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76 / 88

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fLl flLfe h nwMml jdj p qu eC hlw a qWv Ll fLaL BCe Aeku fLl flLfe h nwMml jdj p qu eC hlw a qWv Ll fLaL BCe Aeku fLl flLfe h nwMml jdj p qu eC hlw a qWv Ll fLaL BCe Aeku fLl flLfe h nwMml jdj p qu eC hlw a qWv Ll fLaL BCe Aeku

axgaih HV Aaaxgaih HV Aaaxgaih HV Aaaxgaih HV Aa Hp ku z Ae Lbu H jahcl ch Aeku A~Sh fcb bL H Hp ku z Ae Lbu H jahcl ch Aeku A~Sh fcb bL H Hp ku z Ae Lbu H jahcl ch Aeku A~Sh fcb bL H Hp ku z Ae Lbu H jahcl ch Aeku A~Sh fcb bL H

fZ Lo AhnC axgaih p quR z H dle Sh hel jmL BCel pfZ fZ Lo AhnC axgaih p quR z H dle Sh hel jmL BCel pfZ fZ Lo AhnC axgaih p quR z H dle Sh hel jmL BCel pfZ fZ Lo AhnC axgaih p quR z H dle Sh hel jmL BCel pfZ

flf hdu a pfZ ANqZkN zflf hdu a pfZ ANqZkN zflf hdu a pfZ ANqZkN zflf hdu a pfZ ANqZkN z

77 / 88

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fcb bL fZl pl qu H dle Qlcel Se Lhl fba Ll qm zfcb bL fZl pl qu H dle Qlcel Se Lhl fba Ll qm zfcb bL fZl pl qu H dle Qlcel Se Lhl fba Ll qm zfcb bL fZl pl qu H dle Qlcel Se Lhl fba Ll qm z XlECehcl XlECehcl XlECehcl XlECehcl

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qu jj ch Lla bLe z ah al H fQ hbau fkhpa qu, Ahn ae eSC a qu jj ch Lla bLe z ah al H fQ hbau fkhpa qu, Ahn ae eSC a qu jj ch Lla bLe z ah al H fQ hbau fkhpa qu, Ahn ae eSC a qu jj ch Lla bLe z ah al H fQ hbau fkhpa qu, Ahn ae eSC a

Ll Llez ae hme, ciNhna, fl hhae al jd LLl Llez ae hme, ciNhna, fl hhae al jd LLl Llez ae hme, ciNhna, fl hhae al jd LLl Llez ae hme, ciNhna, fl hhae al jd Lol Evpl houV phQu ol Evpl houV phQu ol Evpl houV phQu ol Evpl houV phQu

ALl (chmaj) cL h Awn z ALl (chmaj) cL h Awn z ALl (chmaj) cL h Awn z ALl (chmaj) cL h Awn z

78 / 88

hhaehc ~heLl Shel Evp pfL pjde fJul mr hhaehc ~heLl Shel Evp pfL pjde fJul mr hhaehc ~heLl Shel Evp pfL pjde fJul mr hhaehc ~heLl Shel Evp pfL pjde fJul mr Oparin Hl a Hl a Hl a Hl a

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phna bL z jeol phna bL z jeol phna bL z jeol phna bL z jeol genetic code kc LNSl Efl mM qu aqm 500 fl 900 hC kc LNSl Efl mM qu aqm 500 fl 900 hC kc LNSl Efl mM qu aqm 500 fl 900 hC kc LNSl Efl mM qu aqm 500 fl 900 hC

qh z qh z qh z qh z DNA pfL HLV Aal ab qm HVl falf qph LS Lla qm HLV pfL HLV Aal ab qm HVl falf qph LS Lla qm HLV pfL HLV Aal ab qm HVl falf qph LS Lla qm HLV pfL HLV Aal ab qm HVl falf qph LS Lla qm HLV

hno dlel fVe h HeSCjl fuSe quz Hm d aMeC hno dlel fVe h HeSCjl fuSe quz Hm d aMeC hno dlel fVe h HeSCjl fuSe quz Hm d aMeC hno dlel fVe h HeSCjl fuSe quz Hm d aMeC DNA Hl LX Hl jdjC Hl LX Hl jdjC Hl LX Hl jdjC Hl LX Hl jdjC

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AQmhl p qu z AQmhl p qu z AQmhl p qu z AQmhl p qu z

79 / 88

1994 pml Ahl, 1994 pml Ahl, 1994 pml Ahl, 1994 pml Ahl, Scientific American pjuLa pe XuN Lmgeu pjuLa pe XuN Lmgeu pjuLa pe XuN Lmgeu pjuLa pe XuN Lmgeu

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fVe J eELL HpX EiulC LWjNa fLa Aa SVm fLal aC H cV fVe J eELL HpX EiulC LWjNa fLa Aa SVm fLal aC H cV fVe J eELL HpX EiulC LWjNa fLa Aa SVm fLal aC H cV fVe J eELL HpX EiulC LWjNa fLa Aa SVm fLal aC H cV

HLC pjam hu Ll eae pl houV Lka Aph z aRs H cVl HLV Rs HLC pjam hu Ll eae pl houV Lka Aph z aRs H cVl HLV Rs HLC pjam hu Ll eae pl houV Lka Aph z aRs H cVl HLV Rs HLC pjam hu Ll eae pl houV Lka Aph z aRs H cVl HLV Rs

AeVl AaJ Aph z gm Bfax ca LEL H dlel pC EAeVl AaJ Aph z gm Bfax ca LEL H dlel pC EAeVl AaJ Aph z gm Bfax ca LEL H dlel pC EAeVl AaJ Aph z gm Bfax ca LEL H dlel pC Efea qa qhC fea qa qhC fea qa qhC fea qa qhC

k, fLafr fbha fZ Le lpueL hul jdj p h Ea qu eC z k, fLafr fbha fZ Le lpueL hul jdj p h Ea qu eC z k, fLafr fbha fZ Le lpueL hul jdj p h Ea qu eC z k, fLafr fbha fZ Le lpueL hul jdj p h Ea qu eC z

hhaehcl Lfa LWjhhaehcl Lfa LWjhhaehcl Lfa LWjhhaehcl Lfa LWj

XlECe al au chm cL kl jdj aV ham fjZa qu aqm, XlECe al au chm cL kl jdj aV ham fjZa qu aqm, XlECe al au chm cL kl jdj aV ham fjZa qu aqm, XlECe al au chm cL kl jdj aV ham fjZa qu aqm,

XlECehc fjZl Se hhaehc fa qph k cV jahc EXlECehc fjZl Se hhaehc fa qph k cV jahc EXlECehc fjZl Se hhaehc fa qph k cV jahc EXlECehc fjZl Se hhaehc fa qph k cV jahc Efa qu hhLfr al fa qu hhLfr al fa qu hhLfr al fa qu hhLfr al

jd Le hhaehc fuC eC z jd Le hhaehc fuC eC z jd Le hhaehc fuC eC z jd Le hhaehc fuC eC z

XlECe al hhaehc al pb fLaL ehQeL pfZih HLia Ll XlECe al hhaehc al pb fLaL ehQeL pfZih HLia Ll XlECe al hhaehc al pb fLaL ehQeL pfZih HLia Ll XlECe al hhaehc al pb fLaL ehQeL pfZih HLia Ll

Effe LlRe z HC fuL ae HaC la fce LlRe k al fLl ej Llel Effe LlRe z HC fuL ae HaC la fce LlRe k al fLl ej Llel Effe LlRe z HC fuL ae HaC la fce LlRe k al fLl ej Llel Effe LlRe z HC fuL ae HaC la fce LlRe k al fLl ej Llel

jdjC hT ku, jdjC hT ku, jdjC hT ku, jdjC hT ku, ---- The Origin of Species, By means of Natural Selection.

