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Porcupines An Increasingly Rare Sight in California Midelevation Mixed Conifer Forests: Consequences for Conservation of Pacific fishers Rick A. Sweitzer, Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, Center for Forestry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720; [email protected] “Where have the porcupines gone” Has their range in CA declined, if so, why? Credit: Krissi Russell “The porcupine is one of the most interesting of our wildlife fauna, and as such deserves to be perpetuated. Mountains and extensive forested areas will always afford adequate habitat.” D. Spencer 1950. “While interesting to the nature lover and sentimentalist, it is entirely devoid of any positive economic value—no usable pelt, no tasty flesh, nothing.” Cook and Hamilton 1957

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Page 1: Porcupines An Increasingly in California Mid elevation ...caforestpestcouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/rick-swietzer.pdf · “The porcupine is one of the most ... Falls/Injuries

Porcupines An Increasingly Rare Sight in California 

Mid‐elevation Mixed Conifer Forests:  

Consequences for Conservation of Pacific fishers

Rick A. Sweitzer,  Department of Environmental 

Science, Policy, and Management, Center for 

Forestry, University of California, Berkeley, 

California 94720; [email protected]

“Where have the porcupines gone”

Has 

their range in CA declined, if so, why?

Credit: Krissi

Russell

“The porcupine is one of the most 

interesting of our wildlife fauna, and as such 

deserves to be perpetuated.  Mountains and 

extensive forested areas will always afford 

adequate habitat.”

D. Spencer 1950. 

“While interesting to the nature lover 

and sentimentalist, it is entirely devoid of 

any positive economic value—no usable 

pelt, no tasty flesh, nothing.”

Cook and 

Hamilton 1957 

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CWHR Distribution for Porcupines in California

Habitats and Distribution in CAWide diversity of habitats Not found in hot deserts or central and 

south Coastal habitatsConsidered most common in montane

conifer, Douglas fir, alpine dwarf‐shrubUncommon in hardwood, hardwood‐

conifer forests, valley‐foothill riparian, 

Pinyon‐juniper woodland, low sagebrush Commonly den in congregations in rock 

outcroppings (winter seasons)Sources: Taylor 1935, Woods 1973, Dodge 1982

Many have noted that porcupines are now rare or absent 

from areas where they were once considered abundant, 

particularly in the Sierra Nevada…

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Porcupines in California: Rumors and Comments

Agencies dispersed toxicants by fixed‐wing aircraft after World War II

There was a concerted effort to poison and shoot porcupines by 

several state and federal agencies during 1930s to 1970s

Agencies sent crews out with .22 rifles during winter to shoot 

porcupines as recently as 1970s

Porcupines have disappeared from many areas where they were once

common, especially in the Sierra Nevada

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Sources of Mortality and Natural History of Porcupines 

Predation, mostly mammalian

Fisher, Mtn

lions, bobcats/coyotes, owls (kits)

Fisher and Mtn

lions can control/limit porcupines

Coyotes and bobcats less effective

Roadkill

focused during summer & fall

Falls/Injuries from tree climbing (minor)

Disease (minor) LIFE HISTORY:

Long‐lived with high 

annual survival

Very low reproductive 

rates for a rodent:  1 

kit/year

Limited potential to 

rebound from 

predation/persecution Fishers are main predator of 

porcupines where they co‐occur

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Foraging Behavior and Damage to  Timber/Trees by Porcupines

Winter foraging on inner bark of trees/shrubs is the 

main concern; may congregate in stands of trees

Discrimination by nutrient levels can result in 

significant girdling of some trees and tree death

Foraging damages leader of a tree; produces bushy 

“spike top”, reduces radial growth 

In plantations winter feeding has caused significant 

damage/mortality to expanses of pole‐timber

Direct conflicts with 

humans:  chew on 

tools, wires, etc. with 

salt or mineral 

residues (“salt drive”

assoc. with quills) 

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Control Methods for Porcupines

Poisons –

Strychnine‐laced salt/baits

nailed to trees, placed inside rock dens

.22 caliber rifles; systematic hunting on transects

Can be very effective during winter aided by sign

Trapping w/conibear

kill traps; inefficient

USDA actively promoted control of porcupines in U.S. 

national forests starting in early 1900s

Multiple studies/pamphlets evaluating or describing most 

effective poisons and methods of control

“the porcupine can be decimated 

with (poison) impregnated salt 

blocks.”

