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Positron annihilation spectroscopy in materialstudies
Supervisors: Paweł Horodek, Ph.D.Krzysztof Siemek, Ph.D.
Dzelepov Laboratory of Nuclear Problems
22.07.2016, JINR Dubna
K. Biłko, M. Jurczyk, M. Kamiński, S. Nekvinda, K. Skowron Positron annihilation spectroscopy in material studies 1 / 22
Authors
Kacper Biłko - AGH University of Science and Technology inKrakow
Marta Jurczyk - AGH University of Science and Technologyin Krakow
Michał Kamiński - University of Silesia in Katowice
Stepan Nekvinda - Charles University in Prague
Konrad Skowron - AGH University of Science andTechnology in Krakow
K. Biłko, M. Jurczyk, M. Kamiński, S. Nekvinda, K. Skowron Positron annihilation spectroscopy in material studies 2 / 22
Outline
1 Introduction
2 Theoretical background
3 Sample preparation
4 Apparatus and measurements
5 Results
6 Conclusions
7 References
K. Biłko, M. Jurczyk, M. Kamiński, S. Nekvinda, K. Skowron Positron annihilation spectroscopy in material studies 3 / 22
Introduction
Aim of the project:
Determination of size ofdefected zones in coppersamples using positronannihilation spectroscopy(PAS).
All measurements were performed at LEPTA facility
K. Biłko, M. Jurczyk, M. Kamiński, S. Nekvinda, K. Skowron Positron annihilation spectroscopy in material studies 4 / 22
β+ decay
Fig. 1: Schema of β+ decay [1]
p → n + e+ + νe
Fig. 2: Energy spectrum of positrons from 22Na
K. Biłko, M. Jurczyk, M. Kamiński, S. Nekvinda, K. Skowron Positron annihilation spectroscopy in material studies 5 / 22
Interaction with matter and annihilation
Fig. 3: Path of implanted positron [2]Fig. 4: Process of annihilation described
in CM and LAB systems [3]
Eγ = mec2 ±
√12mec2E , E − energy of electron
K. Biłko, M. Jurczyk, M. Kamiński, S. Nekvinda, K. Skowron Positron annihilation spectroscopy in material studies 6 / 22
Doppler spectroscopy
Fig. 5: Visualization of S and W parameters
S =AS
Atotal
W =AW 1 + AW 2
Atotal
K. Biłko, M. Jurczyk, M. Kamiński, S. Nekvinda, K. Skowron Positron annihilation spectroscopy in material studies 7 / 22
Sample preparation
Fig. 6: Polishing Fig. 7: Annealing Fig. 8: Surface treatmentprocess (e.g. sandblasting)
Fig. 9: A sample before and after polishingK. Biłko, M. Jurczyk, M. Kamiński, S. Nekvinda, K. Skowron Positron annihilation spectroscopy in material studies 8 / 22
Sandblasting
Fig. 10: Sample before and aftersandblasting
Diameter of glass balls: 125µm
Fig. 11: Beforesandblasting
Fig. 12: Aftersandblasting
No. Pressure [bar] Time [min]I 1 1II 5 1III 5 3
Tab. 1: Parameters of sandblasting
K. Biłko, M. Jurczyk, M. Kamiński, S. Nekvinda, K. Skowron Positron annihilation spectroscopy in material studies 9 / 22
Pressing
Fig. 13: Change of diameter and thickness
Pressure: 15 MPa
Fig. 14: Change of diameter and thickness
Strain of samples
ε =∆l
l= 0, 32
K. Biłko, M. Jurczyk, M. Kamiński, S. Nekvinda, K. Skowron Positron annihilation spectroscopy in material studies 10 / 22
Milling
Fig. 15: Milling schema [4]
Fig. 16: Sample in milling machine
Fig. 17: Milling machine
Fig. 18: Sample after milling
K. Biłko, M. Jurczyk, M. Kamiński, S. Nekvinda, K. Skowron Positron annihilation spectroscopy in material studies 11 / 22
Measuring system
Fig. 19: Schema of measuring system
Energy resolution of the detector:
1,2 keV for 511 keV Fig. 20: Measuring system
K. Biłko, M. Jurczyk, M. Kamiński, S. Nekvinda, K. Skowron Positron annihilation spectroscopy in material studies 12 / 22
22Na source
Fig. 21: Schema of the sodium source
K. Biłko, M. Jurczyk, M. Kamiński, S. Nekvinda, K. Skowron Positron annihilation spectroscopy in material studies 13 / 22
Apparatus
Fig. 22: Schema of measuring system
Fig. 23: Detector and positron source
K. Biłko, M. Jurczyk, M. Kamiński, S. Nekvinda, K. Skowron Positron annihilation spectroscopy in material studies 14 / 22
Measurements
Fig. 24: Etching in HNO3 acid
Mean implantation depth in Cu
l ' 23, 1 µm
Fig. 25: Measuring the size of the sample
K. Biłko, M. Jurczyk, M. Kamiński, S. Nekvinda, K. Skowron Positron annihilation spectroscopy in material studies 15 / 22
Results
K. Biłko, M. Jurczyk, M. Kamiński, S. Nekvinda, K. Skowron Positron annihilation spectroscopy in material studies 16 / 22
Comparison of results - pressing
Fig. 26: Our resultsFig. 27: Comparable resultsobtained by Dryzek et al. [5]
K. Biłko, M. Jurczyk, M. Kamiński, S. Nekvinda, K. Skowron Positron annihilation spectroscopy in material studies 17 / 22
Comparison of results - milling
Fig. 28: Our resultsFig. 29: Comparable results obtained by
Dryzek et al. [6]
K. Biłko, M. Jurczyk, M. Kamiński, S. Nekvinda, K. Skowron Positron annihilation spectroscopy in material studies 18 / 22
Comparison of results - sandblasting
Fig. 30: Our results Fig. 31: Results obtained by Horodeket al. [7]
K. Biłko, M. Jurczyk, M. Kamiński, S. Nekvinda, K. Skowron Positron annihilation spectroscopy in material studies 19 / 22
Conclusions
1 The Doppler broadening of the positron annihilation linemethod was successfully used to determine the size ofdefected zone in examined copper samples.
