Portfolio Assignmnet Final Draft

Department of Electrical Services Engineering

Electrical Distribution

Course Code / Year DT 010 Year 2Module Assignment No. 1Lecturer Thomas WoolmingtonStudent Name Sean HazzardStudent Number C13705935Date Issued 4th February 2015Submission Date

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DeclarationI hereby certify that the material, which is submitted in this assignment/project, is entirely my own work and has not been submitted for any academic assessment other than as part fulfilment of the assessment procedures for the program Bachelor of Engineering in Electrical Services Engineering (BEng) (DT 010).

Signature of student:…………….………

Date:…………………………

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Table of ContentsDeclaration.................................................................................................................. ii

Table of figures...........................................................................................................vi

1 Power Distribution................................................................................................8

1.1 Type of Building.............................................................................................8

1.2 Rules for location of boards...........................................................................9

1.3 Location of Boards within Hotel......................................................................9

1.4 Circuits for sub main board..........................................................................11

1.4.1 Lighting Cable sizing.............................................................................12

1.4.2 Sockets Cable sizing.............................................................................15

1.4.3 Sub Cable Sizing...................................................................................18

1.5 Diversity.......................................................................................................21

1.5.1 Lighting Dining Room............................................................................21

1.5.2 Sockets Dining Room............................................................................21

1.6 Cable Schedule for SDB1............................................................................22

1.7 Discrimination within the hotel circuits.........................................................23

1.8 Discrimination verified through Amtech Lighting..........................................23

1.9 Discrimination verified through Amtech Sockets..........................................24

1.10 Single line Diagram...................................................................................25

1.11 Conclusion................................................................................................26

2 Emergency Lighting...........................................................................................27

2.1 Building Information.....................................................................................27

2.2 Design of Emergency Lighting System........................................................28

2.3 Types of emergency lighting used...............................................................29

2.3.1 Thorn 96549967 IQ 1x55W TC-L HFI E3..............................................29

2.3.2 Thorn 96239873 Pop pack pro 1X58W T26..........................................29

2.3.3 Maxim LED ME/WIRE/DALI/WH exit sign.............................................29

2.3.4 Finesse – Slim LED/8W T5 Bulkhead Luminaires.................................29

2.4 Required Light Levels..................................................................................29

2.5 Open area emergency lighting.....................................................................32

2.6 Escape Route Emergency Lighting..............................................................32

2.7 Analysis of lux levels by Dialux....................................................................32

2.8 Function Room.............................................................................................32

2.9 Corridor........................................................................................................32

2.10 Kitchen......................................................................................................33

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2.11 Battery capacity........................................................................................33

2.12 Escape routes...........................................................................................33

2.13 Emergency lighting in required locations..................................................33

2.14 Testing......................................................................................................34

2.15 Log Book...................................................................................................34

2.16 Conclusion................................................................................................35

3 Fire Alarm..........................................................................................................36

3.1 Building Information.....................................................................................36

3.2 Type of cover...............................................................................................37

3.3 Type of System............................................................................................37

3.4 Zoning..........................................................................................................38

3.4.1 Zone 1...................................................................................................38

3.4.2 Zone 2 and 3.........................................................................................39

3.4.3 Zone 4 and 5.........................................................................................40

3.5 Fire and Fault Detection...............................................................................43

3.5.1 Optical smoke detector..........................................................................43

3.5.2 Heat Detector........................................................................................43

3.5.3 Manual call points..................................................................................44

3.6 Control Panels.............................................................................................45

3.6.1 Main control panel.................................................................................45

3.6.2 Repeater panels....................................................................................45

3.7 Audio and Visual Alarms..............................................................................46

3.8 Wiring...........................................................................................................49

3.9 Conclusion...................................................................................................50

4 Lighting..............................................................................................................51

4.1 Point source lighting.....................................................................................51

4.1.1 Hand Calculations.................................................................................52

4.1.2 Simulation..............................................................................................54

4.1.3 Comparison and Conclusion.................................................................55

4.2 Lumen Method.............................................................................................56

4.2.1 Lumen Method Calculation....................................................................56

4.2.2 Dialux Simulation...................................................................................57


4.3 Day lighting..................................................................................................59

4.3.1 Day lighting Calculations.......................................................................60

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4.3.2 Dialux Daylight Simulation.....................................................................61


4.4 Conclusion...................................................................................................63

5 Power Outage Annex Building Kevin Street.......................................................64

5.1 Details of Contractor and Client...................................................................64

5.2 Building Details............................................................................................65

5.3 Incident time and location............................................................................66

5.4 Report Findings............................................................................................67

5.5 Solutions......................................................................................................68

Appendix A Data Sheet 96549967............................................................................69

Project 1 Appendix B Function Room Summary.......................................................70

Appendix C Corridor Summary.................................................................................71

Appendix D Data Sheet 96239873............................................................................72

Appendix E Kitchen Summary...................................................................................73

Appendix F Data Sheet Finesse Bulkhead................................................................74

Bibliography..............................................................................................................76

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Table of figures

1Figure 1 Location of Main and Sub Boar...................................................................10Figure 2 Amtech Report Lighting...............................................................................13Figure 3 Lighting Circuit............................................................................................14Figure 4 Amtech Report Sockets..............................................................................16Figure 5 Sockets Circuit............................................................................................17Figure 6 Amtech Report Sub Cable..........................................................................19Figure 8 Amtech Discrimination lighting....................................................................23Figure 9 Amtech Report with Discrimination Sockets...............................................24Figure 10 Amtech Report without Correct Discrimination Sockets............................24Figure 11 Single Line Diagram Amtech.....................................................................25Figure 12 Emergency Lighting Ground Floor............................................................30Figure 13 Emergency Lighting First Floor.................................................................31Figure 14 Zones Ground Floor..................................................................................41Figure 15 Zones First Floor.......................................................................................42Figure 16 Location of Devices Ground Floor.............................................................47Figure 17 Location of Devices First Floor..................................................................48Figure 18 Position of Lights.......................................................................................52Figure 19 Summary Page Point Source Calculations...............................................54Figure 20 Luminaire Data Sheet...............................................................................54Figure 21 Summary sheet Lumen Method................................................................57Figure 22 Luminaire Data Sheet Lumen Method......................................................57Figure 23 Summary Sheet Based on 25/12/2014 9 am............................................61Figure 24 Summary Sheet Based on 21/6/2014 at 1 pm..........................................61

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2 Power Distribution

Within any building design power distribution is one of the most important aspects, without electrical power the building will cease to function. When designing the distribution system for any building the first step is to determine what the intended use of the building is and the function of individual rooms. By determining the use of rooms the expected load can then be calculated, this load is required to successfully and accurately determine cable sizes, protection devices and distribution boards. If any component with the power distribution design is sized incorrectly over currents may become an issues, or protection devices may fail to activate under fault conditions. Position of distribution boards are also a key aspect of the design, the placement of all boards must meet the criteria of both the ETCI and the ESB. Correct placement of the boards can also reduce costs by reducing the volume of cable need for a project. When sizing cables and protection for any design calculations can be made using electrical software like Amtech and by the use of cable schedules, by combining both methods within the design process calculations can be checked and problems eliminated before the installation commences.

2.1 Type of Building

The building used for this project is a two storey hotel, the ground floor consists of various rooms including bars, dining room and function room. The first floor comprises guest accommodation. When designing electrical distribution for building the usage of the building not only determines the electrical requirement, but also the installation method. Because the hotel is open to the general public key aspects of the installation including cables and distribution boards must be kept away from the patrons. This is not only a safety requirement but also a cosmetic requirement, nobody would want to stay within a hotel with exposed cable trays and main distribution boards on view, installations within factories or workshops would not have the same cosmetic restrictions. The load electrical load within the hotel will vary depending on both the time of day and the room usage, for instance the kitchen will normally have a higher electrical requirement than the stores or the guest accommodation. Within the hotel certain rooms need to be sized with expansion and nonstandard use in mind, bars may have extra televisions added during high profile sporting occasions like the world cup or have DJ equipment installed for functions without this expansion over currents may happen.

