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Popula'on Geography
• Elements of Popula'on Geography (focuses on spa'al aspects of demography)
• Demography (study of popula'on) • Popula'on Distribu'on • Popula'on Density • Arithme'c Popula'on Density • Physiologic Density • Rate of Natural Increase (the excess of births of deaths – omiBng migra'on)
• Growth Rate (Natural increase + Net Migra'on)
Popula'on Terms
• Demography - the study of population characteristics
• Overpopulation- when the available resources cannot support the number of people
• Density - How many? The total number of people
Demography • The study of human popula'ons, par'cularly the size, distribu'on, and characteris'cs of members of popula'on groups.
Popula'on Growth
• 0 AD 250 Million People • 1803 AD 1 Billion People • 1903 AD 1.6 Billion People • 1950 AD 3.0 Billion People • 1987 AD 5.0 Billion People • 1998 AD 6.0 Billion People
• World 6,602,224,175 TODAY • China 1,321,851,888 • India 1,129,866,154 • United States 301,139,947 • Indonesia 234,693,997 • Brazil 190,010,647 • Pakistan 164,741,924 • Bangladesh 150,448,339 • Russia 141,377,752 • Nigeria 138,898,084 • Japan 127,690,000
The World and the Top 10
Dot Map of World Population – On this map, one dot represents 100,000 people
Population Distribution – Descriptions of locations on the Earth’s surface where individuals or groups (depending on the scale) live.
Countries are displayed by size of popula'on rather than land area. Countries named have at least 50 million people.
World Popula'on Clusters • Two-‐thirds of the world’s popula'on are concentrated in four regions: 1. East Asia (East China, Japan, S. Korea, Taiwan)
-‐ ¼ of world popula'on here 2. South Asia 1.5 billion people (India, Pakistan, Bangladesh)
-‐ Ganges River, North India 3. Europe
-‐ popula'on is concentrated in ci'es 4. North America
-‐ megalopolis (Boston-‐Washington D.C.)
Ecumene
• The por'on of the Earth’s surface occupied by permanent human seclement
• Increased over 'me • ¾ of world popula'on lives on only 5% of the Earth’s surface
Popula'on Distribu'on • Densely populated regions
– Low lands – Fertile soil – Temperate climate
• Sparsely Populated Regions – dry lands – wet lands – high lands – cold lands
Density
• Arithmetic Density • Physiological Density • Agricultural Density
Arithmetic Density: The total number of people divided by the total land area.
Arithmetic Density: The total number of people / area of land measured in km² or mi²
Crude density, also called arithmetic density, is the total number of people divided by the total land area.
Physiological Density: The number of people per unit of area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture.
Physiological Density: The number of people per unit of area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture.
Physiologic Population Density
Egypt’s arable lands are along the Nile River Valley.
Moving away from the river a few blocks, the land becomes sandy and wind-sculpted.
• Arithmetic Density= 192/ sq.mi.
• Physiological Density= 6,682 /sq. mi.
Egypt’s population distribution is closely linked to the proximity of water. In the north, the population clusters along the Mediterranean
and in the interior, along the banks of the Nile River. (2004)
• Agricultural Density: The number of farmers to the total amount of land suitable for agriculture.
Popula'on Characteris'cs
World Population Growth Birth rate (b) − death rate (d) = rate of natural increase (r)
Popula'on Characteris'cs
• Crude Birth Rate (CBR) • Crude Death Rate (CDR) • Natural Increase Rate (NIR) • Doubling Time • Total Fer'lity Rate (TFR) • Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)
Popula'on Characteris'cs
• Crude Birth Rate : The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society. – Crude Birth Rate = Births in a year 1000 people
Crude Birth Rate : The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.
Popula'on Characteris'cs
• Crude Death Rate : The total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people
alive in the society. – Crude Death Rate = Deaths in a year 1000 people
Crude Death Rate : The total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.
Popula'on Characteris'cs
• Natural Increase: The percentage growth of a population in a year, computed as the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate. – not including migration – usually measured in percentages (out of 100) – Rate of Natural Increase = Natural Increase Popula'on
x 100
Natural Increase: The percentage growth of a population in a year, computed as the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate.
Natural Increase
• USA Popula'on RNI – 0.6%
• Nepal's Popula'on RNI – 2.4%
• What do these numbers imply?
Popula'on Characteris'cs
• Doubling Time: The number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase.
Popula'on Characteris'cs
• Total Fertility Rate: The average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years.