HV HC dlel Efl faa k fLaa fSa pjql Aa VLu lMl Se k HV HC dlel Efl faa k fLaa fSa pjql Aa VLu lMl Se k HV HC dlel Efl faa k fLaa fSa pjql Aa VLu lMl Se k HV HC dlel Efl faa k fLaa fSa pjql Aa VLu lMl Se k

pwNj qu bL aa nnm kl al fLal hi faLm flhnl pwN Mf MJua pwNj qu bL aa nnm kl al fLal hi faLm flhnl pwN Mf MJua pwNj qu bL aa nnm kl al fLal hi faLm flhnl pwN Mf MJua pwNj qu bL aa nnm kl al fLal hi faLm flhnl pwN Mf MJua

prj qu Hhw VL bL h H pwNj Su qu z Ecqle lprj qu Hhw VL bL h H pwNj Su qu z Ecqle lprj qu Hhw VL bL h H pwNj Su qu z Ecqle lprj qu Hhw VL bL h H pwNj Su qu z Ecqle lf hm qu k, kMe Le qlZl f hm qu k, kMe Le qlZl f hm qu k, kMe Le qlZl f hm qu k, kMe Le qlZl

cm qwp fZ LaL B qu, aMe k qlZV phQu a csa prj qu pC hyQ bL cm qwp fZ LaL B qu, aMe k qlZV phQu a csa prj qu pC hyQ bL cm qwp fZ LaL B qu, aMe k qlZV phQu a csa prj qu pC hyQ bL cm qwp fZ LaL B qu, aMe k qlZV phQu a csa prj qu pC hyQ bL

z Hih H qlZl cmV a hQle nnm qlZcl pjeu NWa qh z L aC hm HC z Hih H qlZl cmV a hQle nnm qlZcl pjeu NWa qh z L aC hm HC z Hih H qlZl cmV a hQle nnm qlZcl pjeu NWa qh z L aC hm HC z Hih H qlZl cmV a hQle nnm qlZcl pjeu NWa qh z L aC hm HC

fuu qlZm hhae fuu Osu flZa qu e z H fuu qlZm hhae fuu Osu flZa qu e z H fuu qlZm hhae fuu Osu flZa qu e z H fuu qlZm hhae fuu Osu flZa qu e z H LlZC hhaehcl H Lj LlZC hhaehcl H Lj LlZC hhaehcl H Lj LlZC hhaehcl H Lj

fal jd Le hhaehc n eqa eC z XlECe al al H chm cL pfL pjL fal jd Le hhaehc n eqa eC z XlECe al al H chm cL pfL pjL fal jd Le hhaehc n eqa eC z XlECe al al H chm cL pfL pjL fal jd Le hhaehc n eqa eC z XlECe al al H chm cL pfL pjL

Ahqa Rme, ae eSC Ll Ll al Ahqa Rme, ae eSC Ll Ll al Ahqa Rme, ae eSC Ll Ll al Ahqa Rme, ae eSC Ll Ll al The Origin of Species fL hma hd quR fL hma hd quR fL hma hd quR fL hma hd quR

AeLm J hajdj flhaa flal p e qm fLal eAeLm J hajdj flhaa flal p e qm fLal eAeLm J hajdj flhaa flal p e qm fLal eAeLm J hajdj flhaa flal p e qm fLal ehQehQehQehQe Le ijLC lMa Le ijLC lMa Le ijLC lMa Le ijLC lMa

prj qu e zprj qu e zprj qu e zprj qu e z

mjLl fihmjLl fihmjLl fihmjLl fih

aqm Lih HC hajdj flhaa fla p qJu ph z acee pLm aqm Lih HC hajdj flhaa fla p qJu ph z acee pLm aqm Lih HC hajdj flhaa fla p qJu ph z acee pLm aqm Lih HC hajdj flhaa fla p qJu ph z acee pLm

pja he mjL, glp Shhe e cu XlECe, mjL Hl al jdj H fnl pja he mjL, glp Shhe e cu XlECe, mjL Hl al jdj H fnl pja he mjL, glp Shhe e cu XlECe, mjL Hl al jdj H fnl pja he mjL, glp Shhe e cu XlECe, mjL Hl al jdj H fnl

El ca pQ qez ae XlECel fhEl ca pQ qez ae XlECel fhEl ca pQ qez ae XlECel fhEl ca pQ qez ae XlECel fh HL jahc fQl Lle z ae ch Lle, fZ HL jahc fQl Lle z ae ch Lle, fZ HL jahc fQl Lle z ae ch Lle, fZ HL jahc fQl Lle z ae ch Lle, fZ

Sha Ahu k pj nllL flhael Aia ASe Ll al QlL ~hn pjq Sha Ahu k pj nllL flhael Aia ASe Ll al QlL ~hn pjq Sha Ahu k pj nllL flhael Aia ASe Ll al QlL ~hn pjq Sha Ahu k pj nllL flhael Aia ASe Ll al QlL ~hn pjq

flha fSj eae fSa p Ll Hhw H dl hwn flflu Ahqa bL z mjL Hl flha fSj eae fSa p Ll Hhw H dl hwn flflu Ahqa bL z mjL Hl flha fSj eae fSa p Ll Hhw H dl hwn flflu Ahqa bL z mjL Hl flha fSj eae fSa p Ll Hhw H dl hwn flflu Ahqa bL z mjL Hl

dle Aeku Slg Hje HLV fZ, k qlZ bL dle Aeku Slg Hje HLV fZ, k qlZ bL dle Aeku Slg Hje HLV fZ, k qlZ bL dle Aeku Slg Hje HLV fZ, k qlZ bL hhae fuu al Nm hwn flflu hhae fuu al Nm hwn flflu hhae fuu al Nm hwn flflu hhae fuu al Nm hwn flflu

80 / 88

pwNjl jdj h fuR Hhw p haje al m Nm cu m NRl fa Ma prj pwNjl jdj h fuR Hhw p haje al m Nm cu m NRl fa Ma prj pwNjl jdj h fuR Hhw p haje al m Nm cu m NRl fa Ma prj pwNjl jdj h fuR Hhw p haje al m Nm cu m NRl fa Ma prj

qR z qR z qR z qR z

XlECe al XlECe al XlECe al XlECe al - The Origin of Species fL H dlel Bl Ecqle fn LlRez fL H dlel Bl Ecqle fn LlRez fL H dlel Bl Ecqle fn LlRez fL H dlel Bl Ecqle fn LlRez

kje ae EM LlRe LR pwML imL Mcl pkje ae EM LlRe LR pwML imL Mcl pkje ae EM LlRe LR pwML imL Mcl pkje ae EM LlRe LR pwML imL Mcl pe fea fhn Ll Hhw flhaa e fea fhn Ll Hhw flhaa e fea fhn Ll Hhw flhaa e fea fhn Ll Hhw flhaa

aja lfla quz L hwn naL aja lfla quz L hwn naL aja lfla quz L hwn naL aja lfla quz L hwn naL MENDEL fZ SNa EldLl pu hwn he fZ SNa EldLl pu hwn he fZ SNa EldLl pu hwn he fZ SNa EldLl pu hwn he

houL jahc fQl J fjZ Lle al jdj H pLm abLba ASa QlL ~hn flha houL jahc fQl J fjZ Lle al jdj H pLm abLba ASa QlL ~hn flha houL jahc fQl J fjZ Lle al jdj H pLm abLba ASa QlL ~hn flha houL jahc fQl J fjZ Lle al jdj H pLm abLba ASa QlL ~hn flha

fSj el pfLu LfLqe ham J A~heL qpfSj el pfLu LfLqe ham J A~heL qpfSj el pfLu LfLqe ham J A~heL qpfSj el pfLu LfLqe ham J A~heL qph hhQa qu z H LlZ h hhQa qu z H LlZ h hhQa qu z H LlZ h hhQa qu z H LlZ

fLaL ehQel Lj fa pfZlf ham qu ku z fLaL ehQel Lj fa pfZlf ham qu ku z fLaL ehQel Lj fa pfZlf ham qu ku z fLaL ehQel Lj fa pfZlf ham qu ku z

eh XlECehc J Hl pwndeeh XlECehc J Hl pwndeeh XlECehc J Hl pwndeeh XlECehc J Hl pwnde

XlECehcl H Ah bL Elel mr HLV BdeL pebVL jahc h eh XlECehcl H Ah bL Elel mr HLV BdeL pebVL jahc h eh XlECehcl H Ah bL Elel mr HLV BdeL pebVL jahc h eh XlECehcl H Ah bL Elel mr HLV BdeL pebVL jahc h eh

XlECehc fQl l Ll, k 1930 cnLl noiN hn Sefua ASe Ll XlECehc fQl l Ll, k 1930 cnLl noiN hn Sefua ASe Ll XlECehc fQl l Ll, k 1930 cnLl noiN hn Sefua ASe Ll XlECehc fQl l Ll, k 1930 cnLl noiN hn Sefua ASe Ll z Hhz Hhz Hhz Hhl al l al l al l al

fLaL ehQelfLaL ehQelfLaL ehQelfLaL ehQel pb pb pb pb hajdj AeLm flalhajdj AeLm flalhajdj AeLm flalhajdj AeLm flal h flhaenmal LlZ Abh fZl h flhaenmal LlZ Abh fZl h flhaenmal LlZ Abh fZl h flhaenmal LlZ Abh fZl

hS OVa V h co k lXune h XfLne iml Se pwOVa qu bL jj ch hS OVa V h co k lXune h XfLne iml Se pwOVa qu bL jj ch hS OVa V h co k lXune h XfLne iml Se pwOVa qu bL jj ch hS OVa V h co k lXune h XfLne iml Se pwOVa qu bL jj ch

