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Post-Classical Review
600 to 1450 CEKLINECT
Common Themes
Post-classical political developments
Nomadic empires Impact of interaction Recovery and Renaissance in Asia
and Europe American Civilizations
Post-Classical Political Developments Sui Dynasty (581-618 CE)
Used Buddhism & Confucian civil service examination to establish legitimacy
Grand Canal Tang Dynasty (618-907 CE)
Political Development Scholars over soldiers China expanded to Tibet & Korea Supported Buddhism first; Daoism, and
Confucianism were less important High taxation led to tension and peasant
rebellions Korea, Japan, & Vietnam became tributary states
Post-Classical Political Developments Tang Dyansty (Cont.)
Economic Developments Silk Road security Equal-field system
Cultural Developments Heavily influenced by spread of Buddhism Empress Wu … increased influence Anti-Buddhist campaign Rise of Neo-Confucianism Poetry = Li Bai, Du Fu Kowtow practiced .. Superiority over foreigners
Post-Classical Political Developments Song Dynasty (960-1279 CE)
Political Development Re-established centralized rule Civil service exam retained Checked power of aristocracy while a
powerful, moral elite rose alongside De-emphasized military approach of Tang Paid tribute to neighboring nomadic powers Military & economic weakness eventually
led to their fall to the Mongols in 1279.
Post-Classical Political Developments Song (cont.)
Economic Development Economic revolution – rice from Vietnam, internal
trade flourished from Grand Canal, population growth, cannons, moveable type, water-powered mills, high-quality porcelain, paper money, “flying cash”, magnetic compass
Cultural Developments Women could keep their dowries and could
access new jobs. Also subject to footbinding
Post-Classical Political Developments Islamic Caliphates
Islam: The Religion Muhammad (570-632 CE) Kaaba Allah Mecca & Medina Quran Five Pillars Universal religion
Post-Classical Political Developments
Islamic Caliphates (cont.) Political Developments
Shia-Sunni split Umayyad Caliphate - Damascus (661 CE) Abbasid Caliphate – Baghdad
“Golden Age” of Islam Dar-al-Islam
Post-Classical Political Developments
Islamic Caliphates (cont.) Economic Developments
Trade flourished Improved irrigation Increase in tax revenues Artisans flourished: pottery, fabrics, rugs Paper mills set up (Chinese influence)
Post-Classical Political Developments
Islamic Caliphates (cont.) Cultural Developments
Mosques, hospitals, schools, orphanages Algebra, latitude & longitude, spread of
Greek Hellenism Universities: Cordoba, Toledo, Granada (Al-
Andalus, aka Spain) Art & Architecture: images were forbidden;
use of geometric shapes & calligraphy
Post-Classical Political Developments
Byzantine Empire Political Developments
Eastern Roman Empire Justinian Greek language Strong central government Great laws, efficient military, land
distribution, elaborate bureaucracy, theme system
Post-Classical Political Developments
Byzantine Empire (cont.) Economic Developments
Excellent location for controlling trade Silk worms smuggled out of China >
strong silk industry developed Glassware, linen, jewelry, gold,
silversmithing
Post-Classical Political Developments
Byzantine Empire (cont.) Cultural Developments
Greek Theoretically, social mobility was possible
but was rare Constantinople > political, commercial,
and intellectual center w/ great libraries Split w/ western Church in 1054 Eastern Orthodox vs. Roman Catholic
Post-Classical Political Developments Western Europe (500-1000 CE)
Political Development Frankish Kingdom Charlemagne Feudal system – lack of strong central gov’t
Economic Developments Serfdom Manors No surplus of food so Europe lagged behind
Post-Classical Political Developments Western Europe (500-1000 CE)
Cultural Developments Birth = status Noblewomen had a lot more power than peasant
women Nunneries = escape for women to be treated
equally Code of Chivalry Christianity = religious, moral, and cultural
authority of this time w/ strong papacy Role of monasteries
Post-Classical Political Developments
Japan (600-1000 CE) Political Developments
Impact of geography Yamato Clan > emperors of Japan
Failed to centralize Japanese state Fujiwara Clan (710-785 CE)
Modeled Japan after China Unsuccessful w/ Chinese-style bureaucracy Strict hierarchy developed instead
Post-Classical Political Developments
Japan (600-1000 CE) Political Developments (cont.)
Kamakura Shogunate Feudalism Shogun Daimyo Samurai Bushido Role of emperor
Post-Classical Political Developments
Japan (600-1000 CE) Economic Developments
Predominantly an agrarian society Artisans > weavers, carpenters, ironworkers Local trade regulated by clans Kamakura period > foreign trade w/ Korea
and China Peasants were very similar to serfs in
Europe “Genin”
Post-Classical Political Developments
Japan (600-1000 CE) Cultural Developments
Buddhism popular but Shintoism maintained its respected traditions
Adopted Chinese technology, written language, and Buddhism (Zen Buddhism)
Heian Period (794-1185) – Chinese contact cut off and focus on Japanese cultural values
Tale of Genji – women were highly regarded By the end of this period women began to lose
power
Nomadic Empires
Vikings (800-1000 CE) Scandinavia Seasonal raids to supplement low farm
production Viking boats > terrorized coastal
communities in France, Scotland, Ireland, & England
Greenland & Iceland Normans (aka “Northmen”) > Normandy 1066 > William the Conqueror
Nomadic Empires
Turks (1000-1450) Central Asian steppes Often hired as mercenaries Seljuk Turks (1055) > captured Baghdad
1071 – defeated the Byzantines and took most of modern Turkey
Afghan Turks Series of raids into India in the 10th century Began Delhi Sultanate in India (1206-1526)
Nomadic Empires
Mongols (1200-1550) World’s largest empire > mobility Genghis Khan
“Submit and live. Resist and die Every male, 15-70, had to serve Unique military strategies Took Central Asia, Tibet, Northern China, and
Persia Died in 1227
Mongol kingdoms Mongols (1200-1550)
China: Yuan Dynasty (1279-1368) Kublai Khan Style of rule?
