Post-War Iraq: Foreign Contributions to Training

Order Code RL32105

Post-War Iraq: Foreign Contributions to Training,

Peacekeeping, and Reconstruction

Updated September 25, 2007

Jeremy M. Sharp and Christopher M. BlanchardAnalysts in Middle Eastern Affairs

Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division

Post-War Iraq: Foreign Contributions to Training,

Peacekeeping, and Reconstruction

Summary

Securing and maintaining foreign contributions to the reconstruction andstabilization of Iraq has been a major priority for U.S. policymakers since the launchof Operation Iraqi Freedom in March 2003. This report tracks important changes infinancial and personnel pledges from foreign governments since the August 19, 2003bombing of the U.N. Headquarters in Baghdad and major events since the fall ofBaghdad on April 9, 2003.

Currently, there are 25 countries with military forces participating in thecoalition’s stabilization effort. An additional 15 countries have withdrawn theirtroops from Iraq due to either the successful completion of their missions, domesticpolitical pressure to withdraw their troops, or, in the case of the Philippines, thedemands of terrorist kidnappers who threatened to kill foreign hostages unless theirrespective countries removed their troops from Iraq.

Most foreign pledges for reconstructing Iraq were made at a donors’ conferencein Madrid, Spain, in October 2003. To date, foreign donors have pledged anestimated $18.7-$20.7 billion in grants and loans for Iraq reconstruction but haveonly committed approximately $4.3 billion and disbursed about $1.4 billion to theUnited Nations and World Bank trust funds for Iraq. The largest non-Americanpledges of grants have come from Japan, the European Commission, the UnitedKingdom, Canada, South Korea, and the United Arab Emirates. The World Bank,International Monetary Fund, Japan, and Saudi Arabia have pledged the most loansand export credits.

This report also discusses international efforts to train and equip the new Iraqisecurity forces. Since the fall of Saddam Hussein’s regime in April 2003, severalcoalition, non-coalition, and North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) countrieshave contributed personnel, equipment, and facilities to the training of Iraqi securityand police forces. Some have expressed their willingness to contribute to futuretraining operations within or outside of Iraq. Others have declined to participate inongoing or planned training operations. Bush Administration officials haveannounced their intent to continue seeking international support for training andstability operations in Iraq in the coming months.

This report will be updated semi-annually to reflect the major developments.For a broader review of foreign support of Operation Iraqi Freedom, see CRS ReportRL31339, Iraq: Post-Saddam Governance and Security, by Kenneth Katzman, andCRS Report RL31833, Iraq: Reconstruction Assistance, by Curt Tarnoff.

Contents

Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Coalition Member Support for Training Efforts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Coalition Fatalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

NATO Training Mission-Iraq (NTM-I) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Contributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Other Training Contributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6Germany/Japan/United Arab Emirates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6Egypt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6Jordan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Chronology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Significant Coalition Support Events Since April 9, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Foreign Contributions to Reconstruction and Stabilization in Postwar Iraq . . . . 20

List of Tables

Table 1. NATO Member Contributions to NTM-I Mission as of September 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Table 2. Foreign Contributions to Reconstruction and Stabilization in Postwar Iraq (as of July 2007) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

Post-War Iraq: Foreign Contributions to Training, Peacekeeping, and Reconstruction

Overview

Securing foreign contributions to the reconstruction and stabilization of Iraq hasbeen a major priority for U.S. policymakers since the launch of Operation IraqiFreedom in March 2003. International participation has been sought to supportpeacekeeping operations, assist in efforts to train and equip Iraq’s new securityforces, and provide financial support to reconstruction efforts. For many countries,U.S. Security Council passage of Resolution 1511 on October 6, 2003, marked animportant milestone in establishing the legitimacy of the post-war internationalpresence in Iraq. Nevertheless, some countries remain wary of deploying orsustaining troops in Iraq.

Shortly after the passage of Resolution 1511, an international donors’conference for Iraq was held on October 23-24, 2003, in Madrid. The internationalcommunity, excluding the United States, has pledged an estimated $18.7-$20.7, buthave only committed approximately $4.3 billion and disbursed about $1.4 billion tothe United Nations and World Bank trust funds for Iraq. Estimates for the total costneeded to rebuild Iraq vary widely.

There have been few additional pledges of foreign troops beyond the increasedcommitments of existing contributors such as the United Kingdom. Ultimately, aforeign government’s decision to send peacekeeping forces to Iraq may rest on anumber of factors including the overall security situation; the domestic politicalenvironment in a donor country; legal restrictions these countries face in deployingtroops in Iraq; the potential for foreign companies to invest in Iraq’s economy; andspecific bilateral arrangements between the United States and possible donors. TheUnited States is currently subsidizing the military deployments of some coalitionpartners, most notably Poland. As of September 19, 2007, over 12,000 foreignpersonnel from 25 countries are supporting post-war stabilization efforts in Iraq andin theater. The Administration also credits Fiji and seven NATO, non-MNF-Icountries (Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Netherlands, Portugal, Slovenia, Turkey) assupporting stabilization efforts in Iraq. The United Kingdom has the largestcontingent of foreign combat troops (5,500), followed by South Korea (1,200). Bothgovernments have announced plans to reduce their presence substantially during2007.

This report provides the latest estimates for existing foreign contributions topeacekeeping operations and reconstruction efforts in Iraq, international contributionsto training and equipping the new Iraqi security forces, and the latest diplomaticdevelopments regarding potential future donations from foreign governments. This

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1 MNSTC-I Command’s website available at [http://www.mnstci.iraq.centcom.mil/].2 Associated Press, “U.S. Military Deaths in Iraq at 3,433” May 24, 2007.

report is divided into three sections. The first section discusses the internationaltraining effort. The second section tracks major diplomatic developments infinancial and personnel pledges from foreign governments since the August 19, 2003bombing of the U.N. Headquarters in Baghdad and major events since the fall ofBaghdad on April 9, 2003. The third section presents estimated pledges of personnel,monetary donations, and material resources in chart form. This informationrepresents rough estimates as specific pledges remain in flux. Both sections will beupdated as needed to reflect international developments.

Coalition Member Support for Training Efforts

Since the fall of Saddam Hussein’s regime, members of the U.S.-ledMultinational Force (MNF) in Iraq have made contributions to efforts to train andequip Iraqi security and police forces under the auspices of the Multinational SecurityTransition Command (MNSTC).1 The MNSTC is divided into two sections: theCivilian Police Assistance Training Team (CPATT), which has primaryresponsibility for training Iraq’s police, border, and non-military security services,and the Coalition Military Assistance Training Team (CMATT), which has primaryresponsibility for training members of Iraq’s military. U.S. Lieutenant General JamesM. Dubik replaced Lt. Gen. Martin Dempsey as the commanding officer of theMNSTC on June 10, 2007.