Lle z haje XlECehc HC eae jXm Aeku eh XlECehc LkLl qph Lle z haje XlECehc HC eae jXm Aeku eh XlECehc LkLl qph Lle z haje XlECehc HC eae jXm Aeku eh XlECehc LkLl qph Lle z haje XlECehc HC eae jXm Aeku eh XlECehc LkLl qph hhQe hhQe hhQe hhQe

Ll Hl pjbe Ll bLe z H a Aeku mr mr fSa SjNa V h flhael jdj Ll Hl pjbe Ll bLe z H a Aeku mr mr fSa SjNa V h flhael jdj Ll Hl pjbe Ll bLe z H a Aeku mr mr fSa SjNa V h flhael jdj Ll Hl pjbe Ll bLe z H a Aeku mr mr fSa SjNa V h flhael jdj

p qR z pjul hhae SVm fuu Hph fZa Le, QM, gpgp, Xe p qR z L p qR z pjul hhae SVm fuu Hph fZa Le, QM, gpgp, Xe p qR z L p qR z pjul hhae SVm fuu Hph fZa Le, QM, gpgp, Xe p qR z L p qR z pjul hhae SVm fuu Hph fZa Le, QM, gpgp, Xe p qR z L

fLa ~heL pa k H jahcL pfZ eLQ Ll cu aqm x flhaenmafLa ~heL pa k H jahcL pfZ eLQ Ll cu aqm x flhaenmafLa ~heL pa k H jahcL pfZ eLQ Ll cu aqm x flhaenmafLa ~heL pa k H jahcL pfZ eLQ Ll cu aqm x flhaenma fZ fZ fZ fZ

SNal hLn OVu e hlw a raN h dwp LlSNal hLn OVu e hlw a raN h dwp LlSNal hLn OVu e hlw a raN h dwp LlSNal hLn OVu e hlw a raN h dwp Ll---- Hl pqS LlZ qR Hl pqS LlZ qR Hl pqS LlZ qR Hl pqS LlZ qR DNA Aa SVm Aa SVm Aa SVm Aa SVm

LWj, Ha pje flhae J AZl NWe fuu a rapde Ll j z BjlLe LWj, Ha pje flhae J AZl NWe fuu a rapde Ll j z BjlLe LWj, Ha pje flhae J AZl NWe fuu a rapde Ll j z BjlLe LWj, Ha pje flhae J AZl NWe fuu a rapde Ll j z BjlLe

Scientist B G Ranganthan a Hih hZe LlRe x flhaepjq, r, Hmfbs J a Hih hZe LlRe x flhaepjq, r, Hmfbs J a Hih hZe LlRe x flhaepjq, r, Hmfbs J a Hih hZe LlRe x flhaepjq, r, Hmfbs J

raLlL kl raLlL kl raLlL kl raLlL kl phe Aa hlm Hhw a AdLwn rC ALkLl z flhae dll HC phe Aa hlm Hhw a AdLwn rC ALkLl z flhae dll HC phe Aa hlm Hhw a AdLwn rC ALkLl z flhae dll HC phe Aa hlm Hhw a AdLwn rC ALkLl z flhae dll HC

QlV ~hn HVC fjZ Ll k, a Le hhaehc Eue h hLn fuu Le LkLl QlV ~hn HVC fjZ Ll k, a Le hhaehc Eue h hLn fuu Le LkLl QlV ~hn HVC fjZ Ll k, a Le hhaehc Eue h hLn fuu Le LkLl QlV ~hn HVC fjZ Ll k, a Le hhaehc Eue h hLn fuu Le LkLl

ijL lMa prj eu z Le hno dlel fSal r HV ALkLl Abh raLlL ijL lMa prj eu z Le hno dlel fSal r HV ALkLl Abh raLlL ijL lMa prj eu z Le hno dlel fSal r HV ALkLl Abh raLlL ijL lMa prj eu z Le hno dlel fSal r HV ALkLl Abh raLlL

qph hhQa z HLV Oslqph hhQa z HLV Oslqph hhQa z HLV Oslqph hhQa z HLV Osl Hmfbs h AflLfa flhae LMeJ OsVl eNa Hmfbs h AflLfa flhae LMeJ OsVl eNa Hmfbs h AflLfa flhae LMeJ OsVl eNa Hmfbs h AflLfa flhae LMeJ OsVl eNa

flhae pde Lle hlw pV raN Ll h ALkLl qu z HLV ijLf LMeC eNl flhae pde Lle hlw pV raN Ll h ALkLl qu z HLV ijLf LMeC eNl flhae pde Lle hlw pV raN Ll h ALkLl qu z HLV ijLf LMeC eNl flhae pde Lle hlw pV raN Ll h ALkLl qu z HLV ijLf LMeC eNl

Eue Le ijL lMe hlw al dwp pde Ll j z Eue Le ijL lMe hlw al dwp pde Ll j z Eue Le ijL lMe hlw al dwp pde Ll j z Eue Le ijL lMe hlw al dwp pde Ll j z

fLafr Le LkLl h fuSeu flhae, hwn he Nhoeu fkhre LlfLafr Le LkLl h fuSeu flhae, hwn he Nhoeu fkhre LlfLafr Le LkLl h fuSeu flhae, hwn he Nhoeu fkhre LlfLafr Le LkLl h fuSeu flhae, hwn he Nhoeu fkhre Ll kue kue kue kue

hlw Nhoeu HVC cM NR pLm fLl flhaeC raLlL z HVC far Ll NR k, hlw Nhoeu HVC cM NR pLm fLl flhaeC raLlL z HVC far Ll NR k, hlw Nhoeu HVC cM NR pLm fLl flhaeC raLlL z HVC far Ll NR k, hlw Nhoeu HVC cM NR pLm fLl flhaeC raLlL z HVC far Ll NR k,

hhaehc a Aeku flhae pjq hwnNa hel HLV lafZ OVe k d fZL f hhaehc a Aeku flhae pjq hwnNa hel HLV lafZ OVe k d fZL f hhaehc a Aeku flhae pjq hwnNa hel HLV lafZ OVe k d fZL f hhaehc a Aeku flhae pjq hwnNa hel HLV lafZ OVe k d fZL f

h dwpC Ll bL z jeol r phQu pdlZ Lou flhae qm Lpl z aCh dwpC Ll bL z jeol r phQu pdlZ Lou flhae qm Lpl z aCh dwpC Ll bL z jeol r phQu pdlZ Lou flhae qm Lpl z aCh dwpC Ll bL z jeol r phQu pdlZ Lou flhae qm Lpl z aC Le Le Le Le

dwpaL fu LejC hhaehc fa h Lnm qa fle z fLaL ehQe, k dwpaL fu LejC hhaehc fa h Lnm qa fle z fLaL ehQe, k dwpaL fu LejC hhaehc fa h Lnm qa fle z fLaL ehQe, k dwpaL fu LejC hhaehc fa h Lnm qa fle z fLaL ehQe, k

XlECe Ll LlRme, a eSih LRC Lla prj eu z Bjl far LlR k, XlECe Ll LlRme, a eSih LRC Lla prj eu z Bjl far LlR k, XlECe Ll LlRme, a eSih LRC Lla prj eu z Bjl far LlR k, XlECe Ll LlRme, a eSih LRC Lla prj eu z Bjl far LlR k,

81 / 88

fLa pa HVC k, fLaa Le hhaehc Lnm h fa hm LR eC z kqa fLa pa HVC k, fLaa Le hhaehc Lnm h fa hm LR eC z kqa fLa pa HVC k, fLaa Le hhaehc Lnm h fa hm LR eC z kqa fLa pa HVC k, fLaa Le hhaehc Lnm h fa hm LR eC z kqa

fLaafLaafLaafLaa hhaehc Lnm eC, aC hhaehcl ab Lba pjuV HLV Lfa dlej k hhaehc Lnm eC, aC hhaehcl ab Lba pjuV HLV Lfa dlej k hhaehc Lnm eC, aC hhaehcl ab Lba pjuV HLV Lfa dlej k hhaehc Lnm eC, aC hhaehcl ab Lba pjuV HLV Lfa dlej k

LMeJ hcje Rme zLMeJ hcje Rme zLMeJ hcje Rme zLMeJ hcje Rme z

Shn fjZ x Le AhaLme BLal Aal fjZ/ecne zShn fjZ x Le AhaLme BLal Aal fjZ/ecne zShn fjZ x Le AhaLme BLal Aal fjZ/ecne zShn fjZ x Le AhaLme BLal Aal fjZ/ecne z