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2.2 Rules for location of boards When locating distribution boards within any premises they must be positioned in accordance with both the ECTI regulations and the ESB national code of practice. The ECTI states that distribution boards cannot be installed in the following locations,

Storage or airing cupboards Under timber staircases Where the board would be of risk of being covered by garments In bathrooms Over cooking or heating appliances Within 400mm of a gas appliance or gas meter Located within a stairway or escape route (ECTI, 2008).

When fixing the boards to the walls they must be fixed within the parameters set out by the ECTI rules, boards must not be mounted at a height greater than 2.25m from the floor to the top of the board, the must also be a minimum gap of 1.4 from the floor to the bottom of the board.

2.3 Location of Boards within HotelFigure 1 shows the location of both the main distribution board and the sub board along with the wiring layout for the sub cable. Using a dedicated room for the main board has two major benefits. (1) All positioning regulations can be easily met with no danger of the integrity of the board being compromised by external forces or persons. (2) Future expansions can easily be integrated to the existing circuitry without relocation of existing main board. The room for the main board is located on the ground floor beside but separate to the kitchen, the room has both an internal and external exits.

The location for the sub board within the dining room is located on the wall adjoining the kitchen and corridor, this allows for quick access to the board if needed from both the main corridor and the kitchen. Within the hotel the main electrical trunking run is located within the ceiling void the runs along the main corridor, by locating the sub board in its current position the board is less than 2 meters from the main trunking if the board was located in the opposite corner to the room this would add an additional 9 meters of wiring to the sub cable run adding an additional unnecessary cost.

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Figure 1 Location of Main and Sub Boar

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2.4 Circuits for sub main boardFor the hotel 2 circuits have been selected for the dining room they are.

1. Lighting 2. Sockets

Both of these circuits are maintained from the sub board located within the dining room, cable runs have been determined via measurements from CAD drawings and then both circuits have been sized both by using Amtech and manually. The cable run for the sub board uses the main trunking for the hotel which runs within the ceiling void along the main corridor of the hotel, the cable run for the dining room sub board is shown on figure 1. The cable to be used for the lighting will be 1.5mm2 /2.5mm2 PVC

Manual Cable sizing for circuits

To determine the size of the cable required and the expected voltage drops are within limits 4 steps are required.

1. Calculate design load current (Ib)2. Decide on protection rating (In)3. Calculate current carrying capacity of cable4. Determine if voltage drop is within limits

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2.4.1Lighting Cable sizingFigure 2 shows the lighting circuit for the hotel, the cable run for the lighting is 18.93 meters for calculation purposes this was rounded off to 19 meters. The cable run goes from the sub board to the light switch on to the furthest light away. The load for the lighting consists of 12 x 55W luminaires = 660W

Step 1 Calculate design load current (Ib)

Power (W) = U (Volts) x Ib (Amps) x Cos (.85)

660W = 230 x Ib x .85

660/195.5 = Ib

3.37A

Step 2 Decide on fuse/mcb rating (In)

Since In must be equal to or greater than Ib

In= 10A

The circuit is adequately protected if Ib In Iz A 10 amp type C MCB provides protection for the circuit

Step 3 Calculate current-carrying capacity of conductors, Iz

¿Ca×Cg =

3.371×0.45 = 7.48

Ca = Temperature correction factor (Table A52-G1)Cg = Grouping factor (Table A52H)

1.5mm2 of cross-sectional area of copper conductor is required (Table A52-F1).Step 4 Voltage Drop

Maximum voltage drop allowed 2.5%

230×2.5100 = 5.75 v

From table A52-J1 the volt drop per meter per amp = 0.029V

So the volt drop for the lighting within the dining room =

0.029V x 19m x 3.37A = 1.85v

This is within the allowable range.

Figure 2 shows the Amtech report for the lighting circuit, the cable selected by Amtech is 1mm 2

however this is British standards the ECTI states that the cable needs to be 1.5mm 2. The voltage drop calculated by Amtech is based on 1mm2 cable this is why it is different from the manual calculations.

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Figure 2 Amtech Report Lighting

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Page 1 of 1Copyright © AMTECH Power Software Ltd 2010tute of TechnologyCreated using: v17.0.0 (BS7671:2008) - Dublin InstiUntitledProject: Printed on: 13/04/2015Overload Setting Ir (A) N/A22Design Current Ib (A)Cable Calculated in accordance with BS76712LoadSourceCable 10.000 kA / 0.0231 Ohm kA / 0.0231 Ohm10.0004000.010.270.551Separate 10.85Fixed equipment three phase and neutral< 0.10.2741010.000125.31.10 V 0.48 %19 - In horizontal trunking on a wooden/masonry wall61 x 4 x 1c1Single-core, 70°C thermoplastic non-arm Cu Table 4D14.600115Th/MagType CBS EN60898 MCBGenericph3Disconnection Time (s)Fault Current (kA)Requirement (mm )Minimum Adiabatic Total Size (mm )TypePower FactorLoad TypeDisconnection Time (s)Min. Fault Current (kA)Device Breaking Capacity (kA)Max. Fault Current (kA)Earth FaultCPCLoadPhase FaultActual Rating lt (A)Required Rating lz (A)Voltage DropLength (m)Installation methodPhase conductor size (mm )MakeupType )Maximum Zs (Rating (A)ProtectionTypeFamilyManufacturerProtective DeviceEarth FaultPSCCVoltage (V)Phase ConnectionSource 3.4 Rev Date :13/04/2015c13705935Single CableSummary ReportProject Reference: Job Number:Document No:Engineer : Rev No:Issue Date :Modified By:

Figure 3 Lighting Circuit

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2.4.2Sockets Cable sizing Figure 3 shows the sockets circuit for the hotel, the cable run for the sockets is 19.4meters for calculation purposes this was rounded off to 20 meters. The cable run goes from the sub board to the socket furthest away. The expected load is 2000W


Power (W) = U (Volts) x Ib (Amps) x Cos (.85)

2000W = 230 x Ib x .85

2000/195.5 = Ib

10.23A



In= 20A

The circuit is adequately protected if Ib In Iz A 20 amp type C RCBO provides protection for the circuit

Because sockets are on the circuit an RCBO must be used


¿Ca×Cg =

10.231×0.45 = 22.73

Ca = Temperature correction factor (Table A52-G1)Cg = Grouping factor (Table A52H)4mm2 of cross-sectional area of copper conductor is required (Table A52-F1).Step 4 Voltage Drop


230×2.5100 = 5.75 v



0.011V x 20m x 10.23A = 2.25V

This is within the allowable range

Figure 4 shows the Amtech report for the socket circuit for the dining room Amtech states that the cable should be 2.5mm2 however the ETCI states that the cable should be 4mm2.

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Figure 4 Amtech Report Sockets

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Figure 5 Sockets Circuit

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2.4.3Sub Cable SizingFigure 1 shows the sub to main cable circuit for the hotel, the cable run for the sockets is 26 meters. The expected load is 6.44A for lighting and 20.5A for the sockets to give a total of 29.7A with diversity applied these loads decrease to 6.44 for lighting and 10.23A for the sockets.


6.44A + 10.23

16.67A



In= 16.67A

The circuit is adequately protected if Ib In Iz

A 32 amp type C RCBO provides protection for the circuit

Because sockets are on the circuit an RCBO must be used


¿Ca×Cg =

16.671×0.45 = 37.04A

Ca = Temperature correction factor (Table A52-G1)Cg = Grouping factor (Table A52H)

6mm2 of cross-sectional area of copper conductor is required (Table A52-F1).Step 4 Voltage Drop


230×2.5100 = 5.75 v



0.011V x 20m x 10.23A = 2.25V

This is within the allowable range

Figure 6 shows the Amtech report for the sub mains cable, both Amtech and the manual calculation show that the cable size should be 6mm2.