A variety of training initiatives have been undertaken by the MNSTC that haveinvolved various coalition partners working in concert with U.S. forces, Iraqiofficials, and trainees. The training initiatives with the largest internationalcomponents are those designed to train Iraqi police at locations in Jordan, UnitedArab Emirates, and Iraq (see below). Police instructors from Jordan, the UnitedStates, Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia, Sweden, Poland, the United ArabEmirates, Denmark, Austria, Iraq, Finland, the Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary,Slovenia, Slovakia, Singapore, and Belgium participate in various aspects of thepolice training programs. Other initiatives have been undertaken between individualcoalition members and Iraqi personnel, such as the Royal Australian Navy’s effortsto train Iraq’s Coastal Defense Force. The Netherlands and the Czech Republic havealso directed training programs for Iraqi security personnel. Poland signed a bilateralagreement with the Interim Iraqi Government in October 2004 to provide trainingservices and equipment for the Iraqi military.

Coalition Fatalities. As of May 24, 2007, the following coalition fatalitieshad been reported: United Kingdom,149; Italy, 33; Ukraine, 18; Poland, 20; Bulgaria,13; Spain, 11; Denmark, 7; El Salvador, 5; Slovakia, 4; Latvia, 3; Estonia,Netherlands, and Thailand, 2 each; and Australia, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Romania,and South Korea, 1 each.2

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3 Fact sheets describing the NATO Training Implementation Mission and Training Mission-Iraq are available online from the NATO Allied Joint Force Command website at[http://www.afsouth.nato.int/JFCN_Factsheets/NTIMI/FactSheet_on_NTIMI_en.htm], and[http://www.afsouth.nato.int/JFCN_Missions/NTM-I/Factsheets/NTM-I.htm].4 The other participants are Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Hungary, Italy,Lithuania, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovenia, Turkey, Ukraine, and theUnited Kingdom.5 NTM-I, “NATO Opens the Joint Staff College in Ar Rustamiyah in Baghdad, Iraq,”September 27, 2005.

NATO Training Mission-Iraq (NTM-I)3

Efforts to enlist NATO support for the training of Iraqi security forces coalescedover the summer and fall of 2004. At the request of the Iraqi Interim Government,NATO member countries approved the creation of a security force training missionat the Istanbul summit in June 2004. The first personnel of the NATO TrainingImplementation Mission (NTIM) arrived in Baghdad in early August 2004 and haveworked since then to identify training opportunities for Iraqi security officials, to trainindividuals and support staff at the headquarters of Iraq’s security forces, and todevelop an action plan for a full NATO supported training program within andoutside of Iraq. Under the auspices of the NTIM program, a small number of Iraqimilitary officers have undergone training at a NATO facility in Stavanger, Norway.Roughly 60 military personnel from Canada, Hungary, Norway, the Netherlands, andItaly participated in the initial NATO Training Implementation Mission and remainin Iraq under NATO command.

Based on the recommendations of the initial NATO mission staff, plans toexpand the training program were considered and approved by NATO leaders in thefall of 2004. Although some NATO members declined to participate in the expandedinitiative, the North Atlantic Council approved the expansion of NATO’s TrainingImplementation Mission in Iraq on November 17, 2004, and issued a directiveauthorizing the expansion on December 9. The activation order implementing theexpansion and renaming the effort as the NATO Training Mission-Iraq (NTM-I) wasissued on December 16. Under the approved expansion, the size of the NATOtraining mission in Iraq grew from 60 to 300 personnel. As of September 2007, 16countries had assigned forces in theater to the NTM-I mission, including the UnitedStates.4 U.S. Lt. Gen. James Dubik serves as the commander of the NTM-I programand the larger coalition MNSTC training programs (Figure 1).

NATO officials opened a Joint Staff College at Ar Rustamiya, southeast ofBaghdad on September 27, 2005.5 A Training, Education, and Doctrine Center(TEDC) also has been created onsite. A Defense Language Institute was opened inFebruary 2006 and was expected to reach full operating capability by the end of2006. Joint Staff College trainers will continue to provide management andleadership training for Iraqi security officials with the support and protection of asizeable staff and member nation security contingent. The NATO instructors will bejoined by Iraqi graduates of ongoing “train the trainers” programs. Coalition andNATO representatives have approved the use of a private security firm to protect the

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6 Agence France Presse, “Private Firm to Protect NATO in Iraq,” May 4, 2005.7 NTM-I Baghdad, “Admiral Ulrich Visits NATO Training Mission in Iraq,” April 5, 2006.

facility.6 Recruitment and preparation of new NATO support staff and trainers forthe mission are ongoing. The NTM-I program target annual training goal is 1,500Iraqi officers, both within and outside of Iraq. NTM-I trained 1,250 Iraqi SecurityForce officers in 2005, according to its figures.7 Over 700 Iraqis have receivedtraining in nine countries under the NTM-I program.

Contributions. At a NATO meeting on February 22, 2005, all 26 NATOmembers agreed to contribute troops, financing, or equipment to support the NTM-Iinitiative. However, some NATO members (France, Belgium, Greece, Spain,Luxembourg, and Germany) remain reluctant to send troops into Iraq. Instead, theyhave agreed to provide financing or equipment in support of the NTM-I mission andto provide training and support to Iraqi forces outside of Iraq and outside of theNATO/NTM-I framework (see below). Table 1 shows NATO member contributionsthat have been announced in relation to the ongoing expansion.

Table 1. NATO Member Contributions to NTM-I Mission as ofSeptember 2007

NATOMember

Contribution (Trainers, Funding, Force Protection)

BelgiumOffered five to 10 military driving instructors for a German-ledtraining mission for Iraqis in the United Arab Emirates. Contributed$261,000 to a trust fund to help cover costs of the NATO mission.

Bulgaria Hosted peacekeeping training for Iraqis, $40,000 in funding.

Canada Offered up to 30 instructors to train outside Iraq, $810,000.

CzechRepublic

Five instructors in Iraq and has offered to train up to 100 Iraqimilitary police in the Czech Republic. Announceddonation/subsidies of approximately $250,000.

Denmark Offered 10 trainers and seven soldiers for force protection. Sentpistols, radios, binoculars and other equipment for Iraqi forces.

Estonia One officer serving on NTM-I and has pledged $65,000 in supportfunds.

