Post-World War II AfricaPost-World War II Africa

Modern-Day Rwanda, South Modern-Day Rwanda, South Africa, & SomaliaAfrica, & Somalia

Post-WWII AfricaPost-WWII Africa

The Colonial LegacyThe Colonial Legacy EconomicsEconomics

New African nations still depended on EuropeNew African nations still depended on Europe Government & EducationGovernment & Education

Europeans did not educate Africans in governanceEuropeans did not educate Africans in governance Limited education opportunitiesLimited education opportunities

Many nations fell to authoritarian governmentsMany nations fell to authoritarian governments Health CareHealth Care

Many remote areas have little access to modern Many remote areas have little access to modern healthcarehealthcare

National BordersNational Borders Borders were drawn by European colonial powersBorders were drawn by European colonial powers

Post-WWII AfricaPost-WWII Africa

Impact of World War Impact of World War IIII NationalismNationalism

Many returning soldiers Many returning soldiers did want accept being did want accept being 22ndnd class citizens class citizens

Aversion to FightingAversion to Fighting Most European Most European

countries were not countries were not willing to fight to keep willing to fight to keep coloniescolonies

Case Study I:Case Study I:The Rwandan GenocideThe Rwandan Genocide

What is Genocide?What is Genocide?

Any act committed with intent to Any act committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial or religious national, ethnic, racial or religious groupgroup Killing members of the group Killing members of the group Imposing measures intended to prevent Imposing measures intended to prevent

births within a groupbirths within a group

Rwanda GenocideRwanda Genocide

The Rwandan genocide was the The Rwandan genocide was the systematic massacre of an estimated systematic massacre of an estimated 800,000 people 800,000 people Mostly Tutsi tribe membersMostly Tutsi tribe members Also includes moderate Hutus membersAlso includes moderate Hutus members

The massacre lasted approximately The massacre lasted approximately 100 days from April to mid-July, 1994100 days from April to mid-July, 1994

Map of RwandaMap of Rwanda

Rwanda-HistoryRwanda-History

3 tribes of people 3 tribes of people that inhabit Rwandathat inhabit Rwanda Twa, the original Twa, the original

inhabitantsinhabitants Hutus, migrated in Hutus, migrated in

1000s1000s Tutsi, migrated in the Tutsi, migrated in the

1300s1300s

Rwanda-History (Continued)Rwanda-History (Continued)

The Tutsis tribe of people gained a The Tutsis tribe of people gained a large dominance over the Hutuslarge dominance over the Hutus

By the late 1800s, Rwanda was totally By the late 1800s, Rwanda was totally controlled by the Tutsiscontrolled by the Tutsis Government was controlled by a Tutsi KingGovernment was controlled by a Tutsi King

Population was:Population was: 75% Hutu75% Hutu 20% Tutsi20% Tutsi 5% Twa5% Twa

European ContactEuropean Contact

First ContactFirst Contact British explorer Hanning British explorer Hanning

Speke (1858)Speke (1858) Imperialism Imperialism

Rwanda becomes part of Rwanda becomes part of German East Africa (1890)German East Africa (1890)

Rwanda continues self-ruleRwanda continues self-rule Tutsis still control the Tutsis still control the

countrycountry World War I EffectsWorld War I Effects

1916 - Belgian forces 1916 - Belgian forces occupy Rwanda (1916)occupy Rwanda (1916)

Rwanda 1933Rwanda 1933 Under Belgian RuleUnder Belgian Rule

Tutsis continue to control Tutsis continue to control the countrythe country

Introduction to the Introduction to the Eugenics Movement Eugenics Movement Tutsis were considered to Tutsis were considered to

have Caucasian ancestry have Caucasian ancestry (through lighter skin, (through lighter skin, larger skulls) and larger skulls) and therefore were ‘superior’ therefore were ‘superior’ to Hutusto Hutus

