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Quality of drinking water supplied to Aboriginal communities – Western Australia: causes, implications and protection measures.
Some 300 communities are home to about 17 000 people. Of these:
about 45 are Aboriginal town-based communities •(ATBC)
about 20 Remote Area Essential Services Program •(RAESP) communities have a population over 200, with Bidyadanga the largest with 850
about 91 are remote communities with •populations exceeding 50, and serviced through the Remote Area Essential Services Program (RAESP)
the remaining discrete communities have a •population less than 50, and are generally located in remote areas of the state
The poster describes the current and proposed models for the provision of drinking water to this diverse range of Aboriginal communities.
K.J. Ketteringham, A.T. Laws, J. Brown, D. Collard, N.I. Brooks & N.P. Mantle
Looking after all our water needs
Remote Area Essential Services Program (RAESP)
A joint federal/state program managed by the Department of Housing and Works has delivered and maintained water, power and wastewater services since 1997 through contracted state program managers (CSPM).
RAESP measures currently include:
hydrogeological investigations and •drilling
development of water source •protection and management plans (20 to date).
Advisory Committee for the Purity of Water (ACPOW) measures include:
review of monthly water analyses •from the CSPM in line with the Australian Drinking Water Guidelines.
Concerns for remote communities:
the lack of water source protection •for many small, and the more remote, non-RAESP communities
variation between the modes of water •service delivery.
Variations:
Communities close to a town usually •receive town-supplied services to the community boundary, but the communities are responsible for infrastructure within the community. Emergency breakdowns are supported through the Town Reserves Regularisation Program managed by Department of Housing and Works.
For remote communities managed •under RAESP, and regional service providers, the CSPM is responsible for infrastructure, monitoring and treating water supplies, and conducting emergency repairs.
The water and wastewater services •for communities < 50 people used to be supported through ATSIC. While they now receive support for emergency repairs of infrastructure through RAESP, water quality is not frequently monitored.
Community layout plans (CLP) and future protection measures
Community drinking water source areas (CDWSA) for non town-based, remote communities are protected through various protection measures.
Some already have water source •protection and management plans prepared under the RAESP program, which can be incorporated into CLP developed by Department for Planning and Infrastructure (DPI).
DPI is developing and reviewing CLP •for remote communities not already covered by a town planning scheme.
CLP development involves community •and government stakeholders.
A buffers policy being developed by •DPI will include protection zones around drinking water sources.
Protection measures will be enhanced •in line with a new water services delivery model currently being considered.
Some communities experience water •quality problems associated with regional groundwater quality issues – nitrate, uranium, arsenic and heavy metals have been detected at levels that require treatment to meet the ADWG.
In larger RAESP communities, health-•related issues are being resolved by treatment, but for some smaller communities drinking water is being carted in.
Contamination of water sources can be •caused by community infrastructure (e.g. location of wastewater disposal and power stations adjacent to water bores). When community development occurs upstream of the water source bores contamination risk is increased.
Small community supplies are not •frequently tested for water quality. This issue is being considered in the new service delivery model.
Cultural issues:
Aboriginal heritage areas and culturally •sensitive sites (e.g. birthing places, ceremonial areas, men’s and women’s areas) require protection. These sites can limit or assist the opportunity to safely locate bores.
Wild camels in the Western Desert region damage water infrastructure and contaminate borefields (Source: Nadelle Brooks 10/04/05).
Bores located close to a community increases the water contamination risks (Source: Nadelle Brooks 9/04/05)
(Source: Tourism WA 27/11/07)
(Source: Tourism WA 27/11/07)
The way forwardWater sources for town-based communities •are protected through the existing Drinking Water Source Protection Plans (DWSPP) for each town’s Public Drinking Water Source Area (PDSWA).
Proclamation of PDWSA under the •Country Areas Water Supply Act 1947 enables by-laws to be applied to prevent contamination.