FranceOffered one officer to help mission coordination at NATOheadquarters in Belgium. Offered to train 1,500 Iraqi military policein Qatar outside of the NATO NTM-I mission.

Germany

Offered to train Iraqi military personnel in United Arab Emiratesand to contribute $652,000 to support program funding and airliftfor Iraqi personnel. Iraqi security officers have received trainingunder the auspices of NTM-I at a NATO military training facility inOberammergau, Germany.

Greece Has contributed approximately $376,000 in support funding,conducted joint training for Iraqis with Bulgaria.

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NATOMember

Contribution (Trainers, Funding, Force Protection)

Hungary

Seventeen officers in Iraq in support of NTM-I mission. Offered tosend an additional 15. Donated 77 refurbished Russian-made T72tanks, 36 BMP armored personnel carriers, and 4 tank recoveryvehicles in September 2005. Donated 100 troop transport and cargotrucks in June 2006.

IcelandPublic information officer served with NATO mission in Baghdad,withdrawn in September 2007. Offered $196,000 to fund trainingoutside the country and help transport equipment to Iraq.

Italy Eight officers currently serving in support of NTM-I mission inBaghdad. Has offered to send Carabinieri to train Iraqi police.

Latvia

Offered to host Iraqi soldiers for bomb disposal training.Contributing $65,000 to NTM-I trust fund. Sending equipment toIraqi forces. Post-2007 withdrawal , plans to leave some personnelin Iraq to support NTM-I.

Lithuania Under five trainers serving in Iraq. Has considered training Iraqipersonnel in Lithuania.

Luxembourg Offered $196,000 in support funds.

Netherlands 10 military police and 15 trainers currently serving on NTM-Imission. Extended mission by 6 months in August 2007.

Norway Sent 10 trainers to Iraq. Hosted training of 19 Iraqi officers atNATO Joint Warfare Center. $196,000 in funding.

Poland Hosted December 2006 training in Poland for Iraqi military.

Portugal Sending up to 10 soldiers to Iraq to support NTM-I mission.

Romania Instructors in Iraq, two wounded in September 2007 missile attack.Donated 6,000 AK-47 rifles.

Slovakia Sent five instructors to Iraq, withdrawn April 2007. Sent $53,000 insupport funding.

SloveniaSent four trainers to Iraq in 2006. Offered $132,000 in supportfunding. Donated 17,000 AK-47 rifles and 10,000 helmets for Iraqiforces.

Spain Trained groups of 25 Iraqis in mine clearance at a center outsideMadrid. Pledged $530,000 in support funding.

Turkey Two officers serving in Baghdad; offered to train Iraqis in Turkey. Pledged $125,000 in April 2005.

UnitedKingdom

Eleven soldiers now serving with NTM-I mission. Pledged$330,000 in support funding.

United StatesCommands the operation under Lt. Gen. James Dubik. 60instructors and a force protection company with NTM-I mission inBaghdad. Providing logistics and airlift support. Pledged $500,000.

Source: AP, “Contributions to NATO’s Training Mission for Iraqi Forces,” Feb. 22, 2005; BrooksTigner, “Iraqi Military Receives More Gear From NATO Countries,” Defense News, Jan. 6,2006.

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8 Associated Press, “Group of Iraqi Police Recruits Ends Training in Jordan,” December 16,2004; Jordan International Police Training Center briefing, Muwaqqar, Jordan, July 2007.

Other Training Contributions

Other NATO and non-coalition countries such as Germany, Japan, the UnitedArab Emirates, Egypt, and Jordan (see below) have committed funding, personnel,and facilities for the training of Iraqi forces on a bilateral or multilateral basis.

Germany/Japan/United Arab Emirates. Although Germany has declinedto send training personnel to Iraq in support of the NTM-I program, the Germangovernment has trained Iraqi police officers in crime scene exploitation and policemethodology in cooperation with Japan and the United Arab Emirates since late2003. Officials from Japan, the Emirates’ police forces, and Germany’sBundeskriminalamt, or federal criminal investigation office, have jointlyadministered the training program. In December 2004, German officials announcedthat they would expand another UAE-based program that has trained Iraqi militarydrivers and mechanics to use and service surplus German military trucks.

Egypt. In late 2004 an Iraqi infantry company was invited to Egypt toparticipate in a joint training program with the Egyptian army. According to theEgyptian government, 134 soldiers from Iraq’s 5th Infantry Division trained alongsideEgypt’s 3rd Infantry Division at the Mubarak Military City in northern Egypt. Noplans for future joint Iraqi-Egyptian training exercises have been publicly announced,although Egyptian officials have expressed their willingness to expand their trainingprogram for Iraqi military officers.

Jordan.8 Jordan has hosted the largest effort to train Iraqi police officers at itsInternational Police Training Center in Muwaqqar, east of Amman. The U.S.-fundedand Jordanian-hosted program had trained over 50,000 police as of February 2007in firearms use, self-defense, and crowd control. The Jordanian military also hastrained over 1,500 Iraqi army officers forces at its Zarqa Military College, along witha small group of Iraqi air force pilots and engineers.

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Chronology

Significant Coalition Support Events Since April 9, 2003

September 2007 South Korean leaders state they have not made a final decisionregarding the potential withdrawal of 1,200 South Korean troopsfrom Iraq and indicate they may consider seeking an extensionfor the deployment if requested by the United States.

September 2007 British forces withdrew from positions in the southern Iraqi cityof Basra and transferred security control for the city to Iraqisecurity forces.

August 2007 Lithuania withdrew most of its 50 troops from Iraq, leaving 9 totrain Iraqi security forces.

August 2007 Denmark withdrew most of its 470 strong contingent in southernIraq, leaving 25 support personnel and four helicopters to workwith British forces until the end of 2007.

June 2007 Lithuania withdraws its 125 forces from Iraq, ending a 4-yearmission.

(CMATT)Coalition Military Assistance Training Team

(CPATT)Civilian Police Assistance Training Team

Commanding Officer U.S. Lt. Gen. James M. DubikMultinational Security Training Command (MNSTC)

U.S.-Led CoalitionMultinational Forces Iraq (MNF)

(Baghdad, Iraq)Training Education and Doctrine Center

(NATO Schools - Germany and Norway)NATO Training Operations

Commanding Officer Lt. Gen. James M. DubikNATO Training Mission - Iraq (NTM-I)

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

Figure 1. NATO and Coalition Training Efforts in Iraq

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June 10, 2007 U.S. Lieutenant General James M. Dubik replaces Lt. Gen.Martin Dempsey as the commanding officer of the MNSTC-I andNTM-I.