XlECel hhaehcl OVe k, LMeJ OVe al phQu hh fjZ qm Shnl XlECel hhaehcl OVe k, LMeJ OVe al phQu hh fjZ qm Shnl XlECel hhaehcl OVe k, LMeJ OVe al phQu hh fjZ qm Shnl XlECel hhaehcl OVe k, LMeJ OVe al phQu hh fjZ qm Shnl

Bal AefBal AefBal AefBal Aefa za za za z

hhaehc a Aeku pLm Sha fZ flflL flhael jdj haje hhaehc a Aeku pLm Sha fZ flflL flhael jdj haje hhaehc a Aeku pLm Sha fZ flflL flhael jdj haje hhaehc a Aeku pLm Sha fZ flflL flhael jdj haje

BLl/BLa dle LlR z HLV fhha fZ pjul hhae Ae fZa lfla qu z BLl/BLa dle LlR z HLV fhha fZ pjul hhae Ae fZa lfla qu z BLl/BLa dle LlR z HLV fhha fZ pjul hhae Ae fZa lfla qu z BLl/BLa dle LlR z HLV fhha fZ pjul hhae Ae fZa lfla qu z

pLm fZC HihC hLn mi LlR z HC jahc Aepl H fuu mr mr hRl pLm fZC HihC hLn mi LlR z HC jahc Aepl H fuu mr mr hRl pLm fZC HihC hLn mi LlR z HC jahc Aepl H fuu mr mr hRl pLm fZC HihC hLn mi LlR z HC jahc Aepl H fuu mr mr hRl

pjuLml jd fpjuLml jd fpjuLml jd fpjuLml jd fkuj haje fku Ea quR z H LlZ ANea jdha fSa H kuj haje fku Ea quR z H LlZ ANea jdha fSa H kuj haje fku Ea quR z H LlZ ANea jdha fSa H kuj haje fku Ea quR z H LlZ ANea jdha fSa H

pjuLm hcje Rm kcl fcil fbh fLfa qa z pjuLm hcje Rm kcl fcil fbh fLfa qa z pjuLm hcje Rm kcl fcil fbh fLfa qa z pjuLm hcje Rm kcl fcil fbh fLfa qa z

EcqlZ lf hm ku k, kc jvp k haje BLl BLaa hcje z al EcqlZ lf hm ku k, kc jvp k haje BLl BLaa hcje z al EcqlZ lf hm ku k, kc jvp k haje BLl BLaa hcje z al EcqlZ lf hm ku k, kc jvp k haje BLl BLaa hcje z al

hhael Le HL fku plpf BLl dle LlRm, AdjRhhael Le HL fku plpf BLl dle LlRm, AdjRhhael Le HL fku plpf BLl dle LlRm, AdjRhhael Le HL fku plpf BLl dle LlRm, AdjR----AdAdAdAdplpf BLlJ al plpf BLlJ al plpf BLlJ al plpf BLlJ al

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dle LlRm, pr plpfdle LlRm, pr plpfdle LlRm, pr plpfdle LlRm, pr plpf----fr AhnC hlS Lla z kqa al hhael hi fku fr AhnC hlS Lla z kqa al hhael hi fku fr AhnC hlS Lla z kqa al hhael hi fku fr AhnC hlS Lla z kqa al hhael hi fku

Aaj LlRm, aC al AhnC chm, Ap, ApfZ, AfZ J VfZAaj LlRm, aC al AhnC chm, Ap, ApfZ, AfZ J VfZAaj LlRm, aC al AhnC chm, Ap, ApfZ, AfZ J VfZAaj LlRm, aC al AhnC chm, Ap, ApfZ, AfZ J VfZ fZ qph fZ qph fZ qph fZ qph

fbha Qmgl Lla z hhaehccl ch Aeku H dlel Aha BLl/BLa pf fbha Qmgl Lla z hhaehccl ch Aeku H dlel Aha BLl/BLa pf fbha Qmgl Lla z hhaehccl ch Aeku H dlel Aha BLl/BLa pf fbha Qmgl Lla z hhaehccl ch Aeku H dlel Aha BLl/BLa pf

fZ AhnC AaaLm hcje Rm z fZ AhnC AaaLm hcje Rm z fZ AhnC AaaLm hcje Rm z fZ AhnC AaaLm hcje Rm z

paC kc H dlel fZl Aa bLC bL ah H pLm fSal hi dlel paC kc H dlel fZl Aa bLC bL ah H pLm fSal hi dlel paC kc H dlel fZl Aa bLC bL ah H pLm fSal hi dlel paC kc H dlel fZl Aa bLC bL ah H pLm fSal hi dlel

BLl J BLa bL Hhw Hcl pwM mr mr qJu BLl J BLa bL Hhw Hcl pwM mr mr qJu BLl J BLa bL Hhw Hcl pwM mr mr qJu BLl J BLa bL Hhw Hcl pwM mr mr qJu Aa ihL z aC H dlel Aa Aa ihL z aC H dlel Aa Aa ihL z aC H dlel Aa Aa ihL z aC H dlel Aa

BLal hi fSal Aal Le e Le Qq h fjZ h ecne Abv kl Shn fjZ BLal hi fSal Aal Le e Le Qq h fjZ h ecne Abv kl Shn fjZ BLal hi fSal Aal Le e Le Qq h fjZ h ecne Abv kl Shn fjZ BLal hi fSal Aal Le e Le Qq h fjZ h ecne Abv kl Shn fjZ

bL EQa z bL EQa z bL EQa z bL EQa z

XlECe al fL XlECe al fL XlECe al fL XlECe al fL The Origin of Species Hih Effe LlRe z Hih Effe LlRe z Hih Effe LlRe z Hih Effe LlRe z Bjl hhaehc Bjl hhaehc Bjl hhaehc Bjl hhaehc

jahc kc pa qu aqm ApwM AhaLmejahc kc pa qu aqm ApwM AhaLmejahc kc pa qu aqm ApwM AhaLmejahc kc pa qu aqm ApwM AhaLme fSal kl pb HLC dlel fSal Nil fSal kl pb HLC dlel fSal Nil fSal kl pb HLC dlel fSal Nil fSal kl pb HLC dlel fSal Nil

jm pf fSal Aa AhnC bLa qh z gm H dlel fhLl fSal Aa pma jm pf fSal Aa AhnC bLa qh z gm H dlel fhLl fSal Aa pma jm pf fSal Aa AhnC bLa qh z gm H dlel fhLl fSal Aa pma jm pf fSal Aa AhnC bLa qh z gm H dlel fhLl fSal Aa pma

Shnl fjZ AhnC bLa qh z Shnl fjZ AhnC bLa qh z Shnl fjZ AhnC bLa qh z Shnl fjZ AhnC bLa qh z

XXXXXXXXllllllllEEEEEEEECCCCCCCCeeeeeeeellllllll BBBBBBBBnnnnnnnniiiiiiiiwwwwwwwwNNNNNNNN

82 / 88

Fehwn naL bL l Ll BS fk fbhl fu pLm BeQ LeQ Shn Fehwn naL bL l Ll BS fk fbhl fu pLm BeQ LeQ Shn Fehwn naL bL l Ll BS fk fbhl fu pLm BeQ LeQ Shn Fehwn naL bL l Ll BS fk fbhl fu pLm BeQ LeQ Shn

Nhoe fNhoe fNhoe fNhoe flQme Ll pJ H dlel Le Aha BLl h fLll Le fZl Shn lQme Ll pJ H dlel Le Aha BLl h fLll Le fZl Shn lQme Ll pJ H dlel Le Aha BLl h fLll Le fZl Shn lQme Ll pJ H dlel Le Aha BLl h fLll Le fZl Shn

fJu kue z H pLm Mee LSl jdj k pj Shn fJu NR al pb hhaehccl fJu kue z H pLm Mee LSl jdj k pj Shn fJu NR al pb hhaehccl fJu kue z H pLm Mee LSl jdj k pj Shn fJu NR al pb hhaehccl fJu kue z H pLm Mee LSl jdj k pj Shn fJu NR al pb hhaehccl

fan Aeku LRC fJu ku eC, hlw Shn fkhre cM NR, fSa pjq fZ J fan Aeku LRC fJu ku eC, hlw Shn fkhre cM NR, fSa pjq fZ J fan Aeku LRC fJu ku eC, hlw Shn fkhre cM NR, fSa pjq fZ J fan Aeku LRC fJu ku eC, hlw Shn fkhre cM NR, fSa pjq fZ J

pfZlpfZlpfZlpfZlf qWv Ll fbha Bhia quR z Le Aha fZl Aa fJu kue zf qWv Ll fbha Bhia quR z Le Aha fZl Aa fJu kue zf qWv Ll fbha Bhia quR z Le Aha fZl Aa fJu kue zf qWv Ll fbha Bhia quR z Le Aha fZl Aa fJu kue z