Priority areas, protection zones and land-•use planning ensure that source protection is achieved.
Below is an example of a DWSPP developed by the Department of Water for a small town. This approach could be applied to Aboriginal communities.
Essential services delivery model
The Department of Water is working with •other government agencies to improve water services to Aboriginal communities through a single service delivery model appropriate for the nature and remoteness of the various communities.
This proposal will improve essential service •provision to Aboriginal communities in the state, and bring them up to the same standard as for comparable ‘mainstream’ towns.
Conclusion
The delivery of a good quality water supply and its protection for most Aboriginal communities in Western Australia is currently under review. A new model is being developed to improve water source protection and water services for Aboriginal communities.
A community layout plan for Bardi (Ardyaloon) (Source: www.wapc.wa.gov.au 29/10/07).
N
Data Source - ATSIC Boundaries-AUSLIG
0 100 200
km
KULLARIBroome
WUNANKununurra
MALARABAHDerby
WESTERN DESERTWarburton
NGARDA NGARLI YARNDUSouth Hedland
YAMATJIGeraldton
PERTH NOONGAR
Perth
MULGA MALLEEKalgoorlie
NOONGAR COUNTRYPerth
Last update: June 2004
Albany
Boddington
Bridgetown
Broome
Busselton
Carnarvon
Collie
Cue
Dalwallinu
Denham
Derby
Dongara
Esperance
Exmouth
Fitzroy Crossing
Fremantle
Geraldton
Gnowangerup
Halls Creek
Kalbarri
Karratha
Katanning
Kellerberrin
Kununurra
Lake Grace
Laverton
Leinster
Leonora
Marble Bar
Margaret River
Meekatharra
Merredin
Moora
Morawa
Mount Magnet
Mukinbudin
Mullewa
Nannup
Narrogin
Newman
Norseman
Northam
Onslow Pannawonica
Paraburdoo
Pemberton
Pinjarra
Port Hedland
Quairading
Ravensthorpe
Southern Cross
Tom Price
Wiluna
Wyalkatchem
Wyndham
Yalgoo
PERTH
Kalgoorlie
Nullagine
Bunbury
Mandurah
N
Data Source - ATSIC Boundaries-AUSLIG
0 100 200
km
KULLARIBroome
WUNANKununurra
MALARABAHDerby
WESTERN DESERTWarburton
NGARDA NGARLI YARNDUSouth Hedland
YAMATJIGeraldton
PERTH NOONGAR
Perth
MULGA MALLEEKalgoorlie
NOONGAR COUNTRYPerth
Last update: June 2004
Albany
Boddington
Bridgetown
Broome
Busselton
Carnarvon
Collie
Cue
Dalwallinu
Denham
Derby
Dongara
Esperance
Exmouth
Fitzroy Crossing
Fremantle
Geraldton
Gnowangerup
Halls Creek
Kalbarri
Karratha
Katanning
Kellerberrin
Kununurra
Lake Grace
Laverton
Leinster
Leonora
Marble Bar
Margaret River
Meekatharra
Merredin
Moora
Morawa
Mount Magnet
Mukinbudin
Mullewa
Nannup
Narrogin
Newman
Norseman
Northam
Onslow Pannawonica
Paraburdoo
Pemberton
Pinjarra
Port Hedland
Quairading
Ravensthorpe
Southern Cross
Tom Price
Wiluna
Wyalkatchem
Wyndham
Yalgoo
PERTH
Kalgoorlie
Nullagine
Bunbury
Mandurah
Western Australia ATSIC Regions (Source: www.dia.wa.gov.au 29/10/07)
A typical small remote community (Source: Department of Water 05/11/07)
