracting Party) Funding - voluntary contributions from Contracting Parties. Avenues for Co-operations, Mutual assistance, Capacity Building &
Co-operative Arrangements. Open for accession by any States.
Regional Cooperation Agreement on Combating Piracy and Armed Robbery against Ships in Asia
ISC-Focal Points NetworkISC-Focal Points Network
Navies :MyanmarSri LankaThailand
Coast Guards :IndiaJapanPhilippines
Marine Police :BruneiLaosVietnam
Marine Dept / MRCC :BangladeshCambodiaChina / Hong KongKoreaSingaporeNorway
IFC is envisaged to be the node to enhance collective understanding of the maritime domain in order to strengthen maritime security in the region and beyond
• To collate & fuse white shipping information that is shared among maritime security partners
• To sense-make collated & fused information to build a coherent maritime situation picture and maritime domain knowledge base
• To deliver actionable information to partners timely to cue operational responses• Regional Maritime Information Exchange System (ReMIX) • MSP-IS is an element of ReMIX
Republic of Singapore NavyInformation Fusion Centre
Ponder the Improbable
Extra-Regional Involvement• Malacca Straits Patrols confined to the four
littoral States only
• Extra-regional countries have been contributing through capacity building, training and technical assistance
• United States - installation of the IMSS
• Japan- contributed patrol craft and training
• China - capacity building
• India - joint patrols with Indonesia
Ponder the Improbable
Safeguarding the Sea Lanes• Aggregated statistics can be misleading• Need to look beyond these statistic to better
understand why some vessels are more vulnerable• Timely and accurate reporting, and information
sharing to provide better picture of the threats and challenges
• Surge in use of sea lanes means an increased need to cooperate
• Cooperation should be done through established principles
Ponder the Improbable
Thank You
Jane CHANResearch Fellow and Coordinator
Maritime Security ProgrammeS. Rajaratnam School of International Studies
A Graduate School of Nanyang Technological UniversityBlk S4, Level B4 │ Nanyang Ave │ Singapore 639798Tel: (65) 6513 2733 GMT +8h │ Fax: (65) 6794 0617 Email: [email protected]│ Web: www.rsis.edu.sg