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Figure 6 Amtech Report Sub Cable

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Table 1 Diversity Table

Purpose of final circuit

fed from conductors orswitchgear to whichdiversity applies Types of Premises

Individual household Small shops, stores, Small hotels, boardinginstallations, including offices and business houses, guest housesindividual dwellings of a Premises. etc.block

1. Lighting 66% of total current 90% of total current 70% of total current ratingdemand demand

2. Heating and power 100% of total current 100% full-load of the 100% full-load of the(but see 3 and 8 demand up to 10 amperes largest appliance + 75% largest appliance+ 80%below) + 50% of any current full-load of remaining full-load of second largest

demand in excess of 10 appliances appliance + 60% full-loadAmperes. Of remaining appliance.

3. Cooking appliances 10 amperes + 30% full- 100% full-load of largest 100% full-load of largestload of connected cooking appliances + 80% full- appliance + 80% full-loadappliances in excess of load of second largest of second largest10 ampere + 5 amperes if appliance + 60% full-load appliance + 60% full-loadsocket outlet is Of remaining appliances. Of remaining appliances.incorporated in unit.5

4. Motors (other than 100% full-load of largest 100% full-load of largestlift motors which are motor + 80% full load of motor + 50% full-load ofsubject to special second largest motor + Remaining motors.

60% full load of theConsiderations). Remaining motors.

5. Water-heaters 100% full-load of largest 100% full-load of largest 100% full-load of largest(instantaneous types) appliance + 100% full- appliance + 100% full- appliance + 100% full-

load for second largest load of second largest load of second largestappliance + 25% full-load appliance + 25% full-load appliance + 25% full-loadof remaining appliances Of remaining appliances. Of remaining appliances.

6. Water-heaters No diversity allowable(thermostaticallyControlled).

7. Floor warming No diversity allowableinstallations

8. Thermal storage No diversity allowablespace heating

9. Standard 100% of current demand 100% of current demand of largest circuit + 50% ofarrangements of final of largest circuit + 40% of current demand of every other circuitcircuits which current demand of every

other circuitinclude final circuitsusing BS1363 socket-outlets, final radialcircuits using socket-outlets complyingwith BS4343

10. Socket-outlets other 100% of current demand 100% of current demand 100% of current demandthan those included of largest point of of largest point of of largest point ofin 9 above and utilization + 40% of utilization + 70% of utilization + 75% of

current demand of every current demand of every current demand of everystationary other point of utilization other point of utilization other point in main roomsequipment (Dining rooms etc.) + 40%

other than those of every other point ofListed above. Utilization.

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2.5 DiversityDiversity takes into account that not all circuits within an electrical design will be used to their maximum capacity all the time. Within the hotel rooms will have sockets fitted within the room but they may be seldom used. If the dining room is taken as an example it has 6 double 13A sockets fitted, however most of these sockets may not be used. Some sockets may only be used for plugging a hoover in for cleaning or at times microphones/speakers in, some sockets within the room may never be used. By adding diversity to circuits the expected current for the circuit can be reduced, this in turn reduces costs by reducing cable and protection devices size.

2.5.1 Lighting Dining RoomTable 1 Diversity table J1IEE shows that for small hotel the diversity factor for the lighting is 70%. The lighting load for SDB 1 is 9.2 A when diversity is applied to the load this reduces to 6.44

2.5.2 Sockets Dining RoomFor the sockets a diversity factor of 50% was used this takes into account that many of the rooms that are fed from SDB 1 will only use a small percentage of the sockets at any one time. The load before diversity was 20.5 A and this is reduced to 10.23A after diversity is applied.

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2.6 Cable Schedule for SDB1Table 2 Cable Schedule shows the cable schedule for sub board SDB1, the sub board contains 6 socket circuits and 6 lighting sockets. By composing a cable schedule in excel it is a quick way of checking the calculations performed by Amtech, formulas are included for various items including current, volt drop and totals. When the table is constructed correctly totals can be calculated by simply entering load and distance of cable run. Diversity is also calculated within the table for the sub board.

The cable schedule is mainly used during the construction phase of the installation to identify circuits and protection devices, the cable schedule can also be used at a later date to identify circuits within the design.

Table 2 Cable Schedule

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2.7 Discrimination within the hotel circuitsAccording to Power cad the purpose for discrimination within an electrical network is to disconnect only the faulty circuit and still maintain the circuits close to the main board (Powercad , 2010). Discrimination is especially important within the hotel, if a circuit within the hotel develops a fault only that circuit should disconnect and not the whole supply, without discrimination a fault on the dining room circuit could possibly disconnect supply to other circuits including kitchen, bars or sleeping accommodation.

2.8 Discrimination verified through Amtech Lighting

Figure 7 Amtech Discrimination lighting

Figure 8 shows the Discrimination graph for the lighting circuit, each device will activate and protect the circuit as designed. A fault within a circuit will only disconnect that circuit and any circuits upstream will stay intact. Figure 9 shows the discrimination graph for the sockets circuit with the correct protection devices in place, with this design only the faulty circuit will be isolated. Figure 10 shows the graph but with incorrect rated devices in place in this design the protection device on the main board is rated below the required limit a fault within the sub board may actually trip the main MCB instead of just tripping the RCBO on the sub board.

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2.9 Discrimination verified through Amtech Sockets

Figure 8 Amtech Report with Discrimination Sockets

Figure 9 Amtech Report without Correct Discrimination Sockets

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2.10 Single line Diagram

Figure 10 Single Line Diagram Amtech

Figure 11 shows a single line diagram for the hotel between the main board and SDB1 within this diagram all main electrical devices are shown including meter, protection devices and earthing. A single line diagram is used to show the logical sequence to a wiring circuit, and is used for quick reference the sequence and devices are shown however the location of devices are not shown.

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2.11 ConclusionModern day buildings regardless if they are private dwelling or commercial premises all require electricity to function correctly, however with the use of electricity also comes the dangers of electricity. Accidents with electricity can and do happen, incorrect earthing or protection can lead to electric shock overcurrent’s without correct protection can lead to fires within the installation. It is because of the dangers associated with electricity the strict rules and guidelines are in place governing the design and installation of electrical systems. design Within Ireland the ETCI and the ESB determine the regulations for electrical installations, for the power distribution design for the hotel all processes and safety measures adhere to the ETCI rules and if when calculations where performed the result was borderline between requirements the higher figure was taken to ensure both compliance and maximum protection.

When designing the power distribution for the hotel consideration was taken for the other systems incorporated within the hotel, emergency lighting and the fire alarm system must also be included into the design process. When cable runs are determined for the main circuits these must not interfere with the fire alarm wiring as problems like false activations may occur, distribution boards must be installed in a way that emergency lighting can be checked and serviced if required. Many commercial buildings will undergo either expansion or room usage changes during their operational time, because of this many of the circuits within the hotel have been designed with expansion in mind in some instances simply by upsizing protection devices like MCB’S and RCBO’s will allow expansion, other cases may require cables to be increased but by the using cable trays and conduit within the design cables can be changed with a certain amount of ease. However many circuits have been designed for expansion without the need for any future modifications.

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3 Emergency LightingIn the event of a fire or a controlled evacuation of a building the occupants must be able to safely exit as quickly as possible. As the occupants of the building may not be familiar with either the layout of the building, or their proximity to the closest exit, assistance must be given. This assistance is given by exit signs (running man signs) and by emergency lighting, both of these aids help to quickly evacuate occupants as quickly as possible. The Health and Safety Authority of Ireland states that all place of work must escape routes that must be clearly identifiable and maintained to allow speedy evacuation (Health and Safety Authority of Ireland, 2015). The Irish standard for emergency lighting is I.S 3217:2013, this report will outline the key components of I.S 3217:2013 including type of luminaire, location and minimum lux levels.

3.1 Building InformationThe building used in this design is a two story hotel, the ground floor consists of communal rooms such as function rooms and bars and the first floor consists of mainly guest accommodation. Because of the nature of the business of hotels many of the occupants will be unfamiliar with the layout of the building. In the event of an evacuation occupants may have difficulty in locating their nearest exit, if the evacuation is at night time darkness can make location of exits nearly impossible if adequate lighting is not delivered. Within the design of the emergency lighting system consideration must be taken in communal areas including the function room and lobby area.

