POST-1

865 GRADUAT

ION

TEST

REVIEW

3-15-2011

African-American Civil Rights Movement

Brown v. Board(1954)

Overturned the Plessy case by declaring that segregated facilities were inherently unequal, and ordered the integration of the nation's public schools.

Montgomery Bus Boycott

(1955)

Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat in the front of a Montgomery, Alabama, public bus for a white rider, leading African-Americans to boycott public bussing.

Little Rock Crisis

(1957)

After schools in Little Rock, Arkansas, refused to admit African-Americans to all-white schools, President Eisenhower authorized the U.S. Army to escort and protect African-American students.

University ofAlabama

(1963)

Governor George C. Wallace refused to allow African-American students to register for classes at the all-white University of Alabama. President Kennedy authorized the use of the National Guard to enforce educational integration.

March on Washington

(1963)

Martin Luther King and his SCLC organized a massive demonstration in Washington, D.C., where he delivered his famous "I Have a Dream" speech.

African-American Civil Rights Law

Civil RightsAct of 1964

Provides criminal penalties for discrimination in employment or voting and integrates most pubic facilities.

24thAmendment

(1964)Banned the poll tax.

Voting Rights Act of 1965

Banned literacy tests in counties where over half of eligible voters have been disenfranchised.

Civil War Amendments

13th (1865)

Freed the slaves.

14th (1868)

Defined citizenship and guaranteed equal protection.

15th (1870)

Provided universal male suffrage (voting).

Civil Rights Movement Voting Reform

24th Amendment

Banned the use of the poll tax.

Voting Rights Act of 1965

Banned the use of literacy tests and authorized Federal examiners to register African-Americans to vote if necessary.

Rights of The Accused Case Summaries

Mapp v. Ohio(1961)

Upheld the Fourth Amendment guarantee against unreasonable search and seizure.

Gideon v. Wainwright(1963)

Required that the accused be provided with an attorney by the government even if they cannot afford one.

Escobedo v.Illinois(1964)

Required that the accused be provided with an opportunity to meet with an attorney.

Miranda v.Arizona(1966)

Required that the accused be informed of their rights and that they understand them before being questioned.

Roe v

WadeUpheld a woman’s right to have an abortion

Bakke and affirm-ative action

The Supreme Court outlawed inflexible quota systems in affirmative action programs, which in this case had unfairly discriminated against a white applicant. In the same ruling, however, the Court upheld the legality of affirmative action

FDR's New Deal

Relief

Emergency Banking Act (1933): Provided a "bank holiday" to end the collapse of the national banking system. Banks were closing in alarming numbers as people withdrew their money during economic panic.  Civilian Conservation Corps (1933): Employed young men in jobs conserving natural resources.

Recovery

Tennessee Valley Authority (1933): Provided government jobs and electricity infrastructure in poor rural areas. Home Owners Loan Corp. (1934): Helped home owners save their homes from foreclosure by providing refinancing options.WPA- Works projects administration. Built government buildings like schools and post offices and roads, bridges.

Reform

Federal Deposit Insurance Corp. (1933): Guaranteed individual banking deposits up to a maximum amount of $5,000. Social Security Act (1935): Provided an old-age pension to retired workers, unemployment insurance, and aid for the disabled and surviving children of deceased parents.National Labor Relations Wagner act (1935): caused the rise of industrial unionism by giving private unions the right to collectively bargain and strike if necessary

LBJ's Great Society

Head Start(1965)

Provided poor, disabled, and minority kids with extra academic assistance through pre-school in order to ensure educational success.

Job Corps(1966)

Provided training for poor, minority inner-city youth in order to cultivate job skills.

Medicare(1965)

Extended Social Security benefits by providing health insurance for the elderly.

Medicaid(1966)

Provides health insurance for the poor and disabled.

VISTA(1966)

Volunteers In Service To America; Organized youth

volunteers to work in economically depressed areas.

State Reforms

Secret Ballot

Privacy at the ballot box ensures that citizens can cast votes without party bosses knowing how they voted.

InitiativeAllows voters to petition state legislatures in order to consider a bill desired by citizens.

ReferendumAllows voters to decide if a bill or proposed amendment should be passed.