April 2007 South Korea reduces the number of its troops in Iraq from 2,300to 1,200 in line with plans for a full withdrawal by year’s end.

March 2007 Georgia announced plans to increase its forces in Iraq from 850to 2,000.

Mar. 15, 2007 Romania announced it will withdraw 100 of its troops in linewith British withdrawal plans during 2007.

Jan.-Mar. 2007 British Army Lt. Gen. Graeme Lamb, deputy commander ofMulti-National Force-Iraq, announced that British troops willremain in Iraq at least until the end of 2007. Press reportsindicated that the United Kingdom planned to reduce its currenttroop presence of 7,100. However, accounts differ on the timingand size of the reductions.

Jan. 9, 2007 Danish Prime Minister Anders Fogh Rasmussen reportedly toldPresident Bush that he hoped Denmark would be able to reducethe number of Danish troops in Iraq during 2007 from the currentnumber of 470.

Dec. 22, 2006 Polish President Lech Kaczynski extended the authorization ofthe Polish military presence in Iraq until the end of 2007.

Dec. 22, 2006 The South Korean National Assembly approved a bill extendingthe presence of South Korean troops in Iraq until the end of 2007.The bill required a reduction in the number of troops serving inthe northern Iraqi city of Irbil from 2,300 to 1,200 by April. Thebill also requires the South Korean government to develop a planfor a full withdrawal.

December 2006 The final contingent of Italian troops was withdrawn from Iraq,fulfilling the campaign pledges of Italian Prime Minister RomanoProdi and his political allies.

October 2006 Albanian Defense Minister Fatmir Mediu announced thatAlbania’s contingent of approximately 120 troops in Iraq willremain until U.S. forces are withdrawn.

June 30, 2006 Romanian Prime Minister Calin Popescu Tariceanu reiterated hissupport for withdrawing Romania’s troops from Iraq. RomanianPresident Traian Basescu criticized the proposal. The RomanianSupreme Council of National Defense has postponedconsideration of the Prime Minister’s withdrawal resolution.

June 20, 2006 Japanese Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi announced plans towithdraw Japan’s 600 personnel from Iraq following thehandover of security control to Iraqi forces in the southernprovince of Al Muthannah. 200 Japanese air force personnelremain deployed in Kuwait.

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— Australian Prime Minister John Howard announced that 460Australian soldiers would redeploy within Iraq following thecompletion of their mission to provide security for the Japanesepersonnel in Samawah.

June 16, 2006 Italy announced plans to reduce its forces in Iraq to 1,600 by theend of June 2006 and to completely withdraw all forces by theend of 2006 in line with campaign pledges of newly electedPrime Minister Romano Prodi.

Dec. 31, 2005 South Korea’s parliament approved a government plan to bringhome one-third of the country’s troops in Iraq but extended theoverall deployment for a year.

Dec. 29, 2005 Polish President Lech Kaczynski approved a request from theconservative government to keep troops in Iraq until the end of2006. Extending the mandate reversed the stand of the previousleft-wing government that had announced Polish troops would bepulled out by the end of 2005.

Dec. 27, 2005 Bulgaria and the Ukraine completed the withdrawal of all theirforces from Iraq.

Oct. 14, 2005 Norway announced that it planned to withdraw its troops fromIraq and from Afghanistan by January 2006.

Sept. 8, 2005 U.S. Lt. Gen Martin E. Dempsey replaced U.S. Lt. Gen. David H.Petraeus as the commanding officer of the coalition MultinationalSecurity Transition Command (MNSTC) and the NATO TrainingMission-Iraq (NTM-I).

Aug. 11, 2005 The UN Security Council renewed for one year the mandate ofthe United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq (UNAMI).

July 19, 2005 The Fourth meeting of the International Reconstruction FundFacility for Iraq (IRFFI) was held at the Dead Sea in Jordan.Donors committed an additional $235 million in newcontributions to the IRFFI.

May 10, 2005 Italy’s Foreign Minister Gianfranco Fini said his country wouldwithdraw its 3,300-strong contingent of troops from Iraq byJanuary or February 2006, at the latest. The withdrawal would bein conjunction with Iraq’s anticipated general elections,scheduled to take place by December 31, 2005. Fini also statedthat Italy “will not choose a unilateral disengagement.”

— Japan’s Defense Minister Yoshinori Ono stated, “we hope toturn over what the Self Defense Forces are doing, to the Iraqipeople as soon as possible,” adding to comments by otherofficials that Japan could scale back or withdraw its current 550-strong non-combat humanitarian reconstruction mission inSamawah, Iraq by the end of 2005.

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May 5, 2005 Bulgaria’s outgoing parliament voted to pull all of its 462 troopsout of Iraq by the end of 2005, with the first reduction down to400 by June. The vote came just days after Bulgaria suffered its10th military fatality in Iraq.

Apr. 27, 2005 Danish Foreign Minister Per Stig Moeller announced that thecountry would extend its troop mandate in Iraq for another eightmonths after its soldiers complete their current tour of duty at thebeginning of June 2005.

Mar. 17, 2005 After initially announcing his intent to begin withdrawing Italiantroops from Iraq in September 2005, Italian Prime Minister SilvioBerlusconi stated that there was no fixed date for an Italianwithdrawal. Berlusconi’s revised statement came just hours aftera phone conversation with President Bush.

Feb. 22, 2005 NATO members issued a joint statement pledging troops,funding, and equipment in support of NATO Training Mission inIraq (NTM-I).

Feb. 12, 2005 Portugal withdrew its contingent of 120-strong police forces fromIraq as scheduled.

Jan. 10, 2005 Ukraine announced that it was accelerating the withdrawal of itsentire contingent of troops from Iraq in early 2005.

Dec. 24, 2004 The parliament of Armenia approved the deployment of 46 non-combat troops to Iraq. The deployment was scheduled for sometime in early 2005.

Nov. 15, 2004 The parliament of Hungary voted against extending the mandateof keeping its troops in Iraq. Hungary withdrew its 300-mancontingent from Iraq in December 2004.

Nov. 3-6, 2004 In a meeting in Brussels with Iraqi Prime Minister Ayad Allawi,the European Union pledged $38 million in new assistance forthe upcoming Iraqi elections and vowed to open up trade talkswith the Iraqi government. The EU also plans to train Iraqipolice, judges, and prison directors.

Nov. 3, 2004 Hungary announced that it would withdraw its 300-man forcefrom Iraq after the January 2005 Iraqi elections.