Rwanda 1933 (continued)Rwanda 1933 (continued)

Eugenics Movement EffectsEugenics Movement Effects Creation of group classification Creation of group classification

on ID cardon ID card ID cards now stated if the individual ID cards now stated if the individual

was Twa, Hutu or Tutsiwas Twa, Hutu or Tutsi Introduced a rigid racial concept Introduced a rigid racial concept

of group identityof group identity Belief of superior racial statusBelief of superior racial status

For TutsisFor Tutsis Some exploited their powerSome exploited their power

For HutusFor Hutus Created resentmentCreated resentment

The ID CardsThe ID Cards

Civil Strife in the 1950s & Civil Strife in the 1950s & 1960s1960s

Hutus Look to Gain PowerHutus Look to Gain Power Hutu Political Parties are Hutu Political Parties are

formedformed Call for a change in Call for a change in

government (1957)government (1957) Civil War (1959)Civil War (1959)

Thousands of Tutsis Thousands of Tutsis including the King are forced including the King are forced into exile in Ugandainto exile in Uganda

Hutus Gain PowerHutus Gain Power Rwanda proclaimed a Rwanda proclaimed a

republic (1961)republic (1961) Hutu Gregoire Kayibanda Hutu Gregoire Kayibanda

named president (1962)named president (1962) Many Tutsis leave the Many Tutsis leave the

countrycountry

Rwanda 1990-1993Rwanda 1990-1993

Invasion from Uganda by the Rwandan Invasion from Uganda by the Rwandan Patriotic Front (1990) Patriotic Front (1990) Mainly Tutsi refugees Mainly Tutsi refugees

Effects of the InvasionEffects of the Invasion New multi-party constitution (1991)New multi-party constitution (1991) Power sharing agreement (1993)Power sharing agreement (1993)

Signals the end of civil warSignals the end of civil war UN sent to monitor the agreementUN sent to monitor the agreement

Rwanda 1994Rwanda 1994 In April 1994, the presidents of Rwanda and In April 1994, the presidents of Rwanda and

Burundi were killed in a suspicious plane Burundi were killed in a suspicious plane crashcrash

Civil war erupted on a massive scaleCivil war erupted on a massive scale RPF launches a major offensiveRPF launches a major offensive Extremist Hutu militia and elements of the Extremist Hutu militia and elements of the

Rwandan military begin the systematic massacre Rwandan military begin the systematic massacre of Tutsisof Tutsis

Rwandan StatisticsRwandan Statistics

Genocide lasts approx. Genocide lasts approx. 100 days100 days An estimated 800,000 An estimated 800,000

people were killed people were killed Total population of Total population of

Rwanda was about 7 Rwanda was about 7 millionmillion

Many Tutsi women were Many Tutsi women were systematically raped by systematically raped by HIV+ Hutu menHIV+ Hutu men

No outside government No outside government did anything to stop the did anything to stop the genocidegenocide

Post-Genocide RwandaPost-Genocide Rwanda

Political LandscapePolitical Landscape A new flag and national anthem are unveiled to try A new flag and national anthem are unveiled to try

to promote national unity and reconciliation (2001)to promote national unity and reconciliation (2001) RPF wins an absolute majority in government RPF wins an absolute majority in government

elections (2003)elections (2003) Paul Kagame becomes first president Paul Kagame becomes first president EU observers say poll was marred by irregularities and EU observers say poll was marred by irregularities and

fraud.fraud. RPF winsRPF wins large majority again in 2008 large majority again in 2008

President Kagame wins new term in elections (2010) President Kagame wins new term in elections (2010) Presidential candidate against KagamePresidential candidate against Kagame

Victoire Ingabire Umuhoza is arrested in 2010Victoire Ingabire Umuhoza is arrested in 2010 Bernard Ntaganda is sentenced for four years in jail in 2011Bernard Ntaganda is sentenced for four years in jail in 2011