RecallAllows voters to petition to have an elected representative removed from office.

DirectPrimary

Ensures that voters select candidates to run for office, rather than party bosses

Business Organization

ConglomerateA group of unrelated business owned by a single corporation.

Pool

Competing companies that agree to fix prices and divide regions among members so that only one company  operates in each area.

Trust

Companies in related fields agree to combine under the direction of a single board of trustees, which meant that shareholders had no say.

Progressive Era Amendments

16th (1913) Granted Congress the power to tax income.

17th (1913) Provided for the direct election of U.S. Senators.

18th (1919)Prohibited making, selling, or transporting alcohol.

19th (1920) Provided women suffrage (voting).

Social Reformers

JaneAddams

Pioneer in the field of social work who founded the settlement house movement through the establishment of Hull House in Chicago, Illinois.

Booker T.Washinton

Former slave who founded the Tuskegee Institute that focused on teaching African-Americans trade skills to earn a living and gain the trust of white society.

W.E.B.DuBois

Founder of the NAACP, and a Harvard-educated professor who focused on the need for a traditional liberal arts education for African-Americans who could then insist upon equal treatment and rights from white society.

Progressive Era Federal Legislation

Elkins Act(1903)

Outlawed the use of rebates by railroad officials or shippers.

Pure Food and Drug Act

(1906/1911)

Required that companies accurately label the ingredients contained in processed food items.

Meat Inspection Act(1906)

In direct response to Upton Sinclair's The Jungle, this law required that meat processing plants be inspected to ensure the use of good meat and health-minded procedures.

Federal Reserve Act(1913)

Created 12 district  Federal Reserve Banks, each able to issue new currency and loan member banks funds at the prime interest rate, as established by the Federal Reserve Board.

Clayton Antitrust Act(1914)

Strengthened the Sherman Antitrust Act by outlawing the creation of a monopoly through any means, and stated that unions were not subject to antitrust legislation.

Muckraker Work Subject Results

Thomas Nast PoliticalCartoons

Political corruption by NYC's political machine, Tammany Hall, led by Boss Tweed.

Tweed was convicted of embezzlement and died in prison.

Jacob RiisHow the Other Half Lives

(1890)

Living conditions of the urban poor; focused on tenements.

NYC passed building codes to promote safety and health.

Ida B. Wells A Red Record (1895)Provided statistics on the

lynching of African-Americans.

NAACP joined the fight for Federal anti-lynching legislation.

Ida Tarbell

"History of Standard Oil Company

" in McClure's Magazine

(1904)

Exposed the ruthless tactics of the Standard Oil Company through a series of articles published in McClure's Magazine.

In Standard Oil v. U.S. (1911), the company was declared a monopoly and broken up.

Upton SinclairThe Jungle

(1906)

Investigated dangerous working conditions and unsanitary procedures in the meat-packing industry.

In 1906 the Meat Inspection Act and Pure Food and Drug Act were passed

Suffrage Amendments

15th (1870) Provided universal male suffrage (voting).

19th (1920) Provided female suffrage (voting).

24th (1964) Bans poll tax as a requirement for voting.

26th (1971) Set minimum voting age at 18.

Red Scares

1919

The first Red Scare began following the Bolshevik Russian Revolution of 1917 and World War I. It is the fear of communists and communism and an example is the Palmer Raids and the deportations that followed.

1946

The Second Red Scare occurred after World War II. It is the fear of communist espionage and the Soviet Union’s expansion. An example is the Senator Joe McCarthy with hunts in the Senate that blacklisted many communist sympathizers in the USA

Progressive Era

MuckrakersIda Tarbell-Standard Oil (remember tar comes from oil) Upton Sinclair- meatpacking industry, “The Jungle”

Role of women in reform movements

Jane Adams- first social worker, first woman to win Nobel PrizeSettlement Houses- Hull House

Civil rights

Jim Crow- segregation laws in the South- separate water fountainsPlessy v. Ferguson –Supreme Court case says that segregation is Ok if facilities are equalNAACP- W.E.B DuBois founded

Theodore Roosevelt and role in Conservation movement

Established first national parks like Yellowstone to save or conserve America’s wild lands for the people of the future

Becoming a World Power

1892 Chinese Exclusion Act – Law prohibiting Chinese immigrants from becoming citizens of the USA and stopping them from any further immigrating to America

Spanish American War- war for Cuban freedom that results in the USA obtaining Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines and Cuba gets its freedom as a protectorate of the USA. This is when the USA becomes an empire. Due to yellow journalism in some part. Teddy R was a rough rider in Cuba during this war.