Middle East: The Ilkhanates 1258 – Hulegu > defeated Abbasids Style of rule? … many converted to Islam
Russia: The Golden Horde Batu – heavy taxes – Moscow collected – Kiev resisted
Pax Mongolica For nearly 100 years Eurasia was united Mongol Exchange
Mongol decline … Mamluks (Egypt), Japanese Kamikaze, overspending led to inflation
Impact of Interaction West African Kingdoms
Ghana (500-1200 CE) Trans-Saharan Trade Gold, ivory, slaves, salt, horses, cloth Arrival of Islam (10th century)
Mali (1235-1400’s) Islamic conversion encouraged Mansa Musa Timbuktu > êntrepot
Impact of Interaction Christianity in North & East Africa
(~1st century CE) Egypt & Ethiopia (Coptic Christians) Unique style of architecture
East African City-States (900-1500) Indian Ocean Trade Mogadishu, Kilwa, Sofala … Swahili city-
states Zimbabwe
Impact of Interaction Europe during the High Middle Ages
(1000-1450) ~1100 CE pre-modern economy was evolving Breakdown of feudalism = growth of towns &
commercial cities emerged Bruges, Hamburg, Florence
Service providers & craftspeople set up in these towns
These cities began to plan their growth, regulate businesses, and collect taxes
Wealthy towns (Italy) invested in beautification
Impact of Interaction
Crusades (1095-1204) Series of Christian holy wars conducted against
infidels Pope Urban II 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th Crusades Christian Europe gains trade & technology
Long Distance Trade Silk Road Trans-Saharan Indian Ocean Mediterranean
Impact of Interaction Missionary Campaigns
Buddhism Theravada & Mahayana Buddhism Central Asia – Tibet Personal salvation Korea & Japan Zen Buddhism – syncretism – Buddhism & Shintoism
Christianity Both east & west spread Christianity Christian syncretism? Nestorian Christians
Impact of Interaction
Missionary Campaigns Islam
Spread: military conquest OR trade & missionary activity
Tolerance Sufi missionaries (after 900 CE) Islam in Africa …. Syncretism
Travelers Ibn Battuta, Marco Polo, Rabban Sauma
SEE HANDOUT THAT I DISTRIBUTE
Impact of Interaction The Spread of Diseases
Black Plague Trade routes impact Population decrease = labor shortage =
decrease in serfdom Anti-Semitism grew
Recovery & Renaissance in Asia and Europe
Chinese Political Development Ming
“comeback kids” (1368-1644) – Hongwu Eliminated all evidence that the Mongols ever ruled Civil service examination Mandarins = class of powerful officials Temporarily supported Chinese exploration (Zheng
He) Rebuilt irrigation systems & agrarian production
improved Porcelain, silk, and cotton actively traded
Recovery & Renaissance in Asia and Europe
European Political Development By the 1400’s, regional kingdoms replaced by
strong, powerful monarchies (France, England, Spain)
Key = professional, standing armies paid with taxes
Competition among these states led to a refinement and improvement in weapons, ships, and technology
These states now positioned to dominate the world
Recovery & Renaissance in Asia and Europe
Chinese Intellectual Developments Neo-Confucian schools Self-discipline, filial piety, and obedience to
rulers stressed Yongle Encyclopedia Printing, novels, poetry Jesuit missionaries in China (Matteo Ricci) …
Chinese interested in European technology, not Christianity
Recovery & Renaissance in Asia and Europe
European Intellectual Developments Renaissance “rebirth” Contact w/ Islamic world = Greek & Roman
texts Painters, sculptors, and writers drew
inspiration from the Greco-Roman world Humanists Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles?? Medici family (Florence)
Recovery & Renaissance in Asia and Europe
Chinese Exploration 1405-1433 Seven massive naval expeditions to re-
establish Chinese presence in the Indian Ocean network
Spy mission? Zheng He Why did Ming order explorations to stop?
Recovery & Renaissance in Asia and Europe
European Exploration Impact of Renaissance? Gold, God, Glory Eastern spices in high demand … Ottoman
Empire’s impact? Portuguese were FIRST, Spanish SECOND Henry the Navigator Vasco da Gama Christopher Columbus Naval race??
American Civilizations
Maya (~300-900 CE) Borrowed Olmec traditions
Agricultural economy Distinctive temple complexes and massive
pyramids Ritualistic polytheism Urban areas with thousands of people Independent city-states, linked by trade Staple diet of maize (corn) and beans
American Civilizations
Aztec (~ 1400-1521) Aka. … Mexica
Militant warrior tradition Rule by severe despots Priestly class to oversee rituals, including human
sacrifice Large urban capital (Tenochtitlan) ~ 150,000 people Agricultural economy with cacao beans sometimes
used as currency Decentralized network of city-states that paid tribute
American Civilizations
Inca (~ 1400-1540) Centralized empire with its capital at Cuzco Extensive, irrigated agricultural economy adapted to
the rugged terrain of the Andes Large urban centers Polytheistic religion centered on worship of the sun Patriarchal society with few rights for women Privileged noble class, headed by a king (Inca) in
which royal ancestors revered and worshipped (mummification)
No written language Impressive achievements in building with cut stone