HLSe hhaehc Shn hnlc qJu pJ HLSe hhaehc Shn hnlc qJu pJ HLSe hhaehc Shn hnlc qJu pJ HLSe hhaehc Shn hnlc qJu pJ DEREK W AGER houV Ll Ll houV Ll Ll houV Ll Ll houV Ll Ll

EM LlRe k, Bjl kc Shn fjec fhfl fkhre Ll fSa Aeku h Hl EM LlRe k, Bjl kc Shn fjec fhfl fkhre Ll fSa Aeku h Hl EM LlRe k, Bjl kc Shn fjec fhfl fkhre Ll fSa Aeku h Hl EM LlRe k, Bjl kc Shn fjec fhfl fkhre Ll fSa Aeku h Hl

hLnl fku AekuhLnl fku AekuhLnl fku AekuhLnl fku Aeku----aaaaqm Le fkujL hLn cM ku e hlw qWv Ll HLV qm Le fkujL hLn cM ku e hlw qWv Ll HLV qm Le fkujL hLn cM ku e hlw qWv Ll HLV qm Le fkujL hLn cM ku e hlw qWv Ll HLV

fSal Bhih h Ae HLV fSal aldeC cMa fJu ku z Ae Lbu Shn fSal Bhih h Ae HLV fSal aldeC cMa fJu ku z Ae Lbu Shn fSal Bhih h Ae HLV fSal aldeC cMa fJu ku z Ae Lbu Shn fSal Bhih h Ae HLV fSal aldeC cMa fJu ku z Ae Lbu Shn

pjql fkhre cM ku k, pLm fSa pjq qWv Ll fZlf h BLl BLaa pjql fkhre cM ku k, pLm fSa pjq qWv Ll fZlf h BLl BLaa pjql fkhre cM ku k, pLm fSa pjq qWv Ll fZlf h BLl BLaa pjql fkhre cM ku k, pLm fSa pjq qWv Ll fZlf h BLl BLaa

hcje, Le AhaLme BLl/BLahcje, Le AhaLme BLl/BLahcje, Le AhaLme BLl/BLahcje, Le AhaLme BLl/BLaa acl cMa fJu kue z Abv XlECe k a acl cMa fJu kue z Abv XlECe k a acl cMa fJu kue z Abv XlECe k a acl cMa fJu kue z Abv XlECe k

fheje h ihohe LlRme houV farih Hl hfla z Efl fSa pjq k fheje h ihohe LlRme houV farih Hl hfla z Efl fSa pjq k fheje h ihohe LlRme houV farih Hl hfla z Efl fSa pjq k fheje h ihohe LlRme houV farih Hl hfla z Efl fSa pjq k

flLfaih p Ll quR HV alC hh fjZ z fSa pjq Lelf fh flo haa, flLfaih p Ll quR HV alC hh fjZ z fSa pjq Lelf fh flo haa, flLfaih p Ll quR HV alC hh fjZ z fSa pjq Lelf fh flo haa, flLfaih p Ll quR HV alC hh fjZ z fSa pjq Lelf fh flo haa,

Vqe Hhw qWv Ll Bhia qJul houVqe Hhw qWv Ll Bhia qJul houVqe Hhw qWv Ll Bhia qJul houVqe Hhw qWv Ll Bhia qJul houV fjZ Ll k, fSa pjq p Ll quR z V fjZ Ll k, fSa pjq p Ll quR z V fjZ Ll k, fSa pjq p Ll quR z V fjZ Ll k, fSa pjq p Ll quR z

fMa hVn hhaehc Sh he fMa hVn hhaehc Sh he fMa hVn hhaehc Sh he fMa hVn hhaehc Sh he DOUG LAS FUTUYMA HC paL Ll Ll hmRe HC paL Ll Ll hmRe HC paL Ll Ll hmRe HC paL Ll Ll hmRe

xxxx

fSapjql p h hhaehc fuu NWa HC cul jT fZ pjql pQel ph fSapjql p h hhaehc fuu NWa HC cul jT fZ pjql pQel ph fSapjql p h hhaehc fuu NWa HC cul jT fZ pjql pQel ph fSapjql p h hhaehc fuu NWa HC cul jT fZ pjql pQel ph

hM luRz fSa pjq qu fZ Ahuh hM luRz fSa pjq qu fZ Ahuh hM luRz fSa pjq qu fZ Ahuh hM luRz fSa pjq qu fZ Ahuh hLna qu fbha Bhia quR Abh pC hLna qu fbha Bhia quR Abh pC hLna qu fbha Bhia quR Abh pC hLna qu fbha Bhia quR Abh pC

qu eC z kqa fhl Le fZ bL flhae h hhaehc fuu p Le fZl Aa qu eC z kqa fhl Le fZ bL flhae h hhaehc fuu p Le fZl Aa qu eC z kqa fhl Le fZ bL flhae h hhaehc fuu p Le fZl Aa qu eC z kqa fhl Le fZ bL flhae h hhaehc fuu p Le fZl Aa

fJu kue z hlw fSa pjq fZ Ahuh pfZ hLna fku fbha Bhia quR z fJu kue z hlw fSa pjq fZ Ahuh pfZ hLna fku fbha Bhia quR z fJu kue z hlw fSa pjq fZ Ahuh pfZ hLna fku fbha Bhia quR z fJu kue z hlw fSa pjq fZ Ahuh pfZ hLna fku fbha Bhia quR z

aC HV AhnC Lk k, fSaC HV AhnC Lk k, fSaC HV AhnC Lk k, fSaC HV AhnC Lk k, fSa pjqL heju HL jq p p LlRe za pjqL heju HL jq p p LlRe za pjqL heju HL jq p p LlRe za pjqL heju HL jq p p LlRe z

Shn HVC fjZ Ll k, fSapjq fZ J pQllf NWa z Ae Lbu Shn HVC fjZ Ll k, fSapjq fZ J pQllf NWa z Ae Lbu Shn HVC fjZ Ll k, fSapjq fZ J pQllf NWa z Ae Lbu Shn HVC fjZ Ll k, fSapjq fZ J pQllf NWa z Ae Lbu

XlECel Ql hfla fuu Abv fSa pjq hhaehc fuu eu hlw p fuu XlECel Ql hfla fuu Abv fSa pjq hhaehc fuu eu hlw p fuu XlECel Ql hfla fuu Abv fSa pjq hhaehc fuu eu hlw p fuu XlECel Ql hfla fuu Abv fSa pjq hhaehc fuu eu hlw p fuu

dldj Efea quR z dldj Efea quR z dldj Efea quR z dldj Efea quR z

hhaehc fuu jeh hhaehc fuu jeh hhaehc fuu jeh hhaehc fuu jeh pl LfLqepl LfLqepl LfLqepl LfLqe

hhaehcl fhl phQu hn k houV BmQeu eu Bpe, aqm jeo pl hhaehcl fhl phQu hn k houV BmQeu eu Bpe, aqm jeo pl hhaehcl fhl phQu hn k houV BmQeu eu Bpe, aqm jeo pl hhaehcl fhl phQu hn k houV BmQeu eu Bpe, aqm jeo pl

Evp h jeh pl lqp z XlECehcl H hou ch Ll bLe k, BdeL jeo LR Evp h jeh pl lqp z XlECehcl H hou ch Ll bLe k, BdeL jeo LR Evp h jeh pl lqp z XlECehcl H hou ch Ll bLe k, BdeL jeo LR Evp h jeh pl lqp z XlECehcl H hou ch Ll bLe k, BdeL jeo LR

pwML hel fSal fh flo bL hhaehc fuu Ea quR z H chpwML hel fSal fh flo bL hhaehc fuu Ea quR z H chpwML hel fSal fh flo bL hhaehc fuu Ea quR z H chpwML hel fSal fh flo bL hhaehc fuu Ea quR z H ch Aeku fu 4 Aeku fu 4 Aeku fu 4 Aeku fu 4

bL 5 jmue hRl pjuLm bL l quR Hhw fbha BdeL jeo J al fh bL 5 jmue hRl pjuLm bL l quR Hhw fbha BdeL jeo J al fh bL 5 jmue hRl pjuLm bL l quR Hhw fbha BdeL jeo J al fh bL 5 jmue hRl pjuLm bL l quR Hhw fbha BdeL jeo J al fh

flocl Aha BLa J fLa hn fSa hphp Llaz H Lfa dle Aeku jeo flocl Aha BLa J fLa hn fSa hphp Llaz H Lfa dle Aeku jeo flocl Aha BLa J fLa hn fSa hphp Llaz H Lfa dle Aeku jeo flocl Aha BLa J fLa hn fSa hphp Llaz H Lfa dle Aeku jeo

jma 4 fku hLn mi LlR, aqm xjma 4 fku hLn mi LlR, aqm xjma 4 fku hLn mi LlR, aqm xjma 4 fku hLn mi LlR, aqm x

