Posters - omicsonline.org · red algae unit over a paleoslope created several hundred foreset beds from the same red algae-bearing horizon, showing that the latter is time-transgressive

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April 21-22, 2016 Dubai, UAE

2nd International Conference on

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Posters

Geology 2016

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Geology 2016April 21-22, 2016

Volume 7, Issue 2(Suppl)J Earth Sci Clim Change

ISSN: 2157-7617 JESCC, an open access journal




GeologySedimentology of a progradational limestone unit with topset-foreset transitions in an intra-platform setting from the Paleogene of OmanFrank Mattern1 and Michaela Bernecker2

1Sultan Qaboos University, Sultanate of Oman2GUtech, Sultanate of Oman

For the first time distinct clinoforms are reported from the Cenozoic shallow marine carbonate deposits of Oman (Paleocene to Eocene Jafnayn Formation, Sunub Basin, Greater Muscat). One outcrop of superb exposure displays well-developed

transitions from a single topset unit to several hundred foreset beds. The former is a single massive to crudely-bedded, biostromatic red algae-bearing horizon. The latter emanate from the former at an angle of 15° and consist of carbonate debris. Due to foresetting of sediment, the foreset beds represent cross-beds in an overall aggradational sequence. Despite the great number of foreset beds, the paleoslope angle didn’t change. The basal contact of the foreset beds is tangential (asymptotic), but the apices of the foreset beds are ill-defined. There are no bedding surfaces between the foreset beds and the red algae unit. Bedding surfaces that may have existed temporarily and must have been continuous from the red algae unit to the foreset beds are not preserved due to rapid deposition and rapid encrustation and binding by red algae. Progradation of the red algae unit over a paleoslope created several hundred foreset beds from the same red algae-bearing horizon, showing that the latter is time-transgressive. The red algae unit does not represent a classic “bed”, considering its obvious diachroneity over short distance and its lack of a lower bedding surface. Local evidence for synsedimentary extensional faulting encourages the interpretation that such deformation caused the formation of the paleoslope. The microfacies suggests a shelf lagoon setting with open circulation. The occurrence of Ranikothalia sp. and Distychoplax biserialis demonstrates that the succession is of Paleocene to lowermost/Lower Eocene age.

BiographyFrank Mattern has received his PhD from Freie Universität Berlin, Germany. His specialty areas are Sedimentology, Basin Analysis and Structural Geology/Tectonics. He has taught in Germany, Mexico, the USA and is presently an Associate Professor at Sultan Qaboos University in Muscat, Oman. His current research concerns the sedimentology of Paleozoic marine sandstones and Cenozoic limestones of Oman as well as structural/tectonic aspects of the region. In addition, he presently works on the facies interpretation and basin setting of Upper Triassic submarine fan deposits of the Langjiexue Group of southern Tibet as well as on the tectonics of the Songliao Basin, NE China.

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Frank Mattern et al., J Earth Sci Clim Change 2016, 7:2(Suppl)http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7617.C1.022

mailto:[email protected]

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GeologyDust fallout in Kuwait city: Deposition and characterizationArafat A Al Shuaibi and Jasem M Al-AwadhiKuwait University, Kuwait

Dust fallouts in Kuwait city was monitored on monthly basis during the period from March 2011 to February 2012 at 10 locations. The results of this study reveal that monthly dust deposition rates ranged from 0.002 to 0.32 kg/m2 with average

deposition rate of 0.053 kg/m2 and annual average deposition rate of 0.59 kg/m2, ranking the first out of 56 dust deposition rates observed throughout the world. On average, about 55.9% of the settled dusts have fine to very fine sand fraction sizes, while silt and clay comprise an average of 37.4 and 1.4% of the total sample, respectively. The concentrations for Zn and Mo out of 15 other elements analyzed from the dust were up to 11 times higher than their soil background values in Kuwait, while Pb and Ni were about seven times higher. Mo, Ni, Pb and Zn show maximum enrichment relative to the upper continental crustal component (Mn). Sr, Zr and Zn show highest concretions among all collected samples and quartz and calcite were the dominant minerals in the dust samples. The distribution of the heavy metals in dust seems to be controlled mainly by the land uses and the volume of traffic emissions.