Genocide Trials vs. Prisoner Genocide Trials vs. Prisoner ReleaseRelease

Capturing PerpetratorsCapturing Perpetrators Hundreds have been arrested and tried for war Hundreds have been arrested and tried for war

crimes, terrorism, crimes against humanity, etc.crimes, terrorism, crimes against humanity, etc. Includes priests, army officers, government officialsIncludes priests, army officers, government officials President Kagame has been accusedPresident Kagame has been accused

Overcrowding of PrisonsOvercrowding of Prisons 36,000 prisoners released in 200536,000 prisoners released in 2005 8,000 released in 20078,000 released in 2007 Most confessed to involvement in the genocideMost confessed to involvement in the genocide Third phase of releases since 2003Third phase of releases since 2003 60,000 suspects have been freed since 200360,000 suspects have been freed since 2003

The Rwandan EconomyThe Rwandan Economy

Economic PartnersEconomic Partners Major exports to Belgium, Germany & ChinaMajor exports to Belgium, Germany & China Investment and trade agreement with BelgiumInvestment and trade agreement with Belgium

The government has promoted economic The government has promoted economic developmentdevelopment Shows signs of developmentShows signs of development The major exports are coffee and teaThe major exports are coffee and tea

Coffee makes up more than 50% of the total export Coffee makes up more than 50% of the total export

Case Study II: Case Study II: South AfricaSouth Africa

Geography of South AfricaGeography of South Africa

Important Cities of South Important Cities of South AfricaAfrica

Provinces of South AfricaProvinces of South Africa

History of South AfricaHistory of South AfricaPre-European ContactPre-European Contact

Remains exist from about three million years Remains exist from about three million years agoago Contains some of the oldest archaeological sites in Contains some of the oldest archaeological sites in

the worldthe world The earliest ironworks are believed to date The earliest ironworks are believed to date

from around 1050from around 1050 Humans have inhabited for more than Humans have inhabited for more than

100,000 years. 100,000 years. The two major historic groups were the Xhosa and The two major historic groups were the Xhosa and

ZuluZulu

History of South AfricaHistory of South AfricaEarly contact with EuropeansEarly contact with Europeans

14871487 Portuguese explorer Portuguese explorer

Bartolomeu DiasBartolomeu Dias First European in First European in

southern Africa.southern Africa. He named the cape He named the cape

“Cape of Storms”“Cape of Storms” King John II renamed King John II renamed

it “Cape of Good it “Cape of Good Hope”Hope”

History of South AfricaHistory of South AfricaEarly contact with EuropeansEarly contact with Europeans

16521652 Jan van RiebeeckJan van Riebeeck

Represented the Dutch Represented the Dutch East India CompanyEast India Company

Founded the Cape ColonyFounded the Cape Colony Would become Cape Would become Cape

Town Town

History of South Africa History of South Africa (cont)(cont) Early Role of Cape Town Early Role of Cape Town

Colonists use slaves from Indonesia, Madagascar, and Colonists use slaves from Indonesia, Madagascar, and IndiaIndia

Discovery of resourcesDiscovery of resources Diamonds and gold Diamonds and gold

Encouraged economic growth and immigration Encouraged economic growth and immigration Started the Anglo-Boer WarStarted the Anglo-Boer War

Boers and the British fought for controlBoers and the British fought for control

History of South AfricaHistory of South AfricaBritish ControlBritish Control

Cape Town became a Cape Town became a British colony in 1806 British colony in 1806 European settlement European settlement

expanded during the expanded during the 1820s 1820s

Early 1800sEarly 1800s Shaka Zulu founds Shaka Zulu founds

and expands the Zulu and expands the Zulu empire, creates a empire, creates a formidable fighting formidable fighting forceforce

The Great TrekThe Great Trek 1835-1840 1835-1840

Boers leave Cape Boers leave Cape ColonyColony

Establish the Orange Establish the Orange Free State and the Free State and the TransvaalTransvaal