1. AUSTRALOPITHECUS

2. HOMO HABILIES

83 / 88

3. HOMO ERECTUS

4. HOMO SAPIENS

hhaehcl jeo fSal abLba phfbj fhflocl ejLle LlRe hhaehcl jeo fSal abLba phfbj fhflocl ejLle LlRe hhaehcl jeo fSal abLba phfbj fhflocl ejLle LlRe hhaehcl jeo fSal abLba phfbj fhflocl ejLle LlRe Australo Pithectus

kl Ab crel hel z fLafr HC kl Ab crel hel z fLafr HC kl Ab crel hel z fLafr HC kl Ab crel hel z fLafr HC Australo Pithectus qm HL hm fSal hel z qm HL hm fSal hel z qm HL hm fSal hel z qm HL hm fSal hel z

BjlL kl J hVel cC hnhMa BjlL kl J hVel cC hnhMa BjlL kl J hVel cC hnhMa BjlL kl J hVel cC hnhMa Anatomist, Austrolopethicist pfL hfL pfL hfL pfL hfL pfL hfL

Nhoel jdj Sea flRe k, HV HLV m fSal hell hwn kl pb jeo Nhoel jdj Sea flRe k, HV HLV m fSal hell hwn kl pb jeo Nhoel jdj Sea flRe k, HV HLV m fSal hell hwn kl pb jeo Nhoel jdj Sea flRe k, HV HLV m fSal hell hwn kl pb jeo

fSal nllL LWjl Le jmC eC z fSal nllL LWjl Le jmC eC z fSal nllL LWjl Le jmC eC z fSal nllL LWjl Le jmC eC z

hhaehcl jeo fSal flha hhaehc fuL Homo h jeh ne qph hhaehcl jeo fSal flha hhaehc fuL Homo h jeh ne qph hhaehcl jeo fSal flha hhaehc fuL Homo h jeh ne qph hhaehcl jeo fSal flha hhaehc fuL Homo h jeh ne qph

hiSe LlRe z H ch Aeku HohiSe LlRe z H ch Aeku HohiSe LlRe z H ch Aeku HohiSe LlRe z H ch Aeku Homo nei fSa mo nei fSa mo nei fSa mo nei fSa Australopithecus ne bL ne bL ne bL ne bL

AdLal Ea h hLna z hhaehcl H pLm Shnl fkujL ne hep Aeku AdLal Ea h hLna z hhaehcl H pLm Shnl fkujL ne hep Aeku AdLal Ea h hLna z hhaehcl H pLm Shnl fkujL ne hep Aeku AdLal Ea h hLna z hhaehcl H pLm Shnl fkujL ne hep Aeku

jeo fSal HLV Lfa hhaehc flLfe fa Lle z jeo pl H jhLnl jeo fSal HLV Lfa hhaehc flLfe fa Lle z jeo pl H jhLnl jeo fSal HLV Lfa hhaehc flLfe fa Lle z jeo pl H jhLnl jeo fSal HLV Lfa hhaehc flLfe fa Lle z jeo pl H jhLnl

flLfe fLafr HLV LfLqe Rs LRflLfe fLafr HLV LfLqe Rs LRflLfe fLafr HLV LfLqe Rs LRflLfe fLafr HLV LfLqe Rs LRC eu z LlZ hi hi fSal jd Le C eu z LlZ hi hi fSal jd Le C eu z LlZ hi hi fSal jd Le C eu z LlZ hi hi fSal jd Le

hhaehc jm flmra qJul Le fjZ e fJuu houV AfjZa z hwn naLl hhaehc jm flmra qJul Le fjZ e fJuu houV AfjZa z hwn naLl hhaehc jm flmra qJul Le fjZ e fJuu houV AfjZa z hwn naLl hhaehc jm flmra qJul Le fjZ e fJuu houV AfjZa z hwn naLl

HLSe hhaehcl LHLSe hhaehcl LHLSe hhaehcl LHLSe hhaehcl Ll pjbL l pjbL l pjbL l pjbL Ernst Mayr H Lb Ll Ll EM LlRe k, fLafr H Lb Ll Ll EM LlRe k, fLafr H Lb Ll Ll EM LlRe k, fLafr H Lb Ll Ll EM LlRe k, fLafr

H hwn H hwn H hwn H hwn amamamamLu Lu Lu Lu Homo Sapiens fk Le p ( fk Le p ( fk Le p ( fk Le p (Chain) fJu) fJu) fJu) fJu kue h H p qlu NR z kue h H p qlu NR z kue h H p qlu NR z kue h H p qlu NR z

jeo fSal p flLfe hZe fp hhaehcl jeo fSal p flLfe hZe fp hhaehcl jeo fSal p flLfe hZe fp hhaehcl jeo fSal p flLfe hZe fp hhaehcl Australopithe-cus>Homo

Habilis>Homo erectus>Homo Sapiens HC hwnej Aeple Ll quR jj ch Lle z HC hwnej Aeple Ll quR jj ch Lle z HC hwnej Aeple Ll quR jj ch Lle z HC hwnej Aeple Ll quR jj ch Lle z

frl Shn hel BhLl LlRe k, frl Shn hel BhLl LlRe k, frl Shn hel BhLl LlRe k, frl Shn hel BhLl LlRe k, Australopithecus, Homo habilis J Homo

erectus HLC pju fbhl hi HmLu hphp Lla z aRs HLC pju fbhl hi HmLu hphp Lla z aRs HLC pju fbhl hi HmLu hphp Lla z aRs HLC pju fbhl hi HmLu hphp Lla z aRs Homo erectus nei nei nei nei

fZ Aa pfaLm fk fbha hcje Rmz Nhoeu cM NR k x fZ Aa pfaLm fk fbha hcje Rmz Nhoeu cM NR k x fZ Aa pfaLm fk fbha hcje Rmz Nhoeu cM NR k x fZ Aa pfaLm fk fbha hcje Rmz Nhoeu cM NR k x

Homo sapiens (BdeL jeo) (BdeL jeo) (BdeL jeo) (BdeL jeo) neandertalensis J Homo erectus HLC pjuLm HLC pjuLm HLC pjuLm HLC pjuLm

fnffnffnffnfn fbhn fbhn fbhn fbha hphp Lla bL za hphp Lla bL za hphp Lla bL za hphp Lla bL z

H bLC fjZa qu k, jeo fSal fh flo pfLa a HLhlC iqe ab H bLC fjZa qu k, jeo fSal fh flo pfLa a HLhlC iqe ab H bLC fjZa qu k, jeo fSal fh flo pfLa a HLhlC iqe ab H bLC fjZa qu k, jeo fSal fh flo pfLa a HLhlC iqe ab

Lfaz Lfaz Lfaz Lfaz

Harvard University Hl hMa Shn he, Hl hMa Shn he, Hl hMa Shn he, Hl hMa Shn he, Stephen Jay Gould ke eS HLSe ke eS HLSe ke eS HLSe ke eS HLSe

hhaehc qJu pJ XlECehcl H Eiu pwLV Hih hZe LlRe xhhaehc qJu pJ XlECehcl H Eiu pwLV Hih hZe LlRe xhhaehc qJu pJ XlECehcl H Eiu pwLV Hih hZe LlRe xhhaehc qJu pJ XlECehcl H Eiu pwLV Hih hZe LlRe x

BjBjBjBjcl (hwn maLl) pysl ae fSacl (hwn maLl) pysl ae fSacl (hwn maLl) pysl ae fSacl (hwn maLl) pysl ae fSa----Africanus, Australopithecines J Homo habilies

Hl Le fSaC Ll bL Ea que z aRs HC ae nel Le nel jd fbha Hl Le fSaC Ll bL Ea que z aRs HC ae nel Le nel jd fbha Hl Le fSaC Ll bL Ea que z aRs HC ae nel Le nel jd fbha Hl Le fSaC Ll bL Ea que z aRs HC ae nel Le nel jd fbha

acl Aa bL Ahu Le dlel hhael mre fkhre Ll kue zacl Aa bL Ahu Le dlel hhael mre fkhre Ll kue zacl Aa bL Ahu Le dlel hhael mre fkhre Ll kue zacl Aa bL Ahu Le dlel hhael mre fkhre Ll kue z