• Infant Mortality Rate: annual number of
deaths of infants under age 1, compared to total live births – IMR = Infant(less than 1 year) deaths 1000 live births
Infant Mortality Rate: - the number of deaths of children under the age of 1, per thousand of the general population.
Popula'on Characteris'cs • Life Expectancy : The average number of
years an individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and medical conditions.
Life Expectancy at Birth in 2003 Men Women
US 74 80 Japan 78 85 Nepal 59 58 Kenya 46 46 France 76 83
Why does Population Composition Matter?
Key Ques(on:
Population Composition
Population Composition is concerned with:
– Gender distribution
– Age distribution within a country, region, or place.
THE POWER OF THE PYRAMID -‐ A POPULATION PYRAMID is a graphic device that allows Demographers to look at how events affect popula(ons of countries.
-‐ What are the ages of the people?
-‐ How many are men? -‐ How many are women?
-‐ Graphs show a breakdown of a country’s popula(on and how economic, poli(cal, and natural events over 70 – 80 years can impact different age groups. The graphs can help predict future popula(on tends.
Popula(on Pyramids –
Graphs that show the percentages of each age group in the total popula'on, divided by gender.
For poorer countries, the chart is shaped like a pyramid. Infant mortality rates are high, life expectancy is shorter.
Examples of population pyramids and their meaning
A typical example of a high birth rate and high death rate pyramid. Life expectancy is low. "
An even more extreme example of high birth and death rates."
China’s pyramid shows the results of the single child policy."
The US pyramid shows the results of the baby boom (1946-66) and maybe the “baby bounce” 25-30 years
later "
The Classic Stages of Demographic Transi'on
Time
Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4
Natural increase
Birth rate
Death rate
Note: Natural increase is produced from the excess of births over deaths.
Lesson Plan: The Demographic Transition, Activity One
DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION MODEL
Demographic Transi'on -‐ the change in popula'on characteris'cs of a country to reflect medical technology or economic and social development.
Why use it? • Good indicator of what will happen to a society or country’s popula'on
• Based on three primary factors: – Birth Rate – Death Rate – Total Popula'on
• Does not go backward unless a country suffers a nuclear acack or catastrophic event on the landscape
Stage 1: Hun'ng and Gathering Socie'es • Low total popula'on
– Food sources are not reliable – Don’t have many children for fear of starva'on
• When birth rates are high, death rate is low • When death rates are high, birth rates are low • Natural occurrence
• No countries currently in stage1
Stage 2: Agricultural Socie'es -‐ Unprecedented popula'on growth -‐ Birth rates stay high -‐ Death rates sharply decline
-‐ More stability of food source -‐ Availability of medicines
-‐ (life expectancy is s'll low) -‐ High infant mortality rate
-‐ Majority of people involved in farming -‐ Economy: Basic
-‐ Mostly subsistence farming -‐ Use licle technology -‐ Large families (many children)
-‐ 8-‐10 children! (high fer'lity rate) -‐ Labor force
-‐ Sanita'on and educa'on rarely provided
• World average birth rate: 21 • World average death rate: 9 • Stage 2 countries have both the birth rate and death rate above the world average
• Current Examples: Afghanistan, Many Sub-‐Saharan African countries
Stage 2: Agricultural Socie'es
Stage 3: Industrial Socie'es • Declining Birth Rates (Starts high, then drops sharply)
– Women also in workforce (reduces fer'lity rate) • Death Rates con'nue to fall • Industrial Revolu'on, mid 1700s in Europe • Economy develops
– More people off the farm into urban areas for jobs – More people involved in produc'on of goods – Increased pay for workers
Low to average death rates indicates some development within the country
Low birth rate indicates an urbanized and industrialized society
Many countries in La'n America and Asia Current Examples: Bolivia (BR 31, DR 8) is at the beginning of stage 3, Argen'na (BR 18, DR 8) is a well established stage 3
Stage 3: Industrial Socie'es
Stage 4: Ter'ary Socie'es • Ter'ary or service-‐based economy • Popula'on level is high, but growth has flacened • Birth rates and death rates almost equal
– (Zero popula'on growth if they are equal) • Move away from reliance on industry and move towards a service-‐
based economy – More people involved in selling products, than producing the products
• Total Fer'lity Rates are at or below 2 – When below 2, country experiences a loss of popula'on – May have incen'ves to have children
• Fear of country’s future • This stage reflects a highly industrialized, educated society.
Current Examples: – Many European countries (Italy, France) – United States – Japan
Demographic Transi'on -‐ Stage 4