Debate over American Expansion- some people like Teddy Roosevelt want America to become an empire and a world power. Some want America to remain isolated and not expand outside of its borders.

Roosevelt Corollary- an addition to the Monroe Doctrine that says America will act like a police man for Latin and South America in conflicts with other countries and Europe needs to stay out of the Western Hemisphere. Speak softly and carry a big stick

Panama Canal- Land bought from Panama is used to make a canal that speeds transportation speeds from the Atlantic to the Pacific coast and helps increase profits. Yellow fever is a problem

WWI

CAUSES

M-militarism

A-alliances

N-nationalism

I-imperialism

A-assination of Arch Duke Ferdinand of Austria Hungary

NEUTRALITY TO WAR

Unrestricted submarine warfare

Sinking of the Lusitania

Zimmerman Telegram

Trench warfare

New Weapons

PROGRESSIVE PRESIDENTS

Teddy Roosevelt-

Roosevelt Corollary

Trust Buster

Conservation

FDA

Panama Canal

Woodrow Wilson-

WWI

14th point

League of Nations

Causes of the Great Depression

Over consumption because of easy credit leading to debt

Over production especially in agriculture leading eventually to under production, inflation, and unemployment

Dust Bowl- drought and unemployment in the Midwest caused by over farming /climate

Failure of Banks- no more cash

Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act of June 1930 raised US tariffs to historically high levels which led to less trade with Europe

Playing the Market (speculation) with credit- Stock Market Crash- Black Tuesday, 1929.

WWIICausesMAIN

Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism

Entry

Neutrality – Stay out of the war Lend-Lease-Lend weapons and supplies to Britain and they can pay laterPearl Harbor-Japanese attack and bomb. We declare war on Japan and

Germany declares war on us.

Domesticimpact of

war

A. Philip Randolph-union and civil rights leader B. Rationing-oil, sugar, meat, C. Conversion- reuse and recycleD. Women-Rosie the RiviterE. Food-victory gardens

AtomicBomb

Los Alamos- Lab where bomb is developedManhattan Project- Name of projectHiroshima and Nagasaki

Compare the European and Pacific Theatres of War

Europe climate is more dry, cold, like the USA, many rivers, some mountain ranges. Enemy looks like you.

More hot, tropical, many islands, disease like malaria a problem. Hard to supply. Enemy does not fight like the West. Enemy does not look like you. Different food

Difficulties the U.S. faced in delivering weapons, food, and medical supplies to troops.

Never fight a land war in Asia- too far away, hard to supply, food preservation a problem, logistics a nightmare, men unfamiliar with languages used and terrain,

United Nations

Established after WWII, Replaces the old did not work League of Nations,

The Cold War Era

Marshall Plan

USA Plan and money to rebuild Europe after WWII in order to avoid another world war, stop Soviet Union from expanding communism, and create bond with Europe against Soviet Union

Berlin Wall

Wall built to separate Berlin into East and West. One communist and under Soviet Union influence and one Gernam and free.

Iron CurtainFrom a Winston Churchill speech referring to the Soviet Union’s lack of freedom and distrust of the West

Red Scare Again!

Fear of communists and communism in America

NATO

North Atlantic Treaty Organization that consists of the USA and Free European countries. Goal is collective self defense originally against the Soviet Union

Warsaw PactThe Soviet answer to NATO. Consists of the Soviet union and its satellite nations. Goal of self defense against NATO.

Truman Doctrine and Containment

Policy that says the USA will help other countries in order to keep them free and not communist. Containment is stopping the Soviet union from expanding.