2 It has been found that all the examined samples possess somestructural defects.
3 The results obtained for pressed sample showed that thedefects are probably present in the whole sample’s volume.
4 For the milled sample it was observed that the defected zoneis relatively big and reaches up to 0,3 mm.
5 Samples exposed to sandblasting for 1 min and differentpressure did not show big differences in the level of defects.The sample sandblasted for 3 min possesses more structuraldefects.
K. Biłko, M. Jurczyk, M. Kamiński, S. Nekvinda, K. Skowron Positron annihilation spectroscopy in material studies 20 / 22
Conclusions
1 The Doppler broadening of the positron annihilation linemethod was successfully used to determine the size ofdefected zone in examined copper samples.
2 It has been found that all the examined samples possess somestructural defects.
3 The results obtained for pressed sample showed that thedefects are probably present in the whole sample’s volume.
4 For the milled sample it was observed that the defected zoneis relatively big and reaches up to 0,3 mm.
5 Samples exposed to sandblasting for 1 min and differentpressure did not show big differences in the level of defects.The sample sandblasted for 3 min possesses more structuraldefects.
K. Biłko, M. Jurczyk, M. Kamiński, S. Nekvinda, K. Skowron Positron annihilation spectroscopy in material studies 20 / 22
Conclusions
1 The Doppler broadening of the positron annihilation linemethod was successfully used to determine the size ofdefected zone in examined copper samples.
2 It has been found that all the examined samples possess somestructural defects.
3 The results obtained for pressed sample showed that thedefects are probably present in the whole sample’s volume.
4 For the milled sample it was observed that the defected zoneis relatively big and reaches up to 0,3 mm.
5 Samples exposed to sandblasting for 1 min and differentpressure did not show big differences in the level of defects.The sample sandblasted for 3 min possesses more structuraldefects.
K. Biłko, M. Jurczyk, M. Kamiński, S. Nekvinda, K. Skowron Positron annihilation spectroscopy in material studies 20 / 22
Conclusions
1 The Doppler broadening of the positron annihilation linemethod was successfully used to determine the size ofdefected zone in examined copper samples.
2 It has been found that all the examined samples possess somestructural defects.
3 The results obtained for pressed sample showed that thedefects are probably present in the whole sample’s volume.
4 For the milled sample it was observed that the defected zoneis relatively big and reaches up to 0,3 mm.
5 Samples exposed to sandblasting for 1 min and differentpressure did not show big differences in the level of defects.The sample sandblasted for 3 min possesses more structuraldefects.
K. Biłko, M. Jurczyk, M. Kamiński, S. Nekvinda, K. Skowron Positron annihilation spectroscopy in material studies 20 / 22
Conclusions
1 The Doppler broadening of the positron annihilation linemethod was successfully used to determine the size ofdefected zone in examined copper samples.
2 It has been found that all the examined samples possess somestructural defects.
3 The results obtained for pressed sample showed that thedefects are probably present in the whole sample’s volume.
4 For the milled sample it was observed that the defected zoneis relatively big and reaches up to 0,3 mm.
5 Samples exposed to sandblasting for 1 min and differentpressure did not show big differences in the level of defects.The sample sandblasted for 3 min possesses more structuraldefects.
K. Biłko, M. Jurczyk, M. Kamiński, S. Nekvinda, K. Skowron Positron annihilation spectroscopy in material studies 20 / 22
References
[1] https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Beta-minus Decay.svg
[2] M. Butterling, Helmholtz Zentrum Dresden Rossendorf
[3] J. Dryzek, Wstęp do spektroskopii anihilacji pozytonów wciele stałym, Krakow 1997
[4] http://web.mit.edu/2.670/www/Tutorials/Machining/mill/Description.html
[5] J. Dryzek, E. Dryzek, T. Stegemann, B. Cleff, TribologyLetters 3 (1997) 269-275, 1997
[6] J. Dryzek, S. Nojiri, M. Fujinami, E. Dryzek, K. Siemek,W. Pachla, Tribol Lett (2015) 60:16, 2015
[7] P. Horodek, J. Dryzek, Acta Physica Polonica B Vol. 9 (2016)No 2
K. Biłko, M. Jurczyk, M. Kamiński, S. Nekvinda, K. Skowron Positron annihilation spectroscopy in material studies 21 / 22
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank:
I. N. Meshkov
A. G. Kobets
S. Z. Pakuliak
K. I. Kriukowa
I. Stekl
R. Zawodny
K. Horodek
Thank you for your attention
K. Biłko, M. Jurczyk, M. Kamiński, S. Nekvinda, K. Skowron Positron annihilation spectroscopy in material studies 22 / 22
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank:
I. N. Meshkov
A. G. Kobets
S. Z. Pakuliak
K. I. Kriukowa
I. Stekl
R. Zawodny
K. Horodek
Thank you for your attention
K. Biłko, M. Jurczyk, M. Kamiński, S. Nekvinda, K. Skowron Positron annihilation spectroscopy in material studies 22 / 22