Population II:Migration

Types of migration

• Emigration (from) or immigration (to)

• Voluntary or involuntary (forced)

• International (between countries)

or internal (within a country).

• Documented or undocumented

Migration flows

Push factors

• Violence (war or high crime)

• Poor economy

• Ethnic or religious persecution

• Degraded resources or poor weather

Pull factors

• Peace (or more security)

• Economic opportunities/ good services

• Freedom of expression

• Better sense of place or weather

Intervening obstacles

• Restrictions on immigration

• Bias against immigrants

• Distance and lack of money

• Cultural unfamiliarity

VOLUNTARY MIGRATION

• Gross migration– Total number of

migrants

• Net migration– Gain or loss as

result of migration

Chain migration

• Family/friends write home, attract new immigrants

• Family reunifications

• “Secondary migration” to new home in adopted country

“Guest workers”

• Temporary employment

• Send money home

• Kids become citizens?

Filipina domestic workersin Hong Kong, 1990s

Turks in Germany, 1980s

Mexican“braceros”in U.S.,1950s

“Brain Drain”

• Educated, skilled migrate for better jobs

• Wealthy, educated country gains

• Poor country loses skilled people

REFUGEES(involuntary)

• Flee war or persecution– International or internal

• Many move to temporary camps

• Apply for “asylum” (safe haven)

Main sources of refugees

Highlands in Laos

MekongRiver(border)

Refugee campin Thailand

Laos

Thailand

Hmongrefugees

from Laos

Hmongrefugees

fromLaos

Many nowin Calif.,

Minn., Wis.

“Ethnic cleansing”Forced removal of

an ethnic group

Serbs expelledfrom Krajina(Croatia), 1995

Albaniansexpelled

from Kosovo (Serbia), 1999

Term from breakup

of Yugoslavia, 1990s

Afghan refugees

Migrationand the U.S.

International / Involuntary : Transatlantic Slave Trade

Diaspora

A group scatteredglobally by large-scale migration

African DiasporaJewish Diaspora

Chinese DiasporaPalestinian Diaspora

Internal /Involuntary:

Indian Removal westof Mississippi River

Waves of immigration, 1840s-1930s

Annual Immigration to the U.S. by Region of Origin

Origins and Destinations of Recent Immigrants

Immigration Patterns from Asia

Anti-immigrantmovements

Riot againstChinese in

Denver, 1880

Signs againstJapanese in

California, 1930s

Anti-immigrant arguments

• Immigrants “take jobs” and drain services– Yet mainly “low-end” jobs

• Immigrants “threaten” culture/language– Argument sees diversity as negative

• Anti-immigrant movements affect elections–Austria, France, Denmark, California, etc.

Undocumented immigrants more likely than U.S. citizens to…

• Be employed – Work longer hours

• Be free from assistance– Contribute to federal taxes through payroll

•Drain state social services–Federal gov’t should compensate states?

Immigration Patterns from Latin America

Mariel Boatliftfrom Cuba, 1980s

Economic migrants or refugees?

Cubans had preferredstatus because they left a

Communist country

Boat people fromHaiti, 1990s

Who came to whom?

U.S. annexednorthern Mexicoin 1848

Internal migration within U.S.

Shifting Center of U.S. Population,1790 - 1990

Rural-to-urban shift (Voluntary/internal)

The Great Migration

African Americansmoving from Southto North to work in war industries

Shift to Sunbelt and West, late 20th century

U.S. Interregional Migration (annual average in 1000s during 1990s)