Oct. 15, 2004 Poland’s Prime Minister announced that Poland will beginwithdrawing its troops in January 2005 and will complete theentire withdrawal of its forces from Iraq by the end of 2005.

Oct.13-14, 2004 At a donor’s meeting in Tokyo, Japan, the World Bankannounced that it had only two projects underway in Iraq usingfunds from the international trust established over a year earlier.Officials blamed the ongoing Iraqi insurgency for slowing downthe reconstruction process. Iraqi officials urged the internationalcommunity to accelerate the transfer of aid. Iran donated $10million to the World Bank trust fund.

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Oct. 4, 2004 Poland’s Defense Minister announced that Poland wouldwithdraw all of its troops from Iraq by the end of 2005. OtherPolish officials later remarked that a withdrawal was only beingconsidered.

Oct. 2, 2004 Italy’s Deputy Premier remarked that Italy could pull its troopsout of Iraq after the January 2005 Iraqi elections.

Sept. 24, 2004 The Washington Post reported that the former Soviet republic ofGeorgia is planning to send 800 additional troops to Iraq by theend of the year.

Sept. 9, 2004 The New York Times reported that Costa Rica asked the UnitedStates to remove it from a list of Iraq coalition partners after thecountry’s Constitutional Court ruled that inclusion on the listviolated Costa Rica’s Constitution. Costa Rica had provided noassistance for Iraq’s reconstruction.

July 12, 2004 Philippine Deputy Foreign Minister Rafael Seguis told Al-Jazeera that Manila was offering to withdraw its forces as soonas possible from Iraq to save a Filipino truck driver taken hostageby Iraqi militants.

July 4, 2004 The Kingdom of Tonga announced that its 45-member Marinecontingent had arrived in Iraq.

June 29, 2004 At its summit in Istanbul, Turkey, NATO agreed to train Iraqisecurity forces.

June 28, 2004 The Coalition Provisional Authority disbanded, and sovereigntywas transferred to a new Iraqi government.

June 11, 2004 The Dutch government extended the stay of its 1,400-membertroop contingent in Iraq through March 2005.

Apr. 19, 2004 The Albanian government said it was prepared to send more non-combat troops to Iraq in a possible expansion of the 71-member-strong contingent patrolling the northern city of Mosul underU.S. command.

— Honduras announced that it would withdraw its 370 troops,which had been operating in Iraq as part of the Spanishcontingent. Honduras had planned to withdraw its troops in Julybut accelerated the timetable for their withdrawal after Spainconfirmed its immediate removal of troops from Iraq.

Apr. 18, 2004 Spain’s new Socialist prime minister, José Luis RodríguezZapatero, announced that he was ordering Spanish troops to leaveIraq “as soon as possible.” Mr. Zapatero said he had made hisdecision because it was unlikely that the United Nations wouldbe playing a leading role in Iraq any time soon, which had beenhis condition for keeping Spain’s 1,300 troops in Iraq.

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Mar. 18, 2004 According to South Korean defense officials, South Koreacanceled plans to send troops to the northern Iraqi city of Kirkuk,citing U.S. pressure to participate in “offensive operations,” butstill planned to send 3,600 troops and personnel to help rebuildthe country.

Mar. 15, 2004 In a news conference, Prime Minister-elect José Luis RodriguezZapatero promised to withdraw Spanish troops from Iraq.Spanish forces had been set to take control July 1 of the 9,000-strong multinational force patrolling central and southern Iraqcurrently under Polish command.

Mar. 14, 2004 Spain’s opposition Socialist Party defeated the center-right partyof Prime Minister Jose Maria Aznar, as many Spanish voterswere reportedly dissatisfied with the government’s handling ofthe ongoing Madrid bombing investigation.

Mar. 11, 2004 Ten bombs exploded on commuter trains in Madrid, killing 200people. Spanish authorities blamed the Basque terrorist groupETA, but other Spanish investigators found evidence linking thebombings to Islamist terrorists.

Feb. 13, 2004 South Korea’s National Assembly approved the deployment of3,000 troops to Iraq. The additional troops were to be responsiblefor security and reconstruction around the northern Iraqi city ofKirkuk.

Feb. 9, 2004 Nicaragua canceled its second mission to Iraq after running shortof funds to carry out the operation.

Feb. 4, 2004 Spanish Prime Minister Jose Maria Aznar told a joint meeting ofCongress that Spain would remain committed to providingsecurity in Iraq and to assisting with reconstruction efforts.

Jan. 31, 2004 Japan’s lower house of parliament gave final approval to thedeployment of 1,000 Japanese peacekeepers to Iraq. Japanesesoldiers arrived in Iraq a few days later.

Jan. 30, 2004 Iraqi attackers fired two rocket-propelled grenades at the DutchEmbassy in Baghdad, hitting the roof and setting it on fire. Therewere no reports of injuries.

Dec. 17, 2003 Acting as a special presidential envoy, Secretary of State JamesA. Baker III obtained assurances from France, Germany, and Italyto reschedule Iraq’s debt through Paris Club mechanisms.France, Germany, and the United States issued a joint statementon the agreement the day earlier.

Dec. 16, 2003 South Korea’s Cabinet formally approved the dispatch of 3,000combat and noncombat troops to Iraq. The measure needed to beformally ratified by South Korea’s Parliament.

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Dec. 12, 2003 The Spanish government announced that it would extend itsmission in Iraq for an additional six months. Approximately1,300 Spanish troops are serving in Iraq.

— The Dutch parliament approved a measure to prolong itstroop presence of about 1,100 marines for an additional sixmonths.

Dec. 10, 2003 A directive issued by Deputy Secretary of Defense Wolfowitzannounced a list of 63 countries eligible to bid for the 26 primaryreconstruction contracts appropriated under P.L. 108-106. P.L.108-106 allocated $18.6 billion in appropriations for thesecontracts. Countries eligible to bid were identified as eitherCoalition partners or force contributing nations. Canada hasthreatened to withhold its aid pledges because it was barred fromcontracting. Russia indicated that it would be unwilling toreschedule Iraq’s debt because of the contracting restrictions. Toview the directive’s list of countries eligible for contracts, referto Table 2.

— U.N. Secretary General Koffi Annan announced that theUnited Nations would operate its mission for Iraq, UNAMI, ineither Jordan or Cyprus for the time being because it was toodangerous to return to Iraq full-time.

Dec. 9, 2003 The Japanese Cabinet approved a dispatch of up to 1,000 troops.Within the plan, 600 Ground Self-Defense Force troops wouldprovide medical services and supply water in southeastern Iraq.Although no specific start date was set, the dispatch wasscheduled to occur anytime after December 15, 2003, and lastfrom six months to one year.