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3.2 Design of Emergency Lighting SystemWithin the emergency lighting design for the hotel 3 main categories of lighting must be incorporated these are.

Emergency escape lighting Escape route lighting Open area lighting (anti panic)

Contained within a lighting design there are various means of supplying emergency lighting the 3 main means of supplying lighting are.

Self-contained Centralised battery Generator

This design will incorporate self-contained luminaires, within this style of emergency lighting the luminaire contains the lamp, battery and invertor. When the power source is disrupted the luminaire automatically illuminates powered from the battery pack. Within a self-contained system the battery and control unit must be either contained with the luminaire or within a distance of one meter of the housing. Under activation of the emergency lighting self-contained luminaires work independent of other units as well as the supply wiring, this means that if the wiring is compromised the luminaire will remain illuminated. If a centralised battery system or a generator was in operation under the same conditions the emergency lighting would fail to illuminate. By using a self-contained system there is no requirement for a dedicated space to house either a centralised battery or generator, these reduces unusable space within the hotel. Running and maintenance costs are reduced by using a self-contained system, generators and centralised battery banks require ongoing maintenances as well as periodically replacement of battery’s within the centralised system.

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3.3 Types of emergency lighting used4 types of emergency lighting are used within the hotel design, they are as follow.

3.3.1Thorn 96549967 IQ 1x55W TC-L HFI E3This luminaire is a self-contained emergency lighting fixture, all the required controls, battery and invertor are contained within the luminaire. This is a maintained emergency lighting luminaire. The light is in use at all time that lighting is required and when mains power is disrupted the light is powered from the battery.

3.3.2Thorn 96239873 Pop pack pro 1X58W T26This luminaire acquires its emergency lighting capabilities from the Pop pack led e3 kit, this kit contains the battery, controls and invertor housed within it. This fitting is maintained and is illuminated at times when lighting is required, when mains power is disrupted the lamp is powered from the battery.

3.3.3Maxim LED ME/WIRE/DALI/WH exit signThis is the luminaire used for the emergency exit routes, this type of luminaire is a non-maintained style of luminaire. The lamp is only illuminated during power failure.

3.3.4Finesse – Slim LED/8W T5 Bulkhead LuminairesThis luminaire is used outside the hotel for final exit of the building, this fitting is non-maintained and will only illuminate during a mains power failure.

3.4 Required Light Levels Within the design process of the emergency lighting system careful consideration must be taken of required lux levels. According to I.S. 3217: 2013 section 7.2.2 light levels within open areas that are not defined escape routes must not be below 0.5 lux (N.S.A.I., 2013). In areas up to 60m2 this can be achieved with 2 or more luminaires, by the use of 2 luminaires in area safety can be increased if one luminaire fails then the other will still maintain a level of lighting. For designated escape routes with a width of up to 2m the minimum light levels are 1 lux at centre of the route and 0.5 lux at 0.5m from the centre line. Escape routes with a width greater than 2m are treated as multiply widths. Figures 12 and 13 show the location of all emergency lighting and escape route lighting along with external emergency lighting required at all exits.

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Figure 11

Emergency Lighting Ground Floor

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Figure 12 Emergency Lighting First Floor

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3.5 Open area emergency lightingFor the emergency lighting within the open areas the system uses a combination of two different luminaires. For public communal areas and accommodation excluding toilets and bathrooms, a Thorn 96549967 IQ 1x55W TC-L HFI E3 luminaire is used, the design of this luminaire is the same as the standard luminaire but with the added battery and invertor so it can be used as an emergency luminaire. When used as an emergency luminaire it has dimmable capabilities and has a 3 hour illumination time. For all other areas including staff areas, stores and toilets a Thorn 96239873 Pop pack pro 1X58W T26 emergency facilities are supplied via the Pop pack led e3 kit, this kit gives three hours of illumination.

3.6 Escape Route Emergency Lighting For the escape routes within the design the Thorn 96549967 IQ 1x55W TC-L HFI E3 luminaire is used. This luminaire is used to illuminate the corridors that are used for the emergency escape route.

3.7 Analysis of lux levels by DialuxTo verify that areas within the hotels emergency lighting design falls within the limits set by I.S. 3217:2013 various rooms where selected and checked by using the Dialux software. Dialux allow for individual rooms to be created within the software and then selected luminaires added to create lux levels. By analysing the results the lux levels within the room can be checked to verify that they are within required limits.

3.8 Function RoomThe function room is one of the open areas within the hotel and also has two emergency exits from it, because of the exits from the function room it is important to maintain the correct lux levels within the room. The function room was selected because it is the largest open space within the hotel, if the function room could be illuminated from two Thorn 96549967 IQ 1x55W TC-L HFI E3 then any smaller room would also be within the limits. Below each luminaire 123 lux was achieved and this reduced as the results neared the walls, at the wall of the function room a minimum of 6.97 lux was achieved on the floor. Appendix A shows the Data sheet for Thorn 96549967 luminaire and Appendix B shows the results achieved for the function room.

3.9 CorridorBecause the corridors within the hotel are the main escape routes to be used is in case of evacuation careful consideration of the minimum lux levels needs to be taken. The main corridor is separated by fire doors and because of this for the simulation the corridor was separated into 2 individual rooms. For the simulation only one of the corridors was required due to both being similar sized, if one corridor was within the limits the other corridor would also be within the required limits. The corridor is illuminated by the Thorn 96549967 IQ 1x55W TC-L HFI E3 luminaire, Appendix C shows the results achieved from the simulation. The maximum lux level

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achieved was 165 and the minimum level simulated was 6.76 this is well within the required lux levels stated with I.S. 3217:2013.

3.10 KitchenThe kitchen was selected for the Dialux simulation as this room uses a different luminaire compared to the function room. For the emergency lighting luminaire this room uses the Thorn 96239873 Pop pack pro 1X58W T26 as well as the emergency plug in adapter Pop pack led e3 kit. Within the hotel the kitchen is one of the staff areas that must have adequate lighting, when evacuating the kitchen if may be necessary to switch off electrical / gas devices this can only be done safely if correct emergency lighting is present. Appendix D shows the data sheet for the luminaire and Appendix E details the results achieved. The maximum lux levels achieved where 148 with a minimum of 21, these results far succeed the required levels.

3.11 Battery capacity Annex G of I.S. 3217 outlines the requirements for emergency lighting for different types of buildings, section G.4 states that for hotels a 3 hour duration is required for emergency lighting (N.S.A.I., 2013). All emergency luminaire batteries within this design comply with the regulations. Emergency lighting is required to be fully charged after 24 hours the luminaires within this system meet these standards. Emergency lighting is required to activate within five seconds of power failure all luminaires within this design meet the regulations.

3.12 Escape routes The escape routes within the hotel are not only required to be illuminated be must also contain illuminated directional exit signs. Section 6.2 of I.S. 3217 states that escape routes must be clearly indicated and that all call points, panels and firefighting equipment must be illuminated (N.S.A.I, 2013). For this design the exit signs used are Maxim LED ME/WIRE/DALI/WH exit sign, these are a maintained Long life LED luminaire. The exit sign can be seen from up to 25m away and has a luminance time of 3 hours with a recharge time of 24 hours (Elp.Uk, 2015). Exit signs must clearly identify the quickest escape route, signs must be placed at all junctions and intersections within the hotel as well as any change in direction. The location of all exit signs are shown on Appendices F and G.

3.13 Emergency lighting in required locationsUnder I.S. 3217 all manual call points, control panels and firefighting equipment must be illuminated by the emergency lighting. The main control panel is located within in the manager’s office and this room is illuminated by Thorn 96239873 Pop pack pro 1X58W T26, by placing the luminaire above the panel this not only allows the panel to be used but illuminates the room as well. Remote panels are located within the lobby and the function room both of which have adequate lighting to allow use of the panels. All emergency exits have sufficient lighting internally and all exits have external emergency lighting installed. By placing external lighting at exits people do not exit the building into darkness, this reduces the risk of trips and falls as people

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evacuate. All manual call points are illuminated via the emergency lighting to sufficient levels.