BiographyArafat A Al Shuaibi is an Assistant Professor at Kuwait University, Kuwait. He is awarded PhD in Geosciences, Stratigraphy/Micropaleontology from University of Texas at Dallas, USA, in 2006. He holds MSc in Geology/Recent benthic Foraminifera and BSc in Geology from Kuwait University. His current research interest is focused towards the study of the Upper Cretaceous planktonic Foraminifera of the Austin Chalk in Texas.

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Arafat A Al Shuaibi et al., J Earth Sci Clim Change 2016, 7:2(Suppl)http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7617.C1.022


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GeologyThe impact of sanitary and food industrial wastes on water quality of Menyat Samanoud agriculture drain at El-Dakahliya governorateEslam Abd El Moula Ahmed BaklolaNational Water Research Center, Egypt

Water pollution refers to any alteration in biological and physicochemical characteristics of a water body that causes harm or nuisance to the beneficial use of this source. Since, Nile River is the main source of water for drinking purpose in

Egypt, is the improvement and protection of the Nile River water quality is one of the most important national objectives. This study aims to determine the extent of water pollution of the Menyat Samanoud agriculture drain at El-Dakahliya governorate in order to determine the possibility of use drain water in irrigation. Biological, chemical and physical analyses of water at 6 sites (1=The beginning of the drain; 2=At front of the sewage treatment station; 3=The best factory discharge; 4=The mixed point of the factory discharge and the drain; 5=In front of the Nawsa El-Bahr village; 6=The end of the drain) revealed that the drain water was polluted by high load of turbidity, salinity, TDS, TSS, BOD, COD, chlorine, fluorine, phosphate, sulfates, total alkalinity, TVBCs, TC, FC, FS, pathogenic bacteria and deficiency of DO, which varied from season to another and from site to site.

BiographyEslam Abd El Moula Ahmed Baklola is a Microbiologist at Central Laboratory for Environmental Quality Monitoring, National Water Research Center, Egypt.

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Eslam Abd El Moula Ahmed Baklola, J Earth Sci Clim Change 2016, 7:2(Suppl)http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7617.C1.022


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GeologyClassification of limestones using ASTER satellite data and image processing techniqueMoza Hamdan Saif Alshidi and Noor Yousuf Hareth Salim Al AbriSultan Qaboos University, Oman

Applications of remote sensing technique are integrated with the results of geophysical methods in several studies to map and evaluate the surface and subsurface mineral and ore deposits and bearing structures. In this present study, we classify

the tertiary age limestone formations deposited in part of the Sur region of Sultanate of Oman using Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) satellite data and decorrelation stretching image processing method by understanding the spectral absorption characters of the minerals of the formations. The analysis of ASTER spectral bands 8, 5, 1 using the image processing method better discriminated and classified the limestone formations such as bioclastic limestone, massive bioclastic limestone with conglomerate, grey to white marly limestone and bioclastic marl and marl limestone. Further, the study of minerals of the formations using the satellite data confirms the classification of the limestone formations and field and laboratory studies existed on the literatures. Our study also compares the results of published scientific work and recommends for mapping the limestone formations of the similar regions. The limestone occurrences of the arid region are economic important and the results of study can be integrated with geophysical methods for better mapping and classifying the limestone formations in future concern.

BiographyMoza Hamdan Saif Alshidi is a Graduate student of Geophysics in the Department of Earth Science, College of Science, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman. He is interested in integrating the remote sensing data with geophysical study.

[email protected]

Moza Hamdan Saif Alshidi et al., J Earth Sci Clim Change 2016, 7:2(Suppl)http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7617.C1.022


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GeologyMapping of reservoir source rocks using remote sensingRajendran Sankaran, Mohammed El-Ghali, Olga Shelukhina and Junaid Ahmed KhanSultan Qaboos University, Oman

In this study, the visible and near infrared–shortwave infrared (VNIR-SWIR) spectral bands of Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) are processed by decorrelated stretching and PCA methods to map

the reservoir formations that are exposed in the Kufai and Buah domes of Huqf region of Sultanate of Oman. The results of study showed well discriminations of the formations in different in tone and texture to study their occurrences and distributions. The study demonstrates the capability of the ASTER and image processing techniques for mapping of such formations and recommends to similar areas of the world.