Dec. 8, 2003 60 South Korean contract engineers and technicians left Iraq oversecurity concerns. The incident represented the largestwithdrawal by contractors because of security concerns andoccurred a week after two of their colleagues were killed in anambush. The contractors were fixing Iraq’s electrical power gridas subcontractors for a U.S.-based construction firm.

Dec. 7, 2003 Although foreign donors pledged $3 billion in grants for short-term needs at the Madrid International Donors Conference onIraq, the World Bank reported that only $685 million has beenverified. Part of this shortfall resulted from a change in Japan’sinitial posture for providing immediate grant aid to providingmedium-term grant assistance. Although some analystssuggested that pledges may not materialize, the BushAdministration stated that more grants will come forward oncethe joint U.N./World Bank administered trust fund is operational.

Dec. 6, 2003 Former Secretary of State James A. Baker III was appointed as aspecial presidential envoy to persuade other countries toreschedule or forgive Iraq’s sovereign debt.

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Nov. 30, 2003 Two South Korean engineers were killed on a road near Tikrit,north of Baghdad. Although South Korea’s Foreign MinisterYoon Young-Kwan announced that the killings would not affectthe government’s proposal to send more troops to Iraq, anydecision regarding the deployment of more troops requiredapproval by South Korea’s parliament. The opposition party’sboycott of proceedings from Nov. 26 - Dec. 3, 2003, delayedparliamentary approval. This boycott stemmed from a matterunrelated to Iraq.

Nov. 29, 2003 Two Japanese diplomats were killed on their way to an aidconference in northern Iraq. Although Prime Minister Koizumipledged that Japan would continue to support efforts in Iraq, theopposition party signaled that it would step up pressure to delaydeployment of Japanese noncombat troops.

Seven Spanish intelligence officers were killed in an ambush 100km south of Baghdad. Spanish Prime Minister Anzar lateraffirmed Spain’s commitment to remain in Iraq despitewidespread popular opposition.

Nov. 28, 2003 An official Japanese SDF exploratory mission to Iraq concludedthat the security situation in Samara, Iraq, was stable enough tosend Japanese SDF troops there.

Nov. 21, 2003 The U.N. officially transferred administration of the multi-billiondollar Oil-For-Food Program (OFFP) over to the CoalitionProvisional Authority. The remaining balance of funds held inthe OFFP were to be transferred to the CPA administeredDevelopment Fund for Iraq. Hence forth, U.N. humanitarian andreconstruction activities were to be financed by the March andJune 2003 U.N. humanitarian appeals and bilateral donations tothe World Bank/U.N. reconstruction trust fund.

Nov. 20, 2003 Taiwan pledged an additional $8.5 million in aid forreconstruction in Iraq.

Nov. 19, 2003 Guatemala’s Defense Minister announced that Guatemala wouldbe willing to supply troops to a U.N. peacekeeping force in Iraq.

Nov. 19, 2003 The Bush Administration indicated that it would seek anadditional U.N. security resolution in mid-December to approvethe time line and design for transferring sovereignty to aninternationally recognized Iraqi government.

Nov. 17, 2003 An Italian official serving as a special counselor to the CoalitionProvisional Authority resigned, accusing the CPA of inefficiencyand failing to understand Iraqis.

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Nov. 13, 2003 Japan and South Korea expressed hesitancy to send new troopsin light of the recent suicide-bomb attack on the Italianheadquarters in Nasiriya. Japan indicated that it would beunlikely to send troops until next year, and South Korea rebuffedrequests to send more than 3,000 troops of unknown combatstatus to Iraq.

Nov. 12, 2003 A suicide-bomb attack on the Italian headquarters in Nasiriyakilled 18 Italians, including 12 military police offices, 4 soldiers,and two civilians. Although the main Italian opposition partyinitially called for a withdrawal of troops, Italy sent 50reinforcements two days later and pledged to remain in Iraq.

Nov. 8, 2003 The International Red Cross announced that it would temporarilyclose offices in Baghdad and Basra under growing securityconcerns. Operations would still continue in northern Iraq.

Nov. 7, 2003 Bosnia announced that it would be willing to send troops to Iraqto support the Polish-led multi-division forces and coalition. Thecountry currently relies upon 12,000 NATO security forces tomaintain its own internal security.

Nov. 7, 2003 The Turkish government officially rescinded its offer to providetroops to a multi-national coalition force in Iraq. On November5, 2003, the Iraqi Governing Council announced that it wouldreject Turkey’s offer to supply troops for stabilization andsecurity details.

Nov. 4, 2003 Spain moved most of its Embassy’s staff to Amman, Jordanunder growing security concerns. Officials indicated that theEmbassy would remain open with minimal staff. Spain was thethird coalition partner to drastically reduce or close downEmbassy operations in 30 days due to security concerns.

Nov. 3, 2003 The Senate passed the FY2004 emergency supplementalappropriations request for Iraq and Afghanistan by a voice vote.

Nov. 2, 2003 15 American soldiers died in a helicopter crash west of Baghdadthat was believed to be caused by a missile attack. The soldierswere on their way home for a two week leave. The attack wasthe deadliest single strike against U.S. soldiers since the warbegan on March 20, 2003.

Oct. 31, 2003 The House passed the FY2004 emergency supplemental requestfor Iraq and Afghanistan by a margin of 298-121. Within the$87.5 billion appropriations bill, approximately $18.7 billion ingrants was designated for reconstruction in Iraq.

Oct. 28, 2003 Ukranian soldiers came under attack while on patrol 40 milessoutheast of Baghdad. These attacks represent the first ambushon soldiers from countries that had recently sent personnel toparticipate in the U.S. led coalition in Iraq.

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Oct. 27, 2003 A suicide bombing at the International Red Cross Headquarterskilled at least 12 individuals including two security guards. Anexplosive laden ambulance carrying the Red Cross and RedCrescent insignia was used to detonate the explosion. Red Crossofficials indicated that they would scale back their operations andremove remaining foreign staff.

Oct. 26, 2003 A rocket attack on the Al-Rashid Hotel, which housed coalitionmilitary and civilian officials, wounded at least 16 people andkilled one American colonel. Deputy Defense Secretary Paul D.Wolfowitz was staying one floor above the blast, but was notinjured in the explosion.