SALT (Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty, 1972)

Treaty limiting the use and number of nuclear weapons

Baby Boom at Home

After WWII, men came home and made many babies resulting in a large birth rate, more homes being built, families leaving the cities for suburbs, and more cars bought and roads built

Interstate Highway Act

More roads being built to accommodate migration to the suburbs and need to drive to work

Chinese Revolution

1948-9 Mao Zedong leads revolution in China and sets up a communist system.

Korean War- a military conflict between the Republic of Korea, supported by the United Nations and the USA, and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, supported by the People's Republic of China, with military material aid from the Soviet Union. Ended in 1953 with the creation of the 38th Parallel as the line of demarcation between the two countries

Space Race- Competition between the USA and Soviet Union to win outer space supremacy. The Soviets got the first object in space (sputnik) . America got the man on the moon, Neil Armstrong, in the Apollo 11 mission

Social Movements of the 1960’s

N.O.W.Betty FreidanGloria Steinem

Women’s rights. National Organization for Women, Bra burning, destroying the gender ceiling

Rachel CarsonWrote “Silent Spring” about the dangers of pesticides and started environmental movement in the USA.

EPA Environmental Protection agency

Cesar ChavezWorked for agricultural laborer rights especially Latino migrant worker rights.

HippiesFlower children, anti-materialism, anti-war, anti-establishment , Woodstock

Anti-war movementProtests, demonstrations, draft card burning, against the Vietnam war.

Modern Presidents

Truman

Jackie Robinson- Broke segregation barrier in sports. Truman integrated the militaryDropped Atomic bomb. Doctrine of Containment, Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan, Berlin airlift,. Fired General Mac Arthur in Korean War.

Eisenhower General in WWII, D Day, Roads- Interstate Highway ActVietnam- began our involvement

KennedyCivil RightsAssassination

Johnson Great Society- Medicare, Medicaid,

Nixon

Opened China to the worldVietnam-ended the warWatergate Scandal- forced Nixon to resign as he was implicated in a burglary of democratic Headquarters at Watergate Hotel.

Gerald FordOnly President to not be voted in as a vice president or a President

CarterCamp David Accords- helped make peace between Israel and Egypt Iranian hostage crisis

Reagan

Conservatism- fiscally and socially conservativeReaganomics-Believed in smaller government, less government programs, less taxesIran-contra scandal- Guns for money in South America Collapse of Soviet Union- “Mr. Gorbechev, bring this wall down”

ClintonNAFTA- North Atlantic Free Trade Association –Canada, Mexico, USAImpeachment- Impeached but not thrown out

Bush the Elder

Desert Storm

Bush the Younger

2000 presidential election and its outcome9-11War on Terror

The “Baddies” When? Did what?

Hitler WWII 1930-40’s Leader of Germany

Lenin 1917 Founded the Soviet union

Mussolini WWII Leader of Italy -fascist

Emperor Hirohito

WWII Leader of Japan

Tojo WWII Head general of Japan in WWII

Mao Zedong 1949 to the 70’s Founded communist China, Ordered cultural Revolution. Little Red book

Ho Chi Minh 1950 to 70’s Founded North Vietnam

Pol Pot 1980’s Cambodian genocide

Stalin WWII Leader of Soviet Union in WWII

Reconstruction

Presidential reconstruction

Lincoln- 10% of South take oath of allegiance, Forgiveness

Radical Republican reconstruction

Punishment, Military districts, Confederates can not vote, hold office

Andrew Johnson

Tenure of Office ActHenry Stanton, Sec of War fired Impeachment but not thrown out

Freedman’s Bureau

Role-Educate freemenadvanced education-Morehouse

Resistance to racial equality during Reconstruction

Jim Crow- segregation laws OK Black Codes- laws that take away rights of African AmericansKKK- vigilante terrorist group against freeman establishing their rights

Military Districts

South divided into 5 areas and ruled

by martial law in Reconstruction

Compromise of 1877

Smoke filled room bargain- Presidential election is a tie. Southern Democrat Senators tell Rutherford Hayes that they will elect him if he ends Reconstruction in the South. He says yes

Sharecropper and tenant farmer

Poor blacks and whites in South rent land to farm or farm for a part or share of the crops

Scalawags-

people from the South who abuse their fellow Southerners or are working with the Yankees