BiographyRajendran Sankaran received the PhD degree in Geology from the Bharathidasan University, India, in 1996. From 2002 to 2010, he was an Assistant Professor with the Department of Earth Sciences, Annamalai University, India. Currently, he is working in the Department of Earth Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Oman. His research interests involve mapping mineral and environmental resources of earth using remote sensing and GIS techniques. He has published several research papers and the books titled, “Hyperspectral Remote Sensing and Spectral Signature Applications”, “Mineral Exploration – Recent Strategies” in his field of research interest.

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Rajendran Sankaran et al., J Earth Sci Clim Change 2016, 7:2(Suppl)http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7617.C1.022


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GeologyPreliminary results of 14C dating of tidal deposits and oolitic aeolianites, Dubai - Abu Dhabi: Tracking Holocene coastline changesOsman Abdelghany, Mahmoud Abu Saima, Ala Aldahan, Hasan Arman and Abdel-Rahman FowlerUnited Arab Emirates University, UAE

Sediment deposition during the Late Pleistocene to Holocene in the UAE coastal and near coastal areas records complex patterns of interplay between the terrestrial and marine environments. The major controls are sealevel rise and fall (eustatic

effects of climate change), neotectonics (subsidence and uplift), and sediment supply and redistribution. These variable factors have resulted in sequence stratigraphic termination and modern parasequences. Features representing these events include progradation of alluvial and aeolian clastics, up to the beginning of the Holocene, followed by retrogression, with deposition of marine sequences and formation of coastal sabkha at different sealevel rise periods during the Holocene. The precise age estimation of sequence stratigraphic developments is typically challenging. In this study, 14C dating, together with fossil assemblage identification and interpretation of sedimentary structures, were used to identify late Pleistocene to Holocene aeolianites and tidal deposits. The aeolianites were deposited during the last glacial maximum when sealevel was at its lowest stand. The aeolianites are composed of transported oolites, microfossils, macrofossil and algal fragments and minor quartz-dominant mineral grains. The 14C isotopic dating of the oolites and shell particles from the aeolianites gave ages as great as 28,000 years. The tidal retrograde facies is characterized by bedded carbonate evaporites hosting a variety of macrofossils such as Cerithium sp., Cardium sp., and Donax sp. The 14C dates obtained for these evaporite sediments ranged from 2,000 to 4,000 years. The data provide evidence of paleoshoreline migration inland at variable rates during the Holocene.

BiographyOsman Abdelghany has completed his PhD at the age of 34 years from the Institute of Paleontology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Vienna University, Austria. He is a faculty member of the Department of Geology at the United Arab Emirates University. He is particulary interested in the stratigraphy and micropaleontology of the Western and Eastern Deserts of Egypt, and the southern Sinai, and the United Arab Emirates. He has published numerous papers on Cretaceous and Tertiary foraminifera in international journals.

[email protected]

Osman Abdelghany et al., J Earth Sci Clim Change 2016, 7:2(Suppl)http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7617.C1.022


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Accepted Oral Abstracts

Geology 2016

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GeologyGeotectonics and structures of the Arabian PeninsulaAbdullah M S Al-AmriKing Saud University, Saudi Arabia