This intensified the This intensified the struggle to control struggle to control economic resources economic resources Competition between Competition between

natives, Boers, and natives, Boers, and BritishBritish

The Boer WarsThe Boer Wars The Boer fought the The Boer fought the

British throughout the British throughout the late 1800slate 1800s Boers used guerrilla Boers used guerrilla

warfare tacticswarfare tactics The British ultimately The British ultimately

wonwon Formation of Union of Formation of Union of

South Africa (1910)South Africa (1910) Dominion of the British Dominion of the British

EmpireEmpire

British Rule of South AfricaBritish Rule of South Africa

The Natives' Land The Natives' Land Act of 1913 Act of 1913 severely restricted severely restricted the ownership of the ownership of land by blacksland by blacks

Statute of Statute of Westminster (1931)Westminster (1931) Effectively granted Effectively granted

independenceindependence

Apartheid becomes LawApartheid becomes Law

Election of 1948Election of 1948 The National Party was elected to powerThe National Party was elected to power The legislature passed legally institutionalized The legislature passed legally institutionalized

segregation, later known as segregation, later known as apartheidapartheid System of segregationSystem of segregation

The white minority controlled the vastly larger black The white minority controlled the vastly larger black majoritymajority

Classified all peoples into three racesClassified all peoples into three races White, Colored, BlackWhite, Colored, Black Developed rights and limitations for eachDeveloped rights and limitations for each

i.e. residential restrictionsi.e. residential restrictions

Anti-Apartheid MovementAnti-Apartheid Movement ANC responds to ANC responds to

apartheidapartheid Led by Nelson Led by Nelson

MandelaMandela Uses tactics such as Uses tactics such as

civil disobedience and civil disobedience and sabotagesabotage

1964 - ANC leader 1964 - ANC leader Nelson Mandela Nelson Mandela sentenced to life sentenced to life imprisonmentimprisonment

Views of ApartheidViews of Apartheid

Opposition to Apartheid Opposition to Apartheid Within the countryWithin the country

Colored and BlacksColored and Blacks The African National Congress (ANC)The African National Congress (ANC)

Outside the countryOutside the country International sanctionsInternational sanctions Boycotts of doing business with South AfricaBoycotts of doing business with South Africa Excluded from 1960 Olympic GamesExcluded from 1960 Olympic Games

Government still continued apartheid Government still continued apartheid Harshly oppressed resistance movementsHarshly oppressed resistance movements Violence became widespreadViolence became widespread

South Africa in the 1970sSouth Africa in the 1970s Military Spending Military Spending

IncreasedIncreased Began nuclear Began nuclear

weapon developmentweapon development Social Unrest Social Unrest

Continued Continued Hundreds were killed Hundreds were killed

in various protests in various protests

South Africa in the 1980sSouth Africa in the 1980s Military SpendingMilitary Spending

Produced six nuclear Produced six nuclear weaponsweapons

Social Unrest EasesSocial Unrest Eases President FW de Klerk President FW de Klerk

meets Mandela meets Mandela (1989)(1989)

Public facilities Public facilities desegregated desegregated

Many ANC activists Many ANC activists freed freed

South Africa in the 1990sSouth Africa in the 1990s

End of ApartheidEnd of Apartheid Ban on political organizations (including Ban on political organizations (including

ANC) was liftedANC) was lifted Released Nelson Mandela from prison Released Nelson Mandela from prison

after twenty-seven yearsafter twenty-seven years Repealed apartheid legislation Repealed apartheid legislation Destroyed its nuclear arsenal Destroyed its nuclear arsenal

Free ElectionsFree Elections

First universal First universal elections in 1994 elections in 1994

ANC won by an ANC won by an overwhelming overwhelming majority majority

Mandela elected Mandela elected PresidentPresident

ANC has been in ANC has been in power ever sincepower ever since

Attacking ApartheidAttacking Apartheid Truth and Truth and

Reconciliation Reconciliation Commission (1996)Commission (1996) Led by Archbishop Led by Archbishop