3.14 TestingEmergency lighting needs to be tested and then commissioned upon installation. On-going testing of the system is required to check operation of the lamps and the battery capacity of the system. Within the manager’s office there is a central test unit installed, this allows for the emergency lights to be tested without disrupting the main lighting within the hotel. I.S. 3217 section 9.3 outlines the required testing.

Function Test Function test of 30 minutes for a 3 hour system Full duration test

A manual test for the emergency lighting will be performed only a weekly basis, this will highlight and lamp failures or battery failures within the system.

3.15 Log Book Upon hand over of the emergency lighting system a log book will be presented for the system, information contained within the log book will be as follow.

Certificate of Design, Certificate of Installation, Final Certificate of Commissioning, Certificate of Handover. Data sheets for all installed luminaires Emergency lighting layout drawings

All testing of the system along with faults will be documented within this log book, periodic and annual testing of the system must be recorded within the log book. The log book will be located within the manager’s office close to the central test unit.

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3.16 Conclusion Under I.S. 3217 all commercial must premises must have adequate emergency lighting installed within them. Without the required levels of lighting safety maybe compromised during evacuations. Hotels by the nature of the business host patrons whom may not be familiar with the layout of the hotel and location of emergency exits. Emergency escape lighting is designed to quickly and safely guide people to their closet exit, emergency lighting will illuminate both the escape routes as well as any firefighting equipment within the hotel. I.S. 3217 governs the design of emergency lighting within Ireland, the standards within I.S.3217 specify all aspects of emergency lighting including type of cover, Lux levels, installation and testing. When designing the emergency lighting system for this hotel all standards where adhered to and care and consideration was taken of the type of luminaire used and the location of the luminaires. If luminaires are located at incorrect locations desired lux levels may not be achieved, this could mean that manual call point can’t be seen of firefighting equipment cannot be located. Dialux was used in the design process to simulate various rooms within the hotel to verify that correct lux levels would be achieved. Self-contained luminaires where used within the design as these are easily installed and require little maintenance. After installation and commissioning on going testing of the system is required to maintain the emergency lighting at optimum levels.

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4 Fire AlarmIn 2012 the fire brigade attended 23894 fires throughout Ireland and within these 28 fatalities occurred, in ten of the cases smoke alarms where not present (Eviron.ie,2014). Although the majority of fatalities occurred in private dwellings, the importance of working smoke alarms cannot be ignored. Occupiers of commercial premises have a duty of care to the users of the buildings, this duty of care is not only morally but also enforced by law. Design of fire alarms for commercial premises are regulated under I.S. 3218. The installation of a properly designed fire alarm not only protects life but property as well, this is done through fast detection which allows for swift evacuation. Devices within the fire alarm locate the fire and allow for trained personal to supress the fire which in turn can reduce damage to property. This report will outline the key components within a fire alarm system and select appropriate devices for the system. All devices and components used will satisfy the relevant standards and regulations, the design of the fire alarm will be appropriate for the building.

4.1 Building Information The building used in this design is a two story hotel, the ground floor contains communal rooms such as the lobby, bars and dinning arears while the first floor contains the bedrooms. Under I.S 3218 hotels must be covered with an L1 fire alarm system, hotels have both sleeping accommodation and patrons whom may be unfamiliar with the layout of the premises, either of these conditions would necessitate the using of an L1 system. Within the hotel various rooms need special consideration, these include the kitchen and boiler room both which require heat detectors instead of smoke alarms and the corridors which is the main route that patrons would take in the case of a fire.

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4.2 Type of coverWhen designing the fire alarm system for the hotel two important factor have to be taken into account. (1) The majority of people using the hotel will be unfamiliar with its layout, these could be guests whom are staying at the hotel or patrons using either the bars or function rooms. (2) The main business of hotels is to supply overnight accommodation to guests. I.S. 3218 section 6.10.3.5.2 states that buildings in which people congregate, have sleeping accommodation or are unfamiliar with the premises should have level L1 fire alarms as standard. The fire alarm within the hotel is being designed according the I.S. 3218 and for this reason a L1 fire alarm system has be selected.

Early detection of a fire along with quick evacuation of the hotel is paramount for the safety of the hotel patrons. L1 offers the highest level of protection for both life and building, manual call points and alarm devices are located throughout the building. L1 coverage allows for complete coverage of the premises, with all areas of the building covered. Specific detectors will be installed in correct locations e.g. heat detectors instead of smoke detectors installed within kitchens, this not only allows for high detection rates but can limit false alarms as well.

4.3 Type of System An analogue addressable system has been selected for the hotel, this offers high levels of both fire detection and location. Each individual device within the system has its own address and is continually monitored by the control panel. As there may be people sleeping within the hotel it is vital that any fire is located quickly, with the use of the display panel trained personal in the form of both trained staff and fire personal can locate the fire quickly and take the required action, where as a conventional systems only allow for zone detection. Analogue addressable systems also allow for programing of stage evacuations, this means that in the case of a fire with the hotel individual floors can be evacuated thus avoiding congestion on corridors and stairwells, magnetic door locks connected to fire doors can also be connected to the system which once activated these can halt the spread of the fire. Other advantages of analogue systems are lower maintenance cost and cheaper wiring installation costs due to the use of 2 core cable in a loop configuration.

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4.4 Zoning The ground floor of the hotel has been separated into 3 zones. The upper floors of the hotel have also been divided into 2 zones. Table 3 and 4 show the area of the zones for the ground floor along with the number and type of devices in each zone. By dividing the ground floor into three zones it not only allows for quick fire detection but also allows for staged evacuation, for example if a fire occurs in the kitchen zone 3 can be evacuated first followed by the remaining zones. I.S. 3218 section 6.4.2 states that individual zones cannot be greater than 2000m2 this design is well within the limits. Figure 14 shows the zones for the ground floor on a CAD drawing.

4.4.1Zone 1Table 3 Zone 1

Devices per zoneZone Zone

Area m2Room Number of

DevicesDevice Type

Zone 1 205m2 Female Toilets 1 Multi sensor smoke detector

Line Room 1 Multi sensor smoke detector

Bar Store 2 Manual Call PointMulti sensor smoke detector

Boiler 2 Heat DetectorManual Call Point

Managers Office 2 Main fire alarm panelMulti sensor smoke detector

General Office 1 Multi sensor smoke detector

Dining Room 2 Multi sensor smoke detector Sounder / Strobe

Reception Foyer 3 Multi sensor smoke detector x2Sounder / Strobe

Entrance Lobby 4 Repeater PanelExternal Strobe/sounderManual Call PointMulti sensor smoke detector

Male Toilets Reception

1 Multi sensor smoke detector

Female Toilets Reception


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4.4.2Zone 2 and 3Table 4 Zone 2 and 3


Area m2Room Number

of Devices

Device Type

Zone 2 187m2 Residents Bar 2 Multi sensor smoke detector Sounder / Strobe

Lounge bar 2 Multi sensor smoke detectorSounder / Strobe

Cloak Room 1 Multi sensor smoke detector

Corridor9 Multi sensor smoke detector x3

Manual Call Point x4Sounder / Strobe x2

Zone 3 442m2 Kitchen 2 Heat DetectorSounder / Strobe

Function Room8 Multi sensor smoke detector x2

Manual Call Point x3Repeater PanelExternal Strobe/SounderInternal Strobe/Sounder

Staff Dining Room


Store3 Multi sensor smoke detector

Manual Call PointInternal Strobe/Sounder

Bar Store 1 Multi sensor smoke detector

Male Toilets 1 Multi sensor smoke detector

Female Toilets 1 Multi sensor smoke detector

Cloakroom 1 Multi sensor smoke detector

Bar 1 Multi sensor smoke detector

Plant Room 1 Multi sensor smoke detector

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4.4.3Zone 4 and 5Table 5 Zones 4 and 5 Devices


Area m2Room Number

of Devices

Device Type

Zone 4 345m2 Bedroom 1 3 Multi sensor smoke detector x2Sounder / Strobe

Bedroom 2 3 Multi sensor smoke detector x2Sounder / Strobe





Store 1 Multi sensor smoke detector


Sounder / Strobe x2Manual Call Point x3

Zone 5 319m2 Bedroom 7 3 Multi sensor smoke detector x2Sounder / Strobe






Male Toilets 1 Multi sensor smoke detector


Sounder / Strobe x2Manual Call Point x2

Table 5 outlines the zones for the first floor of the hotel, as per the ground floor individual ones can be evacuated as required. By using stage evacuations on the first floor congestion on fire escapes and corridors can be reduced. Figure 15 shows the zones on a CAD drawing.