Arabian Peninsula is an area, which is characterized by poor seismic activities. While for the Arabian Shield and Arabian Platform are aseismic, the area is ringed with regional seismic sources in the tectonically active areas of Iran and Turkey

to the northeast, the Red Sea Rift bordering the Shield to the southwest, and the Dead Sea Transform fault zone to the north. Red Sea is considered one of the few places in the world undergoing active continental rifting and formation of new oceanic lithosphere. We determined the seismic velocity structure of the crust and upper mantle of the Arabian Shield and Red Sea using a variety of analysis techniques on broadband seismic waveform data recorded by KACST and SGS seismographic networks. Teleseismic P- and S-wave travel time tomography provided an image of upper mantle compressional and shear velocities related to thermal variations. Regional Pn tomography delineated compressional velocity structure of the shallow mantle. Modeling of teleseismic P-wave receiver functions estimated crustal and upper mantle discontinuity structure. Finally, measurements of teleseismic shear-wave splitting estimated upper mantle anisotropy. Generally speaking, new results for the lithosphere suggest that the mantle lithosphere is thin and the LVZ is significant near the Red Sea, where rifting is active. The mantle lid thickens away from the Red Sea in the Arabian interior. Furthermore our results indicate the presence of polarization anisotropy in the lithospheric upper mantle, in the vicinity, as well as farther away from the Red Sea. Our modeling suggests vSV>vSH in the southern part of the Red Sea, consistent with vertical flow, and vSH>vSV in the northern part of the Red Sea and the continental interior, as is commonly reported in the continents. We would suggest that low velocity beneath the Gulf of Aqabah and southern Arabian Shield and Red Sea at depths below 200 km are related to mantle upwelling and seafloor spreading. Low velocities beneath the northern Arabian Shield below 200 km may be related to volcanism. The low velocity feature near the eastern edge of the Arabian Shield and western edge of the Arabian Platform could be related to mantle flow effects near the interface of lithosphere of different thickness.

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J Earth Sci Clim Change 2016, 7:2(Suppl)http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7617.C1.022

Macrofauna as indicator of water quality in the lower Jordan River catchment-eastern sideIkhlas AlhejojUniversity of Jordan, Jordan

In this study, the qualities of surface water bodies feeding the lower Jordan River from its eastern side were studied and found reflected in the types of aquatic species of macrofauna surviving in them. Water, especially, in semi-arid countries

such as Jordan with unpredictable seasonal rainfall are subjected to scarcity of water due to increasing demand as a result of population growth. This represents a great problem and challenge for scientists, planners and policy-makers. Surface water resources in Jordan have been during the last few decades negatively impacted by development through the addition of urban, industrial and sewage wastes to the environment. The prevailing conditions make it imperative to protect Jordan's surface water resources in order to keep these aquatic systems in healthy and productive conditions. This must also apply to other countries with similar environmental conditions. Different aquatic fauna were studied on their types, sizes and species and were identified and correlated with the chemical and physical properties of the water they are living in. It is concluded that aquatic macrofauna can easily be used as indicators of water quality and it is a fast and trustful way of indicating changes taking place in the water quality, especially water salinity, trace elements contents and pollution parameters.

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GeologyMultivariate statistical analysis and assessment of metal contamination in the Gulf of Aqaba Soils, Northwestern Saudi ArabiaHabes Ghrefat1, Haider Zaman2, Awni Batayneh1, Yousef Nazzal1, Saed Mogren1, EslamElawadi1 and Ahmad Al-Taani31King Saud University, Saudi Arabia2Taibah University, Saudi Arabia3Yarmouk University, Jordan

A total of 23 soil samples were collected from the scattered agricultural farms along the Gulf of Aqaba coast. In addition, 25 granitic and marine sedimentary samples were collected from the study area. Following their treatments by total

digestion technique, these samples were analyzed for different metals (such as Pb, Ni, Zn, Co, Cr, Mn, Fe, Hg, Mo, and Cd) using the inductively coupled plasma. Relationships among these metals for the study area were then examined by correlation analysis, principal component analysis, and hierarchical cluster analysis. Results from correlation analyses reveal a variable degree of correlations among different metals in the study area. Principal component analysis identified two factors, which are responsible for ~60% of the total variance of the data set. These two factors allowed to group the selected metals according to their geochemical features. Hierarchical cluster analysis classified the studied metals into different groups based on the similarity of their characteristics. The level of metal contamination in the study area has been assessed using enrichment factor and geoaccumulation index, showing relatively high percentage of enriched metals in the study area. The studied rock samples show a significant variation in mean metal contents from one rock type to another, but their results are in good agreement with those obtained from soil samples. High concentration of Cd in the studied soil samples is mainly due to extensive use of fertilizers and pesticides in the agricultural farms or due to sewage.