Abv m LmSl fAbv m LmSl fAbv m LmSl fAbv m LmSl fW fL h peju jeo fSal hhael (Ad jehW fL h peju jeo fSal hhael (Ad jehW fL h peju jeo fSal hhael (Ad jehW fL h peju jeo fSal hhael (Ad jeh----Ad Ad Ad Ad

hell) k Q h Rh cM ku a heuV J Lfa, ~heL Nhoeu Hl Le i MyS hell) k Q h Rh cM ku a heuV J Lfa, ~heL Nhoeu Hl Le i MyS hell) k Q h Rh cM ku a heuV J Lfa, ~heL Nhoeu Hl Le i MyS hell) k Q h Rh cM ku a heuV J Lfa, ~heL Nhoeu Hl Le i MyS

fJu kue z Hm dj hhaehccl fQle qph H a SCu lMl HV HLV fJu kue z Hm dj hhaehccl fQle qph H a SCu lMl HV HLV fJu kue z Hm dj hhaehccl fQle qph H a SCu lMl HV HLV fJu kue z Hm dj hhaehccl fQle qph H a SCu lMl HV HLV

AfLnm j z AfLnm j z AfLnm j z AfLnm j z

84 / 88

hVel hVel hVel hVel HLSe pjea J hMa hhaehc HLSe pjea J hMa hhaehc HLSe pjea J hMa hhaehc HLSe pjea J hMa hhaehc Lord Sobly Zuckerman 15 hvpl 15 hvpl 15 hvpl 15 hvpl

kha kha kha kha Australophitecus Shn eu Nhoe Ll H p Efea qe k, jeo fSal Shn eu Nhoe Ll H p Efea qe k, jeo fSal Shn eu Nhoe Ll H p Efea qe k, jeo fSal Shn eu Nhoe Ll H p Efea qe k, jeo fSal

hwn maLu hel hwn maLu hel hwn maLu hel hwn maLu hel fSal fh flol Le pfL fSal fh flol Le pfL fSal fh flol Le pfL fSal fh flol Le pfL eC eC eC eC z

Zuckerman he pu HLV pcl hZm hnoe LlRe zhe pu HLV pcl hZm hnoe LlRe zhe pu HLV pcl hZm hnoe LlRe zhe pu HLV pcl hZm hnoe LlRe z ae el hi ae el hi ae el hi ae el hi

nM/fnMl jd ne hep Ll ~heL Abh A~heL qph Aiqa LlRe, hel nM/fnMl jd ne hep Ll ~heL Abh A~heL qph Aiqa LlRe, hel nM/fnMl jd ne hep Ll ~heL Abh A~heL qph Aiqa LlRe, hel nM/fnMl jd ne hep Ll ~heL Abh A~heL qph Aiqa LlRe, hel

Le nM k hh iL gmgm Efl faa Abh kl he qph Ll Lle e Le nM k hh iL gmgm Efl faa Abh kl he qph Ll Lle e Le nM k hh iL gmgm Efl faa Abh kl he qph Ll Lle e Le nM k hh iL gmgm Efl faa Abh kl he qph Ll Lle e

acl LR HC hZm ~heL hnoe Effe Lle, acl LR HC hZm ~heL hnoe Effe Lle, acl LR HC hZm ~heL hnoe Effe Lle, acl LR HC hZm ~heL hnoe Effe Lle, Zuckerman Hl a Hl a Hl a Hl amLu phQu mLu phQu mLu phQu mLu phQu

pWL h hh he qph fcbhc Hhw lpuehc z Hl fl Bp Sh hel e Hhw pWL h hh he qph fcbhc Hhw lpuehc z Hl fl Bp Sh hel e Hhw pWL h hh he qph fcbhc Hhw lpuehc z Hl fl Bp Sh hel e Hhw pWL h hh he qph fcbhc Hhw lpuehc z Hl fl Bp Sh hel e Hhw

Hl fl pjSL he pjq z H hZm hnoel no f luR kL fuC A~heL Hl fl pjSL he pjq z H hZm hnoel no f luR kL fuC A~heL Hl fl pjSL he pjq z H hZm hnoel no f luR kL fuC A~heL Hl fl pjSL he pjq z H hZm hnoel no f luR kL fuC A~heL

qph hhQe Ll qu bL aqmqph hhQe Ll qu bL aqmqph hhQe Ll qu bL aqmqph hhQe Ll qu bL aqm----Vmfb, ocu Hhw phno luR Vmfb, ocu Hhw phno luR Vmfb, ocu Hhw phno luR Vmfb, ocu Hhw phno luR jeol hhael jeol hhael jeol hhael jeol hhael

jahc z phL houV ae Hih hZe LlRe xjahc z phL houV ae Hih hZe LlRe xjahc z phL houV ae Hih hZe LlRe xjahc z phL houV ae Hih hZe LlRe x

Bjl kc avreLih hh pa houL he h abLba Sh he h jeol Bjl kc avreLih hh pa houL he h abLba Sh he h jeol Bjl kc avreLih hh pa houL he h abLba Sh he h jeol Bjl kc avreLih hh pa houL he h abLba Sh he h jeol

Aacu e h jeol Shnl Caqp, pr HLSe hn hhaehcl r ph LRC Aacu e h jeol Shnl Caqp, pr HLSe hn hhaehcl r ph LRC Aacu e h jeol Shnl Caqp, pr HLSe hn hhaehcl r ph LRC Aacu e h jeol Shnl Caqp, pr HLSe hn hhaehcl r ph LRC

ph z pr HLSe hhaehc ph z pr HLSe hhaehc ph z pr HLSe hhaehc ph z pr HLSe hhaehc Nil hnp, flfl hld AeL LR HLC pb hnp Nil hnp, flfl hld AeL LR HLC pb hnp Nil hnp, flfl hld AeL LR HLC pb hnp Nil hnp, flfl hld AeL LR HLC pb hnp

Lla fle zLla fle zLla fle zLla fle z

aC jeh Caqpl hhae LuLSe HLfn jh J XlECehc LR pwML A aC jeh Caqpl hhae LuLSe HLfn jh J XlECehc LR pwML A aC jeh Caqpl hhae LuLSe HLfn jh J XlECehc LR pwML A aC jeh Caqpl hhae LuLSe HLfn jh J XlECehc LR pwML A

hnpcl LuLV Shn fkhrel gpm Rs Bl LR euz hnpcl LuLV Shn fkhrel gpm Rs Bl LR euz hnpcl LuLV Shn fkhrel gpm Rs Bl LR euz hnpcl LuLV Shn fkhrel gpm Rs Bl LR euz

jeol QM J Lel Ljfajeol QM J Lel Ljfajeol QM J Lel Ljfajeol QM J Lel Ljfa

jeol QM J Le k Apdjeol QM J Le k Apdjeol QM J Le k Apdjeol QM J Le k Apdle faa LS Ll, p pfL hhaehcl HC le faa LS Ll, p pfL hhaehcl HC le faa LS Ll, p pfL hhaehcl HC le faa LS Ll, p pfL hhaehcl HC

Lnml Le pcl ca prj qe ez Bjl L Se Bjcl QM Lih LS Ll ? H Lnml Le pcl ca prj qe ez Bjl L Se Bjcl QM Lih LS Ll ? H Lnml Le pcl ca prj qe ez Bjl L Se Bjcl QM Lih LS Ll ? H Lnml Le pcl ca prj qe ez Bjl L Se Bjcl QM Lih LS Ll ? H

fnl El Sel fh Bjl Lih cM H fnl Shh MySl Q Ll z BmL ln fnl El Sel fh Bjl Lih cM H fnl Shh MySl Q Ll z BmL ln fnl El Sel fh Bjl Lih cM H fnl Shh MySl Q Ll z BmL ln fnl El Sel fh Bjl Lih cM H fnl Shh MySl Q Ll z BmL ln