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Figure 13 Zones Ground Floor

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Figure 14 Zones First Floor

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4.5 Fire and Fault Detection Within the fire alarm system fire is detected by individual devices within zones. The fire alarm design for the hotel incorporates the following devices optical smoke detectors, heat detectors and manual call points. Other devices that could be used within the design are carbon monoxide detectors, fixed heat detectors and duct smoke alarms. Each device constantly sends a signal to the control panel which then makes a decision on the status of the device, if the control panels assesses that a fire is present, the sounder circuit is activated. All the smoke and heat detectors used in this design are all ceiling installed using the universal base plate, this means that detectors can easily be removed or replaced for maintenance. Figures 16 and 17 show the location of the devices on a CAD drawing.

4.5.1Optical smoke detectorWithin the fire alarm design optical smoke detectors are used in various rooms throughout the building. Because the bedrooms within a hotel tend not to be occupied during the day all bedrooms have been fitted with optical smoke detectors to reduce the chance of fire caused by patrons leaving electrical devices like hair straighteners and hair dryers plugged in or from customers smoking in the rooms. All other rooms within the hotel with the exception of the kitchen and boiler room are fitted with optical smoke detectors. Optical smoke detectors use a photocell within its construction to detect the presence of fire. Under fire conditions the light source is interrupted by the presence of smoke and the detector sends a signal to the control panel. Optical smoke detectors must conform to E.N 54-15.

The design for the hotel incorporates a Menvier UCPD-2w optical smoke detector. The smoke detector is ceiling mounted via a common mounting base, with a start-up time of 20 seconds and a working voltage of between 15-30 V DC. The built in LED can be programed to confirm interaction with control panel (Cooper Fire , 2013).

4.5.2Heat DetectorHeat detectors are used in place of smoke detectors in locations where smoke or steam would normally be present. If a smoke standard smoke alarm is fitted within a kitchen false alarms would be a regular occurrence. Heat detectors activate by monitoring a rise in temperature, they can be either fixed temperature or rate in rise. For this design a rate in rise detector is used which monitors temperature vs time, a fixed temperature detector is set to a specific temperature and can be prone to false activations when installed in kitchens. Both the kitchen and the boiler room have heat detectors fitted.

Within the design for the fire alarm the Menvier UCPT-2w heat detector is used, the heat detector is ceiling installed using the universal mounting plate. The heat detector has an air temperature alarm setting of 60o with a coverage area of 50m2. With a start-up time of 20 seconds and a reset time of 2 seconds, protection can be guaranteed (Cooper Fire , 2013). The Menvier UCPT -2w meets the current EN 54-5 requirements.

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4.5.3Manual call pointsWithin any fire alarm installation manual call points are a necessity, I.S 54-11 states that manual call points must be included in all fire alarm systems. Ease of operation along with certainty of operation are paramount with manual call points, when a manual call point is activated the alarm should sound within three seconds, cancellation of the alarm cannot be done solely at the control panel but also must be reset at the manual call point as well. Manual call points must be located at all exits and escape routes, individuals should not have to travel more than 30m before locating a manual call point. Manual call points must be positioned at a height between 0.9 and 1.2 meters above the floor and must be fixed to a contrasting background. Within the fire alarm design for the hotel all manual call points comply with I.S. 54-11.

The selected manual call points for the hotel fire alarm are Menvier CBG370S, which are push activation units. The call points have key access for testing and for silence of alarm, each unit has a LED within the case which illuminates when the call point is activated. The design of this fire alarm system calls for manual call points to be fitted at all emergency exits and within the corridors, careful consideration has been taken to ensure that distance between manual call points are within required limits.

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4.6 Control Panels All analogue addressable fire alarm systems require controls panels for system operation. In the case of a fire activation within the system, the control panel will display not only the zone but the location of the activated device. Maintenance and testing is also done via the control panel, detection devices within the fire alarm system continuously relay signals to the control panel to identify both activations and faults within the system. Control panels must be located so that in the case of a fire, trained personal and fire service can gain access to the panel and quickly locate the fire. If for aesthetic reasons the control panel is required to be located away from view a smaller repeater panel can be used. Control panels are governed under EN 54-2. If the control panel is not located nearby the entrance then identification to the location of the control, a strobe light must also be located to identify the location.

4.6.1Main control panel For this system a Menvier ULD 6000 is used in the design, this panel confirms to EN 54-2 which is the European standard for fire alarm panels. The ULD 6000 has a touch screen display with event history, and up to 200 addresses per loop and up to 80 alarm outputs. The ULD 6000 can be programmed for day/night functions and can also be connected to a network if required. The main control panel will be installed within the manager’s office with a strobe light fixed above the door to notify fire personal of its location (Cooper Fire, 2013).

4.6.2Repeater panels Repeater panels are used when the main control panel is not located at the main entrance or at additional entrances. Repeater panels are smaller than the main control panel and can either be passive or active, passive only allows for fire location whereas active repeater panels allow fire location and limited access functions.

The hotel fire alarm design comprises of two repeater panels located at the main reception lobby and also at the escape exit to the function room. The reason for installing two repeater panels is that if either exit is used by fire personal to enter the building, then quick location of the fire can be obtained from the repeater panel. Within this installation two Menvier DTPR 6000 repeater panels are used, they have touch screen displays for fire and fault location along with alarm silence, evacuate and reset functions. The repeater panels require a mains power supply but have a duration of 24hrs by battery.

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4.7 Audio and Visual Alarms The main purpose of a fire alarm system is for notification of fire and to allow for safe evacuation of the building, the control panel alerts the presence of fire by activation of the sounder circuit. Within any fire alarm system the must be two sounder circuits, this means in the event of a failure within one circuit the remaining circuit can notify the presence of fire. EN54-3 provides the standards for sounders used within a fire alarm system and I.S. 3218 section 6.6 gives guidelines to the use of audio and visual alarms. I.S 3218 states that all building covered by fire alarm systems must have a sounder and strobe light externally fixed to the building, this is to notify fire personal to the premises. Sounder and strobes must also be fitted adjacent to control and repeater panels (NSAI, 2013). Because the hotel has a function room which will play music, the sounder circuit must be connected so that upon activation of sounder circuit the music within the function room will be muted. Within the hotel the sounder circuit will use a combined alarm and strobe device, this is so patrons of the hotel whom have hearing impairments will still be alerted in the case of a fire. All bedrooms within the hotel have audio visual alarms installed to guarantee the sleeping guests are alerted to any fire alarm activation.

The fire alarm design for the hotel incorporates the Menvier MASB860 internally and the MASB860WP externally, the tones and volume for both devices can be controlled from the main control panel. Both sounder have a maximum decibel level of 100 dB

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Figure 15 Location of Devices Ground Floor

Figure 16 Location of Devices First Floor

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4.8 Wiring The wiring within fire alarm systems must comply with both I.S 3218 and the current ETCI rules, section 6.14.1 explains the guidelines for wiring installations. All cables used within a fire alarm must comply with one of the following standards I.S. EN 60702-1, BS 7629-1, and BS 7846. Three main category of cables can be used with fire alarms circuits they are as follows.