A typical medium sized remote community (Source: Department of Water 05/11/07)
A typical large remote community(Source: Department of Water 05/11/07)
Wongatha (Mulga Mallee) Regionhighrainfalldeficitandpoorrecharge•
groundwater is limited and of poor quality •in fractured rocks, except where there is local recharge, but can often be found in calcrete drainages, where it is prone to contaminationcommunity populations: <50 = 22%; 50-199 •= 78%; and >200 = 0%
Kununurra (Wunan) Region location of bores dependent on highly fractured •zones water supplies limited and subject to dewatering •when recharge fails southern communities often have brackish/saline •waterduetofine-grainedsedimentsandlackofregular rechargecommunity populations: <50 = 69%; 50-199 = 20%; •and >200 = 11% Derby (Malarabah) Region
water is sourced from sandstone aquifers •
someyieldgoodqualitywater,butothersarefiner•grained, with shale interbeds, and can have lower yields and higher salinities north of Derby older sediments and fractured granites •and volcanics yield limited supplies of variable quality water restricted to fracture zones and bedding planescommunity populations: <50 = 59%; 50-199 = 35%; and •>200 = 6%
Broome (Kullari) Region Water quality from sandstone aquifers is •generally potable. Coastal community supplies can be affected by •saline intrusion andcareful management of pumping is required.•
community populations: <50 = 85%; 50-199 = 10%; •and >200 = 5%
4
1110
6
0
m etres
N
A s-constructed de ta il supp lied by S inc la irK n igh t M erz
B ase in fo rm ation supp lied by the W esternA ustra lian Land In fo rm ation A uthority ,G L248-2007-2
100 200 300 400 500
Z :\p ro jects \country_p lann ing \pacp \B ard i\C LP _B ard i_context_A 3z51_10A ug07.dgnC LP derived from B ard iD ra ft C om m unity Layout P lan as supp liedby H G M
visitors ’ beachaccess boat ram p
visitors ’lookout
m ain visitors’ beachaccess
visitors’ beachaccess
w atercom pound
transform ershed
rocky area
disused
sew ageponds
11
O N E
A R M
R O AD
P O IN T
O N EA R M P O IN T R O A D
daoR euqeveL epaC emoorBmk 9 xorppa
C row n R eserve 20 927A boriginal Lands T rust
5 152.77 ha
Lot 89
C row n R eserve 20 927A boriginal Lands T rust
5 152.77 ha
Lot 89
858.59 haLot 215
Indian O cean
tree
N o go a rea
fence
L eg en d
industria l
fu tu re res iden tia l
com m unity
open space /recrea tion
sta ff res iden tia l
open space / bush
road reserve
business /com m erc ia l
pub lic u tility
d ra inage
exis ting res iden tia l
pedestrian access
road
gate
Planning for Aboriginal Communities
P
track
boundary of land under A boriginalcom m unity act 1979
landm ark a reaboundary
contour
ridge line o r levee
w ater p ipe
phone boxTe ls tra cab le
e lectrica l cab lepow er po le
sew er p ipe
bore
pum pP
P
exis ting cadastre
12 fu tu re layou t andLot no .