Oct. 24, 2003 New international pledges of grants and loans were submitted atthe Madrid International Conference on Reconstruction in Iraq.Some of the largest previously unannounced pledges includedSaudi Arabia - $500 million in loans and $500 million in exportcredits; Kuwait - $500 million in aid; the United Arab Emirates -$215 million in aid. Other new pledges are reflected in Table 1.

Oct. 23, 2003 The Madrid International Conference on Reconstruction in Iraqopened in Madrid, Spain, with over 70 countries participating.

Oct. 22, 2003 The World Bank Board of Directors authorized the Bank’spresident to pledge between $3- 5 billion in loans to Iraq over thecourse of the next several years.

Oct. 18, 2003 South Korea announced it would commit an additional as yetunspecified number of troops to Iraq as well as contribute $200million in aid over the next four years. That money is in additionto the $60 million already pledged and the exact details of thetroop deployment were to be determined after consultations withWashington.

Oct. 17, 2003 One week before the donor conference to be held in Madrid tookplace, Spain announced it would contribute $300 million in aidto help with the reconstruction of Iraq.

Oct. 16, 2003 The day before President Bush’s visit, Japan announced it wouldcontribute $1.5 billion in grants to Iraq next year, making it thesecond largest donor to Iraq after the United States. Japanesemedia also reported that the government was consideringannouncing at the international donors conference in Madridcontributions of up to $5 billion in loans over four years.

— The U.N. Security Council adopted Resolution 1511 that callsfor increases in troops and financial contributions to help with thestabilization of Iraq. Immediately after, France and Germanyadded that they would not be committing troops.

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— The United Nations and the World Bank announced plans toestablish the Reconstruction Development Fund Facility as avehicle for countries unwilling to donate to the U.S.-controlledprogram but that wish to contribute to Iraq’s reconstruction.

Oct. 15, 2003 Eight Senators proposed a compromise to President Bush’s $87billion supplemental request that would turn half of the $20billion grant earmarked for reconstruction into a loan to berepaid. That $10 billion loan would be forgiven if other countriesforgave 90% of Iraq’s outstanding debt, not including post-GulfWar reparations.

Oct. 14, 2003 A suicide car bomber struck outside of Turkey’s Embassy inBaghdad. The driver and at least two staff members were killedin the explosion in addition to wounding thirteen bystanders.

— The World Bank announced a plan to loan 3.4 billion to 4billion dollars for Iraq over the next five years. The lending couldstart with $500 million for 2004 and another $500 million for2005.

Oct. 9, 2003 Turkey’s Parliament approved the Oct. 6, 2003, Cabinet decisionto commit Turkish troops to the coalition’s security forces inIraq. Turkey was the first predominantly Muslim nation to offersuch a contribution, though the exact nature of the commitmentremained undecided. Iraq’s Interim Governing Councilresponded by saying, “they do not want soldiers fromneighboring countries meddling in their affairs.”

— Violently marking the six-month anniversary of the fall ofBaghdad, a Spanish intelligence officer was murdered near hishome near Baghdad, a suicide bomber killed three Iraqi policeand five civilians, and an American soldier died in an ambush.

Sept. 29, 2003 Jordan pledged to help train 30,000 Iraqi police and troops; one-third of the total indigenous force to be trained and deployed inpost-war Iraq. It was also the first pledge of personnel support tothe reconstruction effort from an Arab nation.

Sept. 23, 2003 President Bush went before the U.N. General Assembly to ask formilitary and financial support for the reconstruction of Iraq.Delegates responded cooly and voiced concerns about Iraqidomestic security, the continued U.S. presence, and the transferof sovereignty to the Iraqi Governing Council.

Sept. 17, 2003 According to the Los Angeles Times, South Korea wasconsidering committing upwards of 10,000 troops to the U.S.mission in Iraq. Troops might include special forces and wouldbe the largest Korean deployment on behalf of the United Statessince the Korean War.

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Sept. 12, 2003 U.S. officials tempered expectations of obtaining large numbersof additional foreign peacekeeping forces for Iraq, saying thatsignificant help will not come in the short term. According toSenator Richard Lugar, chairman of the Senate Foreign RelationsCommittee, “those looking for a large number of personnel [fromother countries] will probably be disappointed in the short run,but the need for a Security Council resolution to form the basisof cooperation remains very, very important.”

Sept. 11, 2003 Prior to a meeting of the five permanent U.N. Security Councilmembers’ Foreign Ministers regarding international support forthe U.S.-led reconstruction of Iraq, a joint French-German and aseparate Russian amendment were each submitted to U.S.negotiators, offering the respective countries’ support inexchange for limitations on U.S. control over multinationalpeacekeeping forces in Iraq. China said that it supported suchproposals.

Sept. 8, 2003 Britain sent an additional 1,000 troops to Iraq, bringing totalBritish strength to about 11,600. Defense Secretary Geoff Hoonsuggested that even more British troops could be deployed in thefuture.

— The Arab League unanimously agreed to offer Iraq’s seat,vacant since the demise of the Hussein regime, to the US-supported Governing Council at an Arab League MinisterialMeeting. It was not clear if this was a formal recognition or aone-time gesture.

Sept. 7, 2003 President Bush delivered a national address asking Congress foran additional $87 billion to fund continuing military andreconstruction efforts in Afghanistan and Iraq. The requestincluded up to $2.2 billion for coalition partners in Iraq,Afghanistan, and the U.S. led war on terrorism, and some ofthese funds would be used to subsidize the deployment of foreignpersonnel in Iraq.

Sept. 5, 2003 Australia announced that it would not send any additionalpeacekeepers to Iraq, even under the auspices of a U.N. mandate.Australia had contributed 2,000 troops to Operation IraqiFreedom and maintained about 800 personnel in the region forreconstruction.

Sept. 4, 2003 The United States unveiled its draft proposal for increasedinternational cooperation in Iraq. Although initial reactions werepositive, France and Germany stated that the draft resolution “fellshort” of their expectations.

Aug. 28, 2003 In a departure from previous policy, President Bush announcedhe would consider a U.N. peacekeeping mission in Iraq so longas any multinational force was led by the U.S. military.

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Aug. 25, 2003 The final contingent of Polish peacekeepers arrived in Iraq,rounding out their forces to 2,400 and paving the way for Polandto take command of the 9,500 man international peacekeepingforce.

Aug. 22, 2003 Concerned that it would be the only Muslim country to sendtroops to Iraq, Turkish officials reached out to Pakistani leadersin an effort to persuade Pakistan to commit its forces to thepostwar effort.

Aug. 21, 2003 Religious elements in Pakistan warned Pakistani President PerezMusharraf not to consider U.S. requests to send peacekeepers toIraq. Some Islamic parties issued a religious edict, or fatwa,against support for U.S. efforts in Iraq.