Mineral insulated cables Fire resistant screened cables Armoured fire resistant cables

Cables within fire alarm circuits must be segregated from all other cable installations, if fire alarm cables are run in the same trunking/conduit as mains cables interference can be an issue. Wiring within the fire alarm should be installed without junctions, joint is unavoidable then the connection must be made within a fire proof junction box and labelled fire alarm. This design incorporates the use of Firetuf ft30 cable for the fire alarm circuits, all wiring within the design comply with I.S. 3218.

4.9 Conclusion A correctly designed and installed fire alarm will not only save life but property as well. Fire alarms installed within Ireland are governed under I.S. 3218 and components within the system are regulated under EN standards. All commercial buildings are required by law to have a working fire alarm and without a functioning alarm the building may be closed by a fire inspector. Within fire alarm designs different levels of protection can be adopted depending on the buildings requirements, however certain levels of protection are required for particular buildings. Fire alarms range form level M for a basic system with only manual call points, up to level L1 which consists of total coverage with protection in every area. This hotel is required to have level a L1 system because of both sleeping accommodation and the fact that patrons will be unfamiliar with the hotel layout, a log book for the fire alarm must also be kept where false activations and faults are recorded as well as any modifications that are made. Without the correct functioning fire alarm and log book businesses not only put staff and patrons at risk but also risk being closed by a fire inspector.

Careful consideration must be taken when selecting components to be used within the design of the fire alarm system, incorrect selection of components like detectors can lead to false activations of the fire alarm and also risk a fire not being detected. All components within the design of this fire alarm not only meet the E.N standards but are also utilized in the correct manor. This fire alarm has been designed for maximum detection which in turn sustains maximum safety from the system.

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5 LightingThis assignment is designed to demonstrate the different aspects of lighting design. When designing a lighting scheme for a particular building or structure many different factors need to be taken into account. Within a building the number of luminaires needed must be calculated so as to obtain the required lux levels. Point source calculations are used to calculate light levels at a particular point. Day light calculations are used to determine natural light entering a room.

Within this assignment all calculations are performed manually at first, and then by simulation using the Dialux software. Simulated results will be compared to the manual calculations and differences explained.

5.1 Point source lighting When lights are placed in position it can be important to know what levels of light are obtained at particular points. Point source calculations allow for lux levels to be found any distance from the light source. Light falling on any surface is dependent on the cosine of the angle of incidence (International Dark-Sky Association, 2014). By using the angle of incidence light levels can be calculated. When more than one light is used, the levels from both lights are added together to gain a total lux level.

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5.1.1Hand Calculations

Figure 17 Position of Lights

Calculation (1) Base of first point

Directly below light = E = I

D(squared ) = 722.5

25 = 28.9 Lux

From other light = E = I∗cos⊖d (squared )

Hyp = √52+52 = 7.07

Cos⊖ = adjhyp =

57.07 = 0.707

933∗0.707

49.98 = 13.2

Total Lux directly below light = 28.9 + 13.2 = 42.1 lux

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Calculation (2) Midpoint between first and second pole

From midpoint between first and second pole = E = I∗cos⊖d (squared )

Hyp = √52+2.52 = 5.5

Cos⊖ = adjhyp =

55.5 = 0.9

892.5∗0.9

30.25 = 26.55

Total Lux Midpoint between first and second pole = 26.55 + 26.55 = 53.1 lux

Calculation (3) Base of second pole

Directly below light = E = I

D(squared ) = 722.5

25 = 28.9 Lux

From other light = E = I∗cos⊖d (squared )

Hyp = √52+52 = 7.07

Cos⊖ = adjhyp =

57.07 = 0.707

933∗0.707

49.98 = 13.2

Total Lux directly below light = 28.9 + 13.2 = 42.1 lux

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5.1.2Simulation

Figure 18 Summary Page Point Source Calculations

Figure 19 Luminaire Data Sheet

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5.1.3Comparison and Conclusion

Results at base of first pole.

Results for the manual calculations stated that the light level below the first pole was 42.1 lux, and from the summary produced from Dialux it shows approximately 45 lux (chart shows somewhere between 40 and 50 lux).

Results midway between both poles.

Results from the manual calculations show that the light level midway between the poles is 53.1 lux and from the summary produced from Dialux it shows the level is above 50 lux.

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5.2 Lumen Method This section of the assignment demonstrates how to calculate the required number of luminaires for a selected room. The number of required luminaires depends on the required lux levels and the output of the lights. Number of lights is also dependent of the size of the room.

The luminaires used in both the manual calculation and the Dialux simulation is a Thorn recessed LED luminaire with a luminous flux of 2604.

The area of the room is 42.5 m2.

Maintenance factor is taken as 0.8 from the Dialux output.

Utilisation factor is taken as 0.7.

5.2.1Lumen Method CalculationMaintenance factor taken from Dialux 0.8

Utilisation Factor 0.7

N = E∗A

Mf∗Uf∗( f∗n)

N = 500∗42.5

.8∗.7∗2604 N = 14.57

So 14.57 luminaires required

Impossible to install 0.57 of a luminaire so figure is rounded up to 15.

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5.2.2Dialux Simulation

Figure 20 Summary sheet Lumen Method

Figure 21 Luminaire Data Sheet Lumen Method

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5.2.3Comparison and Conclusion Manual calculations show that 14.57 luminaires are required and Dialux states 15. As it is not possible to add half a luminaire Dialux rounds up to the nearest whole light. Dialux calculates the number of required luminaires based on a required field, this means that the luminaires are evenly distributed evenly throughout the room. When performing manual calculations glare and reflectance is not taken into account whereas they are taken into account in Dialux.

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5.3 Day lighting Day light calculations are used to determine lux levels at a certain point within a room. Day light calculations are required when designing a lighting scheme for a room or a building, with day light calculations completed average lux levels for the room can be calculated. When designing lighting schemes if the average daylight lux level is known then an appropriate design can be put in place. Lighting controls can be used to maximise lighting levels within a room, these can be designed to incorporate day lighting.

These part of the assignment will demonstrate how to perform daylight calculations, the results of the manual calculations will then be compared to simulated results from Dialux.

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5.3.1Day lighting CalculationsThe height of the window is 3.267 meters

The width of the window is 1.250 meters

Distance into the room is 1.25 meters

To calculate day light factor, 2 factor’s need to be attained

(1)hd = 1.63

1.25 = 1.3

(2)wd = 0.62

1.25 = 0.49

From table one pin point where the line 1.3 on the y axis and line 0.49 on the x axis intersect. The two lines intersect at point 2.9, because the point is in the middle of the window this figure is doubled for a result of 5.8%.

When performing daylight calculations the average outside lux level is given as 10,000 lux.

5.8% of 10,000 lux = 580 lux this is the value of lux 1.25 meters into the room.

Table 6 Sky Component Table

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5.3.2Dialux Daylight Simulation

Figure 22 Summary Sheet Based on 25/12/2014 9 am

Figure 23 Summary Sheet Based on 21/6/2014 at 1 pm

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5.3.3Comparison and ConclusionEven within Dialux different results can be achieved, from figure’s 6 and 7 it can be seen that different results are obtained. Figure 23 shows the summary page from 25/12/2014 at 9 am, figure 24 shows the summary page from 21/6/2014 at 1 pm. Although the rooms are identical in dimensions and window placements very different results are obtained. When Dialux calculates daylight it is based on the time and date of the light scene, at different times and dates the sun’s position changes in the sky. As the position of the sun changes so does the amount of light let in to the room, this is the reason why different lux levels are obtained for the same room.

When calculating daylight by manual calculations the average outside lux levels is taken as an average of 10,000. In reality lux levels entering a room change depending on the time and date. To obtain similar results to Dialux the positon of the sun would need to be determined to acquire exact lux levels.

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5.4 Conclusion

When designing a lighting scheme both manual and software generated results can be used. Using software like Dialux allows the user to perform calculations quickly and can also simulate the results. Designs can be shown in either plan view or three dimensional, style of luminaires can be changed quickly and recalculated. Most major lighting manufactures have catalogues that can be imported and then used, data sheets and summary sheets can then be used to show output of the lights and lighting design results. When performing daylight calculations through Dialux time and date are used to determine the light levels, this can be beneficial if a room is to be used at particular times. When the same calculation is performed manually an average daylight lux level is used. The use of point source calculations is particularly useful when designing outside lighting, when designing path or street lighting using point source calculations to determine the light levels on the path can ensure that all required areas are illuminated to a desired level. Using Dialux for point source calculations allows for changes to light style, spacing and height of mounting to be performed promptly.