Cook and Hamilton 1957 

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Review of Historical Information on  Porcupine Control in CA

Location(s) Methods Notes on abundance Source

Northeastern CA 

National Forests

• Strychnine treated 

salt blocks

• Organized hunts; 

.22 rifles/pistols

Not discussed Keyes 1934

Modoc Nat 

Forest

Strychnine salt blocks Common: captured 40  

with little problem

Anthony et al. 

1986

Modoc Nat 

Forest, Adjacent 

BLM lands

Radiotelemetry

to 

facilitate more 

effective baiting

Abundant:  58 captured in 

2 yrs in 4 mile2

area Hoffer

1967; 

Hoffer

(1967) referenced “Forest Service kill records”

have not found/accessed these yet

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Porcupines in California: Rumors and Comments

Agencies dispersed toxicants by fixed‐wing aircraft after WW 

II:  No good evidence for this

Agencies poisoned porcupines and sent crews out with .22 

rifles to shoot them as recently as 1970s:  common  recommended method, very likely true

Searching for more agency records, but there have been very 

few studies of porcupine biology within California

Porcupines may have disappeared from many areas where 

they were once common…

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Invasion of NW California (Humboldt & Del Norte  Counties) by Porcupines:  Yocom

1971

Data:Not observed before 1900, scant records 

before 1930 (n = 2), numerous records  after 1950s

Many records in 1960s 

Hypothesis:

cutting of virgin forests  (Douglas fir, redwoods) created suitable 

habitat conditions for porcupines– moved to Del Norte from Siskiyou in 1920s– Moved into Humboldt from Trinity, Mendocino 

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Porcupine expansion in  NW California (Yocom

1971)

Lumber Production in Board Feet (Yocom

1971)

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Surveys & Evidence of Porcupine  Presence: they aren’t hard to Identify!!

Evidence of winter feeding beneath station trees

Feces in tree and rock dens

Road‐kill carcasses (common during summer/fall)

Tracks in snow; unmistakable

D. Munz, Sept 28, 2012

CSERC Camera survey image: J. Buckley

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Ongoing Porcupine Survey  in Sierra Nevada: CSERC –

L. Meyers, J. Buckley

INFORMATION BEING REQUESTED/COLLECTED:A)Times

 and dates of sightingsB)Specific

 location(s) as detailed as possibleC)Description

 of porcupine behavior (if alive)D)Road

‐kills ‐

describe road condition, speed limit, etc.E)Any

 other relevant information and photos

Contact: Lindsey Myers: [email protected], or call: (209) 586‐7440. 

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CSERC Porcupine Survey:  Lindsey Meyers 2012

Table1.Summarydataonporcupine

sightings(n=24)reportedinSierra

Nevadaforests&YosemiteNational

Parkduring2010tomid2012.

Area Total  Road‐killsLassen NF 1 1Plumas NF 1Tahoe NF 8 6

Stanislaus NF 8 2Yosemite NP 3

Inyo NF 2Sierra NF 1

COMMENTS:Porcupines appear uncommon to very rare in 

Sierra Nevada from Yosemite NP southMostly absent from mid‐elevation forests…More common high elevation, alpine zoneNatural Resource Inventory System:  only 3 

porcupine reports (all Stanislaus NF) since 1980s

Photo: CSERC  Photo: CSERC 

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Implications for Conservation of  Rare Pacific Fisher in California

Historic and Current Distribution

Trapping+extensive

timber harvest after early 1900s 

reduced range by 40‐50%

Fisher now absent from Sierras north of Yosemite 

NP;  southern Sierra population genetically isolated, 

Candidate Species ESA

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Photo credit: R. Powell

Resource‐Based Limiting Factors:  Conditions have changed – are fishers now prey limited by reduced to absent porcupines?

Current diets of fishers in CA are unusually diverse, including squirrels, birds, reptiles, fungi, insects, and plants/berries

Are diets diverse due to recent scarcity/absence of larger mammalian prey? Porcupine detected by camera at 

crest of Sierra Nevada: 

Image courtesy J. Buckley, CSERC

Porcupines do appear rare or absent in southern Sierras

No porcupines detected by any UC Berkely Fisher Project cameras in Sierra NF

1 porcupine every 10 to 35 days

1 snowshoe hare 2.5 to 8 days

1 to 2 squirrels every day Source: R. Powell (1981)

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“The porcupine is one of the most  interesting of our wildlife fauna, and as 

such deserves to be perpetuated.”

D. Spencer 1950. 

THANK YOU !!

Images/Data: CSERC, Sierra 

NF, so far…