Aug. 20, 2003 Shortly after the bombing of the U.N. headquarters in Baghdad,Japan announced that it was delaying its deployment of 1,000Japanese peacekeepers to the Iraqi theater.

Aug. 19, 2003 A truck bomb exploded outside the Canal Hotel in Baghdad, theheadquarters of the U.N. mission in Iraq, killing Chief U.N.Representative Sergio Vieira de Mello and twenty-one others.

Aug. 7, 2003 A truck bombed exploded outside of the Jordanian Embassycompound in Baghdad, killing at least 17 individuals.

July 13, 2003 The CPA announced the creation of the twenty-five memberGoverning Iraqi Council drawn from exiles, current Iraqiresidents, and members of different ethnic and religious groups.The council would have the authority to appoint interim ministersand review laws and budgets.

July 7, 2003 The CPA chief administrator, Paul Bremer, announced a $6.1billion budget for the rest of 2003 in Iraq.

May 22, 2003 The United Nations Security Council approved Resolution 1483that called for a lifting of sanctions against Iraq and recognizedthe United States and the United Kingdom as occupying powersuntil an internationally recognized Iraqi government could beinstituted in its place.

May 6, 2003 President Bush appointed L. Paul Bremer III to be the new topcivilian administrator of reconstruction in Iraq. Bremer wasambassador at large for counter-terrorism during the ReaganAdministration.

Apr. 12, 2003 Congress passed H.R. 1559 (P.L.108-11), the FY2003 IraqEmergency Wartime Supplemental Appropriations Bill thatincluded $2.85 billion for humanitarian relief and reconstructionin Iraq.

Apr. 9, 2003 U.S. and coalition forces take control of Baghdad; SaddamHussein’s Baathist regime is forced to flee the capital.

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Foreign Contributions to Reconstruction andStabilization in Postwar Iraq

Table Information

Personnel includes individuals performing both stabilization and reconstruction roles in Iraqand in theater. Examples of these roles include but are not limited to peacekeepers, aid workers,soldiers, police and health workers, engineers, field and freight specialists. On the ground,individuals may be playing multiple, or non-traditional roles in the fields of stabilization,reconstruction, and humanitarian assistance. Source: Estimates obtained from major mediasources, foreign embassies, and [http://www.globalsecurity.org].

Monetary Donations to the Coalition and U.N./World Bank Reconstruction Trustincludes a total figure for future pledges and actual funds already committed and disbursed.Donations are a combination of both grants and loans to fund humanitarian and reconstructionefforts in post-war Iraq. Some pledges are for multiple years while others may be for one year.Funds pledged includes money committed by governments bilaterally to U.N. agencies. Thesefigures do not include contributions to the Oil for Food Program or for Iraqi debt relief. Somecountries with donations below $1 million are not included. Individual EU members’ donations donot include their contributions to the general EU pledge for Iraq. The figures do not reflect afinancial estimate of in-kind assistance such as food aid and medical equipment. Source: Estimatesobtained from major media sources, embassies, the Department of State’s Section 2207 Report toCongress (Appendix II), the Special Inspector General for Iraq Reconstruction’s reports toCongress, and the Department of Defense (DOD).

Table 2. Foreign Contributions to Reconstruction andStabilization in Postwar Iraq

Donor Personnel(est.)

Monetary Donations to theCoalition and U.N./World BankTrust Fund (Millions U.S. $)

Albania 120 -

Armenia 46 -

Australia 1300 (~550 combat troops) $120.0

Austria - $5.7

Azerbaijan 90 -

Belgium - $20.7

Bosnia 36

Bulgaria 154 (withdrew 380 inDecember 2005) $1.3

Canada - $286.0

China - $38.0

Czech Republic 99 $14.7

Denmark 25 (reduced from 470) $201.2($158.2 credits)

Dominican Republic withdrew its forces -

El Salvador 300 -

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Estonia 40 $1.1

European Union - $968.0 - $1,100.0

Fiji (with U.N. mission) 150 -

Finland - $8.8

France - $10.7

Georgia 850 (scheduled to increase to2,000) -

Germany - $155.0

Greece - $9.6

Honduras withdrew its forces -

Hungary withdrew its forces -

Iceland - $3.9

IMF - $2,500-$4,350(in loans)

India - $30.0

Iran - $10.0

Ireland - $8.0

Italy withdrew its forces $270.0

Japan200withdrew its forces from Iraq,stationed in Kuwait

$5,000($3,500 in loans)($1,500 in grants)

Kazakhstan 27 -

Kuwait - $1,500

Latvia withdrew its forces -

Lithuania 9withdrew remaining forces -

Luxembourg - $2.5

Macedonia 40 -

Moldova 11 -

Mongolia 160 -

NATO 360 (trainers)

Netherlands withdrew its forces $21.0

New Zealand withdrew its forces $10.0

Nicaragua withdrew its forces -

Norway withdrew its forces $30.0

Oman $3.0

Pakistan - $3.3

Philippines withdrew its forces -

Poland 900 -

Portugal withdrew its forces $17.4

Qatar - $100.0

Romania 600 -

Russia - $8.0

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Saudi Arabia - $1,000($500 in loans & $500 in credits)

Singapore - $1.7

Slovakia 11withdrew most of its forces -

South Korea

1,200Parliament has requiredwithdrawal plan by end of2007.

$460.0

Spain withdrew its forces $300.0

Sweden - $58.0

Switzerland - $11.0

Taiwan - $4.3

Thailand withdrew its forces -

Tonga withdrew its forces -

Turkey - $50.0

Ukraine 43withdrew main forces -

United Arab Emirates - $215.0

United Kingdom 5,500 $1,500.0

World Bank -$3,000-$5,000(in loans)

Grand Total 12,271a in theater and in Iraq

$18.7 - $20.7 billionb (est.) In grants, loans, and credits

a. Estimates vary between media and embassy sources. Latest U.S. government estimate as ofSeptember 19, 2007 was 12,279 personnel.

b. This estimate does not include the monetary value of donated good such as food aid or reliefsupplies. The U.N. estimates that international food aid donations for Iraq, excluding U.S.donations and funds generated through the Oil for Food program, total about $600 milliondollars. Monetary estimates of the Oil for Food program total over 1 billion. Informationobtained at [http://ocha.unog.ch/fts/reports/reportlist.asp?section=CE&record_ID=605],accessed Oct. 2, 2003.

Documents

Post-War Iraq: Foreign Contributions to Training