Like with any computer software the user should have an idea of the expected results, by performing manual calculations generated results can be checked for accuracy.

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6 Power Outage Annex Building Kevin Street6.1 Details of Contractor and Client

Contractor

A1 Electrical

Fire Risk Lane

Dublin 2

Phone 1800 Dial a Fix

[email protected]

Client

Dublin Institute of Technology

Kevin Street

Dublin

Phone 1800 Dial a lecture

[email protected]

DIT Staff Contact Details

Name/E-mail Department and Location Extension Martin, Oliver Maintenance 4649

Maguire, Christy Maintenance 7542

Malone, Frances Electrical Services Engineering 4617

Kane, Jimmy Maintenance 4797

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6.2 Building DetailsDIT Kevin Street is a technological college based within Dublin city centre, the original building was built in 1887 and since then various extensions have been added including the Labs in church lane and the Annex building. Within the college a diverse range of building and rooms are included they include lecture halls, labs, canteen and sports centre. Many of the additions to the college have been done without upgrading of the wiring within the buildings, this along with the addition of electrical labs and computer rooms have added strain to an existing system.

Figure 19 Main Building DIT Kevin Street

Figure 19 shows the main Kevin street building, the building is a 4 story construction with the annex extension to the left. The annex houses the canteen, library, lecture rooms, gym and swimming pool.

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6.3 Incident time and location On the morning of the 19th January the annex building suffered total power failure while leaving the main building and church lane with power. The fact that only the annex building was affected shows that it was a localised fault and not a mains ESB fault. Competent staff within the building tried to reset the main MCB however on each attempt the MCB activated again. Eventually all RCBO’s and MCB’s where disconnected and the main MCB reactivated, as the main MCB stayed on the circuits where then switched on one at a time and power was restored to the building.

Although power was returned to the annex building the fault has reoccurred over the following weeks at random times. Each time the same process has to be adhered to, this means powering down all circuits followed by reinstating the main MCB and then powering the circuits up individually. Each power outage causes stress and problems for both staff and students, power outages during lunch times has caused the canteen to close at busy times and students working within computer labs have had work lost because of computers losing power DT010 year 2 have also stated that this maybe a reason why assignments maybe late being submitted.

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6.4 Report FindingsDuct Tape Electrical were contracted to investigate the fault within the annex building. The first port of call was to check the main distribution board which is located through the kitchen in the canteen, all connections where checked and the main MCB checked for faults. As all connections and the main MCB seemed free from faults and no activation of MCB or RCBO’s was present it was deemed that an overload current was the problem. Under normal conditions an overload on a circuit should not cause total power failure as discrimination with in the circuit should stop this. If the circuit is designed with correct discrimination any fault should be cleared by the protection device directly upstream from the fault, circuits beyond that protection device should not be affected. Figure 20 shows an image of the library.

By speaking to staff involved in the resetting of the protection devices if was determined that the fault lay within the circuit that supplied the library. This circuit contains both the computers within the library, and a selection of sockets within the library used by students for charging laptops. It is believed that when the installation of the sockets was installed the high usage of laptops within the library was not expected, with high usage of the sockets and all the computers within the computer room being used this was causing the overcurrent.

Figure 20 Kevin Street Library

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6.5 Solutions The first priority in fixing the power outages is to limit the amount of sockets within the library circuit, this can be done by either removing sockets from the circuit or by splitting the sockets within the library on to separate circuits. The RCBO’s should also be changed so they are correctly sized for the circuit.

The main distribution board needs to be checked and protection devices upgraded to maintain correct discrimination within the board. With the correct devices in place any future faults within the annex building will be limited to the faulty circuit and will not result in complete power failure for the building.

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Appendix A Data Sheet 96549967

Thorn 96549967 IQ 1x55W TC-L HFI E3 LV L840 [STD] / Luminaire Data Sheet

Luminous emittance 1:

Luminaire classification according to CIE: 100 luminous emittance 1:CIE flux code: 53 91 99 100 70

Recessed modular direct/indirect luminaire for 1 x 55W TC -L lamp(s) with Electronic, DALI / DSI digital dimmable control gear with 3 hour, manual test, and emergency lighting circuit. Body and coffer in white painted steel with satinbrite Aluminium louvre and micro perforated white painted steel sides. Lay in installation to 15/24mm exposed tee ceilings only. Easy electrical connection via 6 x 2 x 2.5mm² terminal block under external access flap on rear of body. Complete with 840 lamp(s).

Dimensions: 597 x 597 x 70 mmTotal power: 60 WWeight: 5.19 kg

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Project 1 Appendix B Function Room Summary

Function Room / Single Sheet Output

Height of Room: 2.800 m, Mounting Height: 2.865 m, Light loss factor: Values in Lux, Scale 1:1520.80

Surface [%] Eav [lx] Emin [lx] Emax [lx] u0Work plane / 52 5.84 229 0.112Floor 20 46 6.97 129 0.152Ceiling 70 8.79 4.69 15 0.534Walls (4) 50 16 5.24 83 /

Work plane:Height: 0.750 mGrid: 128 x 128 PointsBoundary Zone: 0.500 m

Illuminance Quotient (according to LG7): Walls / Working Plane: 0.263, Ceiling / Working Plane: 0.169.

Luminaire Parts List

No. Pieces Designation (Correction Factor) (Luminaire) [lm] (Lamps) [lm] P [W]

1 4Thorn 96549967 IQ 1x55W TC-L HFI E3 LV

3360 4800 60.0L840 [STD] (1.000)Total: 13440 Total: 19200 240.0

Specific connected load: 1.02 W/m² = 1.95 W/m²/100 lx (Ground area: 236.44 m²)

Project 1

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Appendix C Corridor Summary

Corridor / Single Sheet Output


Surface [%] Eav [lx] Emin [lx] Emax [lx] u0Work plane / 158 16 291 0.102Floor 20 117 19 204 0.162Ceiling 70 28 9.00 87 0.320Walls (8) 50 63 9.99 661 /





1 3Thorn 96549967 IQ 1x55W TC-L HFI E3 LV

3360 4800 60.0L840 [STD] (1.000)Total: 10080 Total: 14400 180.0


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Appendix D Data Sheet 96239873

Thorn 96239873 POPPACK PRO 1X58W T26 HF L000 [STD] / Luminaire Data Sheet

Luminous emittance 1:

Luminaire classification according to CIE: 70 Luminous emittance 1:CIE flux code: 30 58 82 70 94

A classic batten luminaire for 1 x 58W T26 lamp(s) with electronic - fixed output ballast. IP20, Class I electrical. Batten: white, pre-coated rolled form steel. Endcaps/lamp holders: injection moulded white Polycarbonate (PC). Mounting plates (Fix Express): injection moulded Polycarbonate (PC). 600mm fixing centres. Electrical connection via 4 x 2.5mm² terminal block, all internal wiring is halogen free. Sensor (Save Express) and emergency (Safe Express) modules push fit on either end after the end caps have been removed and are connected with 'one-way' plugs and sockets. All attachments are installed without the need for any tools. Lamps to be ordered separately.

Dimensions: 1540 x 55 x 85 mmTotal power: 54 WWeight: 1.3 kg

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Appendix E Kitchen Summary

Project 1

Kitchen / Summary


Surface [%] Eav [lx] Emin [lx] Emax [lx] u0Work plane / 83 21 221 0.250Floor 20 65 21 148 0.323Ceiling 70 45 10 1501 0.228Walls (6) 50 42 17 153 /





1 2Thorn 96239873 POPPACK PRO 1X58W T26

4888 5200 54.0HF L000 [STD] (1.000)Total: 9776 Total: 10400 108.0


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Appendix F Data Sheet Finesse Bulkhead

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