140
N O T E : T h is C L P d o es n o t co n stitu te d evelo p m en t ap p ro valre levant
tofo r
incorpora tedo f
M ateria lso f
W ater
It is the responsib ility o f the deve loper to ensure tha t a llconsents, approva ls , licences and c learances a re in p lace p rio rcom m encing phys ica l w orks on s ite . O rgan isa tions responsib lesuch m atte rs m ay inc lude landow ner, loca l governm ent,com m unity council, na tive title representa tive body, D epartm entE nvironm ent & C onserva tion , A borig ina l C u ltu ra lC om m ittee , E nvironm enta l P ro tection A u thority , D epartm entC onsum er & E m ploym ent P ro tection and D epartm ent o f
147
146
145
148
Ardyaloon - context and surrounds as at 10 August 2007
future expansion area
airstrip
500 m sewage ponds buffer
pow erstation
500 m drinking water buffer
200 mpower s tation buffer
Ardyaloon clp
500 m drinking water buffer
P roduced by P ro ject M app ing S ection ,M app ing and G eoS patia l D a ta B ranch ,D epartm ent fo r P lann ing and In frastructu re ,on beha lf o f the W estern A ustra lian P lann ingC om m iss ion , P erth , W A A ugust 2007
500 mdrinking wa ter buffer
Gumbarnun clp
Current protection measures
Aboriginal communities
Water quality issues
GASCOYNE JUNCTION
2-2000
1-2000
J:/Project/B_Series/B2010/0031/GascoyneJunctionFig4_A4.mxd
FIGURE 4. GASCOYNE JUNCTIONWATER RESERVE PRIORITY
CLASSIFICATIONS ANDPROTECTION ZONES
Drawn by: M.Webb Date 27/06/2007
Water Resource ManagementWater Source Protection Branch
INDEX TO ADJOINING1:100000
MAPS
LOCATION PLAN
WA
SOURCE DATADoW acknowledges the following datasets andtheir Custodians in the production of this map:Dataset Name - Custodian Acronym - Metadata datePDWSA - DOW - Feb 2006Rivers - DOW - July 2006WA Coastline - WRC - 13.10.2000Cadastre Land Tenure - DLI - Dec 2006
20481848
20471847
20461846
Gascoyne Junction
Perth
Coordinate System MGA94 Zone 50
1948
1947
1946
0 75 150 225 300
Meters
Legend
Gazetted Water Reserve
Proposed Water Reserve
Priority One Classification (P1)
Priority Two Classification (P2)
Wellhead Protection zone
Major drainage
Water Corporation Production Bores
KIL
LILI
RD
CARNARVON-MULLEWA RD
GASCOYNE RIVER
P1
P2
P1
BoreBore
BoreBore
drinkingwater.water.wa.gov.au Report for the Minister for Water Resources on
Water Services in Discrete Indigenous Communities
Bilateral Agreement on Indigenous Affairs (2006 – 2010)
Report for the Minister for Water
Resources on Water Services in
Discrete Indigenous Communities
December 2006 A detailed explanation of all elements of drinking water source protection can be obtained via our website
LocationCommunities are located within nine •main regions shown on the Aboriginal and Torres Straight Islander Commission (ATSIC) map.
Most indigenous •people live in the mid-sized to large communities with populations greater than 50.
Western Desert (Warburton) region characterised by low rainfall and high •evaporation partly underlain by hard fractured rocks; •groundwaterisdifficulttolocate,andnaturally-occurring nitrate can affect quality area extending into the Great Sandy •Desert is underlain by sediments where water quality and quantity is variable some supplies occur in thin, calcrete •drainages where shallow groundwater occurs in interconnected cavities these aquifers often contain naturally •occurring nitrate, but are also prone to contaminationcommunity populations: <50 = 15%; 50-199 •= 74%; and >200 = 11%
South Hedland (Ngardi Ngarli Yarndu) Region and Geraldton (Yamatji) Region
highrainfalldeficit,andawayfromwell-•fractured recharge areas, the groundwater is generally salinecommunity populations in South Hedland •region: <50 = 69%; 50-199 = 26%; and >200 = 5% community populations in Geraldton region: •<50 = 67%; 50-199 = 33%; and >200 = 0%
Yiyili
Bardi
Bidyadanga
Yulga Jinna
Southwest (Country Noongar) Region and Metropolitan (Perth Noongar)
highly variable rainfall and evaporation•
area to the west is underlain by the Perth Basin, •and to the east by the Archaean Yilgarn Craton most of the communities are underlain by the •latter or are on scheme water in Perth inland water supplies are obtained from deeply •weathered bedrock where the water quality can be poor and often brackish to salinecommunity populations in Southwest region: •<50 = 100%; 50-199 = 0%; and >200 = 0% community populations in Metropolitan region: • <50 = 67%; 50-199 = 33%; and >200 = 0%