Desmond TutuDesmond Tutu Brands apartheid a Brands apartheid a

crime against crime against humanity humanity

Also finds the ANC Also finds the ANC accountable for human accountable for human rights abusesrights abuses

Modern South AfricaModern South Africa

Major Developments against AIDSMajor Developments against AIDS 20012001

South Africa wins court battle to import generic AIDS South Africa wins court battle to import generic AIDS drugsdrugs

Gov’t must give AIDS drugs to pregnant women to Gov’t must give AIDS drugs to pregnant women to prevent transmission to their babiesprevent transmission to their babies

2002 2002 Gov’t must provide anti-AIDs drug at all public hospitalsGov’t must provide anti-AIDs drug at all public hospitals

20032003 Government approves program to provide anti-AIDS Government approves program to provide anti-AIDS

medicine via public health system. medicine via public health system. Drug-distribution centers and preventative programsDrug-distribution centers and preventative programs

Modern South AfricaModern South Africa Economic Conditions since ApartheidEconomic Conditions since Apartheid

Economy had steady growthEconomy had steady growth However unemployment has grown However unemployment has grown Recession in 2009 first time since mid 1990sRecession in 2009 first time since mid 1990s

Modern South AfricaModern South Africa Social Conditions since Social Conditions since

ApartheidApartheid S. Africa becomes the fifth S. Africa becomes the fifth

in the world to allow same-in the world to allow same-sex unions (2006)sex unions (2006)

President Mbeki urges to President Mbeki urges to bring corrupt officials to bring corrupt officials to justice (2007)justice (2007)

Wave of violence directed Wave of violence directed at foreigners (2008)at foreigners (2008)

Poor living conditions lead Poor living conditions lead to violent protests (2009)to violent protests (2009)

South Africa hosts the South Africa hosts the World Cup tournament World Cup tournament (2010)(2010)

Case Study III:Case Study III:SomaliaSomalia

Where is Somalia?Where is Somalia?

History of SomaliaHistory of Somalia

Imperialist Age of 1800sImperialist Age of 1800s Egypt, France, England & Egypt, France, England &

Italy all claim parts of Italy all claim parts of SomaliaSomalia

Late 1800sLate 1800s Protectorate of ItalyProtectorate of Italy

Post-World War IIPost-World War II Protectorate of Great Protectorate of Great

BritainBritain 19601960

Achieved independenceAchieved independence 1970s1970s

Military dictatorshipMilitary dictatorship Under Mohamed Siad Under Mohamed Siad

Barre Barre

Somalia under BarreSomalia under Barre

Declares Somalia a Declares Somalia a socialist state in socialist state in 19701970

Joins the Arab Joins the Arab League in 1974League in 1974

Invades Ethiopia in Invades Ethiopia in 19771977

Ousted in 1991 Ousted in 1991

Somali Civil War – 1991 Somali Civil War – 1991 Somali Civil War Somali Civil War

Strategic importance Strategic importance was diminished due to was diminished due to end of the Cold War end of the Cold War

Disrupted agriculture, Disrupted agriculture, food & water food & water distributiondistribution

Based on clan Based on clan allegiances and allegiances and competition for competition for resourcesresources

Somali Civil War – 1991Somali Civil War – 1991

More ResultsMore Results Famine – Famine –

approx. approx. 300,000 dead300,000 dead

UN authorized UN authorized a limited a limited peacekeeping peacekeeping operation operation

Completely Completely disregarded disregarded by the warring by the warring factionsfactions

WarlordsWarlords

The country was ruled by a The country was ruled by a number of warlordsnumber of warlords A person with power who has A person with power who has

military and civil control over a military and civil control over a an area an area

Armed forces loyal to the Armed forces loyal to the warlord and not to a central warlord and not to a central governmentgovernment