Carpetbaggers-

people form the North who come South to make a profit or are abusing Southerners after the Civil war

Growth of Big Business in the later 1800’s

Bessemer Process Turns iron into steel

Transcontinental Railroad

Union and central Pacific meet at Promontory, Utah and make a railroad that stretches from the Atlantic to the Pacific

Rise of trusts and monopolies Rockefeller and Standard Oil Company

Inventions

Thomas Edison

Alexander Graham Bell

Ellis IslandProcessing center in NYC for the large amounts of immigrants coming into the USA after the Civil war

UnionsGroups of people in similar jobs tha meet and have a goal of the improvement of their working conditions

The West

Native Americans-Sitting Bull, wounded Knee, Ghost DanceMinersRanchers-barb wire, cattle drivesFarmers- end of the buffalo

Change in Immigrants

Before Civil War- Northern Europe- England, Ireland, Germany

After Civil War- Southern and Central Europe- Italians, Russians, Jews, Slavic countries

The major political and economic factors that shaped world societies after World War I

Albert EinsteinTheory of relativity, fled the Nazi’s

Sigmund Freud Theory of psychoanalysis

Pablo Picasso Artists, Guernica about the Spanish Civil war.

Russian RevolutionThrew the Czar out and instituted communist government led by Lenin

Sun Yat Sen Ended rule by emperor in and Mandate of heaven in China and set up a short lived democracy

Mustafa Kemal Ataturk

Over threw the Ottoman , sick man of Europe, empire and set up modern Turkey

Mohandas Gandhi.Assisted the British to leave their empire in India and helped set up the modern democratic state of India through use of Passive resistance

Italian invasion of Ethiopia

Last of the Imperialists . Took over a nation of spears with airplanes.

the Spanish Civil War

Fascist versus Freedom fighters, General Franco wins. Testing ground for Hitler’s new weapons

the Rape of Nanjing in China

Japanese invaded China through Manchuria. Committed horrific atrocities at many places including Nanjing.

the German annexation of the Sudetenland.

One of the causes of WWII

The major world revolutions

England (1689)- Parliament threw out catholic James II

began modern English democracy. never since has the monarch held absolute power, and their Bill of Rights is the model for ours

France (1789)

3 estates – clergy, nobility, everyone else, Storming the Bastille

Overthrew King Louis and Marie Antoinette

Guillotine

United States (1776)

Declaration of Independence against King George III

Haiti (1791)elimination of slavery and the establishment of Haiti as the first republic ruled by people of African ancestry.

Latin America (1808-1825)

took place during the late 18th and early 19th centuries and resulted in the creation of a number of independent countries in Latin America. These revolutions followed the

American and French Revolutions

LEADERS OF THE LATIN AMERICAN REVOLUTIONS

José de San Martín (Argentina, Chile, Peru)Miguel Hidalgo, Vicente Guerrero, Jose Maria

Morelos (Mexico)Francisco de Paula Santander (Colombia)José Miguel Carrera (Chile, Argentina)Simón Bolívar (Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador,

Peru, Panama and Bolivia)Francisco de Miranda (Venezuela)Ramon Castilla (Peru)Toussaint L'Ouverture and Jean-Jacques

Dessalines (Haiti)Bernardo O'Higgins (Chile)

Young Turks1908

refers to the members of the Ottoman society who were progressive, modernist and brought down the empire and established Democracy, Shortlived.

Boxer RebellionRebellion of a mystical Chinese society against European nations that they saw as raping and destroying their country

India (Gandhi, Nehru)

British left India after years of passive and non-passive resistance by Indians to their rule. Indians wanted self rule

China (Mao Zedong, Chiang Kai-shek

Mao took over the nationalistic Chinese government and made China communist.

Ghana (Kwame Nkrumah)- first President of Ghana

Pan-Africanism is a world view, philosophy, and movement which seeks to unify native Africans and those of African heritage into a "global African community”

South Africa Apartheid

Tiananmen Square Tank Man-

Fall of the Berlin Wall. 9 November 1989

1991 Soviet Union

Gorbachev

Disintegration of Soviet government -Afghanistan

Ukraine, Kazakhstan, and the Baltic States- became independent republics

The End