Le h bL fagma qu QMl lVel hflaLe h bL fagma qu QMl lVel hflaLe h bL fagma qu QMl lVel hflaLe h bL fagma qu QMl lVel hfla cL qa faa quz HMe HC BmL cL qa faa quz HMe HC BmL cL qa faa quz HMe HC BmL cL qa faa quz HMe HC BmL

ln pjq ~hcaL pNem flZa qu jeh jLl Lcl fRe Aha HLV r Spot ln pjq ~hcaL pNem flZa qu jeh jLl Lcl fRe Aha HLV r Spot ln pjq ~hcaL pNem flZa qu jeh jLl Lcl fRe Aha HLV r Spot ln pjq ~hcaL pNem flZa qu jeh jLl Lcl fRe Aha HLV r Spot

h hca fyRu z HC ~hcaL pNem pjq hi fuu Rha flZa qu Hhw Bjl h hca fyRu z HC ~hcaL pNem pjq hi fuu Rha flZa qu Hhw Bjl h hca fyRu z HC ~hcaL pNem pjq hi fuu Rha flZa qu Hhw Bjl h hca fyRu z HC ~hcaL pNem pjq hi fuu Rha flZa qu Hhw Bjl

cMa fC z HC VLeLm frfV Bjl houV QcMa fC z HC VLeLm frfV Bjl houV QcMa fC z HC VLeLm frfV Bjl houV QcMa fC z HC VLeLm frfV Bjl houV Q Lla fl z Lla fl z Lla fl z Lla fl z

jeh j Le Bm eC z Hl Ab qm jLl AiliN Nil ALl jeh j Le Bm eC z Hl Ab qm jLl AiliN Nil ALl jeh j Le Bm eC z Hl Ab qm jLl AiliN Nil ALl jeh j Le Bm eC z Hl Ab qm jLl AiliN Nil ALl

hlSjez Hhw jLl HmLu Le Bm fyRu e z jLl k SuNu cnel Lc hlSjez Hhw jLl HmLu Le Bm fyRu e z jLl k SuNu cnel Lc hlSjez Hhw jLl HmLu Le Bm fyRu e z jLl k SuNu cnel Lc hlSjez Hhw jLl HmLu Le Bm fyRu e z jLl k SuNu cnel Lc

Aha E eVa LMeJ Le Bm fy~Ra fhe z jeol Se ja Hl Qu Le Aha E eVa LMeJ Le Bm fy~Ra fhe z jeol Se ja Hl Qu Le Aha E eVa LMeJ Le Bm fy~Ra fhe z jeol Se ja Hl Qu Le Aha E eVa LMeJ Le Bm fy~Ra fhe z jeol Se ja Hl Qu Le

AAAALl SuN LbJ eC z AbQ Bjl BmLa, ESm fbh cne Ll bL z Ll SuN LbJ eC z AbQ Bjl BmLa, ESm fbh cne Ll bL z Ll SuN LbJ eC z AbQ Bjl BmLa, ESm fbh cne Ll bL z Ll SuN LbJ eC z AbQ Bjl BmLa, ESm fbh cne Ll bL z

jeh Qra Hje prapr J f fah p Lla prj k, hwn naLl jeh Qra Hje prapr J f fah p Lla prj k, hwn naLl jeh Qra Hje prapr J f fah p Lla prj k, hwn naLl jeh Qra Hje prapr J f fah p Lla prj k, hwn naLl

phdeL ~heL fkJ a ~al Lla prj qu eC z Ecqle lf hm ku k, Bfe phdeL ~heL fkJ a ~al Lla prj qu eC z Ecqle lf hm ku k, Bfe phdeL ~heL fkJ a ~al Lla prj qu eC z Ecqle lf hm ku k, Bfe phdeL ~heL fkJ a ~al Lla prj qu eC z Ecqle lf hm ku k, Bfe

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k hCV fW LlRe, Bfel k qa k hCV fW LlRe, Bfel k qa k hCV fW LlRe, Bfel k qa k hCV fW LlRe, Bfel k qa cu a dl lMRe Hhw jb EQ Ll QlcL aLe, cu a dl lMRe Hhw jb EQ Ll QlcL aLe, cu a dl lMRe Hhw jb EQ Ll QlcL aLe, cu a dl lMRe Hhw jb EQ Ll QlcL aLe,

Bfe L LMeJ HC dlel pr J f fah Ae LbJ cMRe L? fbhl phn Bfe L LMeJ HC dlel pr J f fah Ae LbJ cMRe L? fbhl phn Bfe L LMeJ HC dlel pr J f fah Ae LbJ cMRe L? fbhl phn Bfe L LMeJ HC dlel pr J f fah Ae LbJ cMRe L? fbhl phn

Vmine faLlL LfeJ H dlel Vmine Vmine faLlL LfeJ H dlel Vmine Vmine faLlL LfeJ H dlel Vmine Vmine faLlL LfeJ H dlel Vmine (Screen) fc Bfel Se H lLj Ea ) fc Bfel Se H lLj Ea ) fc Bfel Se H lLj Ea ) fc Bfel Se H lLj Ea

dlel Vmine ~al Lla prj qhedlel Vmine ~al Lla prj qhedlel Vmine ~al Lla prj qhedlel Vmine ~al Lla prj qhe z z z zjjjjeh Qreh Qreh Qreh Qrl HC fah jM, lel HC fah jM, lel HC fah jM, lel HC fah jM, leJ Aa pr z J Aa pr z J Aa pr z J Aa pr z

nadL hRl dl qSl qSl cr fLnm H dlel pr fah p Lla hb quRe z nadL hRl dl qSl qSl cr fLnm H dlel pr fah p Lla hb quRe z nadL hRl dl qSl qSl cr fLnm H dlel pr fah p Lla hb quRe z nadL hRl dl qSl qSl cr fLnm H dlel pr fah p Lla hb quRe z

H mr hlV hlV LlMe, flLfe, hi dlel XSCe eu fQl Nhoe Ll quR H mr hlV hlV LlMe, flLfe, hi dlel XSCe eu fQl Nhoe Ll quR H mr hlV hlV LlMe, flLfe, hi dlel XSCe eu fQl Nhoe Ll quR H mr hlV hlV LlMe, flLfe, hi dlel XSCe eu fQl Nhoe Ll quR

L H LS al pgm qee z Bhl Bfe Vminel fL H LS al pgm qee z Bhl Bfe Vminel fL H LS al pgm qee z Bhl Bfe Vminel fL H LS al pgm qee z Bhl Bfe Vminel fcl cL aLe Hhw Bfel cl cL aLe Hhw Bfel cl cL aLe Hhw Bfel cl cL aLe Hhw Bfel

qa dl hCVl cL c ce z Bfe Aa AhnC fbLV mr LlRe z Vi fc jL qa dl hCVl cL c ce z Bfe Aa AhnC fbLV mr LlRe z Vi fc jL qa dl hCVl cL c ce z Bfe Aa AhnC fbLV mr LlRe z Vi fc jL qa dl hCVl cL c ce z Bfe Aa AhnC fbLV mr LlRe z Vi fc jL

Rh cMu frl Bfel Qr Nilapq jL Rh fcne Ll bL zRh cMu frl Bfel Qr Nilapq jL Rh fcne Ll bL zRh cMu frl Bfel Qr Nilapq jL Rh fcne Ll bL zRh cMu frl Bfel Qr Nilapq jL Rh fcne Ll bL z

kcJ hRll fl hRl qSl qSl Ceul hfL Nhoel fl jL Vmine kcJ hRll fl hRl qSl qSl Ceul hfL Nhoel fl jL Vmine kcJ hRll fl hRl qSl qSl Ceul hfL Nhoel fl jL Vmine kcJ hRll fl hRl qSl qSl Ceul hfL Nhoel fl jL Vmine

~al~al~al~al Lla prj quR WL, L Qnj Rs a cM ph euz aRs HV H dlel Lj Lla prj quR WL, L Qnj Rs a cM ph euz aRs HV H dlel Lj Lla prj quR WL, L Qnj Rs a cM ph euz aRs HV H dlel Lj Lla prj quR WL, L Qnj Rs a cM ph euz aRs HV H dlel Lj

jL cne faa Rhl fQcij Tfp J pjMiN LNS mNel ja cM ku L jL cne faa Rhl fQcij Tfp J pjMiN LNS mNel ja cM ku L jL cne faa Rhl fQcij Tfp J pjMiN LNS mNel ja cM ku L jL cne faa Rhl fQcij Tfp J pjMiN LNS mNel ja cM ku L

a LMeJ jeh Qrl ja Ha f J pr eu z Ljl J Vmine Eiu rC fahl a LMeJ jeh Qrl ja Ha f J pr eu z Ljl J Vmine Eiu rC fahl a LMeJ jeh Qrl ja Ha f J pr eu z Ljl J Vmine Eiu rC fahl a LMeJ jeh Qrl ja Ha f J pr eu z Ljl J Vmine Eiu rC fahl

je r qu z je r qu z je r qu z je r qu z

hhhhhaehcl ch Lle k, jeh Qrl HC praJ fal Lm Lnm ~chv p haehcl ch Lle k, jeh Qrl HC praJ fal Lm Lnm ~chv p haehcl ch Lle k, jeh Qrl HC praJ fal Lm Lnm ~chv p haehcl ch Lle k, jeh Qrl HC praJ fal Lm Lnm ~chv p

quRz AbQ Le mL kc hm Bfel Oll Vmine pVV agaih eja quR, quRz AbQ Le mL kc hm Bfel Oll Vmine pVV agaih eja quR, quRz AbQ Le mL kc hm Bfel Oll Vmi