Alliance of warlords was Alliance of warlords was formed in 1992formed in 1992 Operated under the authority Operated under the authority

of Mohamed Farrah Aididof Mohamed Farrah Aidid Declared himself President of Declared himself President of

Somalia Somalia

United States ResponseUnited States Response Operation Restore Operation Restore

HopeHope To restore order in To restore order in

SomaliaSomalia

The Home-FrontThe Home-Front On June 5, 1993, one On June 5, 1993, one

of the deadliest of the deadliest attacks on UN forces attacks on UN forces in Somalia occurred in Somalia occurred 24 UN soldiers were 24 UN soldiers were

killed in Mogadishu killed in Mogadishu (controlled by Aidid) (controlled by Aidid)

The UN RespondsThe UN Responds The next day, the UN The next day, the UN

called for the arrest called for the arrest and trial of those and trial of those responsible for the responsible for the ambush ambush US and UN began an US and UN began an

attack on Aidid’s attack on Aidid’s controlcontrol

The Battle of MogadishuThe Battle of Mogadishu Fought on October Fought on October

3 and 4, 1993, in 3 and 4, 1993, in Mogadishu, Mogadishu, SomaliaSomalia

Operation was to Operation was to capture top capture top officials to Aididofficials to Aidid

Fallout from MogadishuFallout from Mogadishu

The End of The End of International InvolvementInternational Involvement

WithdrawalWithdrawal President Clinton President Clinton

called for a full called for a full withdrawal by March withdrawal by March 19941994

The UN withdrew The UN withdrew forces in 1995forces in 1995

Ended the UN effort to Ended the UN effort to help a country in help a country in anarchy and civil waranarchy and civil war

Aideed dies in 1996 and Aideed dies in 1996 and is succeeded by his son is succeeded by his son HusseinHussein

Modern Day Somalia – Modern Day Somalia – Government Government

First government since First government since 1991 is announced by 1991 is announced by Hussein in 2000 Hussein in 2000

Somali warlords Somali warlords announce their own announce their own national government in national government in 20012001

Somali government has Somali government has seen numerous seen numerous problems since 2001problems since 2001 Islamic fundamentalists Islamic fundamentalists

have gained powerhave gained power Has not had a stable Has not had a stable

government since 1991government since 1991

Modern Day Somalia – Modern Day Somalia – Humanitarian Crisis Humanitarian Crisis

2001 2001 Severe drought nearly Severe drought nearly

500,000 people to appeal 500,000 people to appeal for food aidfor food aid

20042004 Tsunami causes hundreds Tsunami causes hundreds

of tens of thousands of of tens of thousands of people are displaced people are displaced

20072007 UN says more than 320,000 UN says more than 320,000

Somalis have fled fighting Somalis have fled fighting in Mogadishu in Mogadishu

Number of Somali refugees Number of Somali refugees hits one millionhits one million

Modern Day Somalia – Modern Day Somalia – Acts of PiracyActs of Piracy

20082008 Somali pirates' hijack a Somali pirates' hijack a

Ukrainian shipUkrainian ship The US and other The US and other

countries deploy navy countries deploy navy shipsships

Hijack an oil-laden Hijack an oil-laden Saudi super-tanker Saudi super-tanker

Demand a $25m Demand a $25m dollar ransom for its dollar ransom for its return return

20092009 Pirates seize a Pirates seize a

supertanker carrying supertanker carrying oil from Saudi Arabia oil from Saudi Arabia to the USto the US

Modern Day Somalia – Modern Day Somalia – Acts of PiracyActs of Piracy

2011 2011 Pirate attacks on Pirate attacks on

ships worldwide ships worldwide hit seven-year hit seven-year high in 2010high in 2010

Somali pirates Somali pirates accounting for 49 accounting for 49 of 52 ships seized of 52 ships seized

THE ENDTHE END