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Compositional variations and sedimentology of black shales outcrops in MalaysiaHassan Baioumy1, Eswaran Padmanabhan1, A Hadi B A Rahman1, Nor Syazwani Zainal Abidin1 and Mohd Nawawi21Universiti Teknologi Petronas, Malaysia2Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia

Palaeozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic black shales that can be a potential source of energy and precious metals are widely distributed in Malaysia Peninsula, Sarawak and Sabah. These black shales cover wide range of geological ages as well as

sedimentological settings. Palaeozoic black shales outcrops were reported in West Malaysia and range from Cambrian to Permian. Some of these black shales were deposited in tidal environment as indicated from the associated HCS sandstone and abundance of burrows. Triassic black shales both in West and East Malaysia associate the turbidites. Paleogene black shales outcrop in West Malaysia with coals beds suggesting deposition in delta environment. The Neogene black shales outcrop in East Malaysia either as non-marine black shales associated with coals beds or marine turbidites with sandstones. Mineralogical investigations indicated variations among the studied black shales. Although illite was identified in almost all black shales, other clay minerals show significant variations. Some of the studied black shales are composed entirely of illite, while others show abundance of kaolinite. Smectite has been reported only in the drop stone of the Devonian-Permian Singa Formation. The compositional variations among the studied black shale can be attributed mainly to the variations in the source rock composition and the study localities used to receive sedimentary supply from a local source(s).

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Geology


The effect of nanolime on Sheikh Fadl ornamental hardened limestone faciesMahmoud Lotfy Abd El-latifHousing and Building National Research Centre, Egypt

Hardened limestone (Marbled limestone) is one of the most common building materials generally, in the Eastern Mediterranean region particularly in Egypt. Sheikh Fadl quarries considered as a type locality for hardened limestone

production. Five representative samples of this limestone were selected from one quarry at Sheikh Fadl, Red Sea to study their different characteristics. The aim of this paper is mainly to study the positive effect of Nanolime as consolidates on different physico-mechanical and durability of this hardened limestone. Finally, using nanolime as consolidating material leads to occurrence of observed enhancement in physico-mechanical average values of Sheikh Fadl and also their durability particularly against salt weathering.

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Assessing the magnitude of the Arab water crisis and the responseMaghawry Shehata Ibrahim DiabMenoufiya University, Egypt

The Arab region is experiencing one of the fastest growing water deficits in the world. The majority of the countries in the region have been consuming more water than their renewable supply for quite some time. However, this is no longer

an option due to its high costs and negative environmental consequences that have been leading to a vicious cycle linking deteriorating status of water resources, in terms of quantity and quality to deteriorating livelihoods in the region. As a matter of fact, societies in the Arab region have been suffering for a long time from serious capacity gaps at various levels that hinder their ability to face social, economic and political challenges facing the management of their water resources. The general lack of familiarity with participatory and integrated management approaches; fragmented institutional structures with conflicting mandates; inadequate valuation and pricing; imbalanced sectoral water allocation; persistence in resorting to expensive supply augmentation projects and delegation of responsibility without the necessary devolution of power and financial resources in decentralization plans are some of the problems facing effective water governance in the Arab region. The Arab region represents 10% of the world's area; its population represents 5% of world population. However, it possesses only 0.5% of the world's renewable fresh water resources. This is due to the fact that the arid and semi-arid weather dominates 82.2% of the whole region. Rainfall precipitation is estimated to be 2,228 billion cubic meters (Bern). The losses amount to 90.4% due to evaporation. The Arab region, which is home to 5 percent of the world's people contains less than 1 percent of the world's annual renewable freshwater. The water demand in the region is growing fast and the population has more than doubled in the past 30 years to about 280 million and could double again in the next 30 years. Thus, water demand for domestic and industrial uses has exploded in recent decades. At the same time, tube-well technology and the development of agriculture have increased water use in rural areas.

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GeologyPromising potential for using natural rocks and fresh volcanic materials to rejuvenate soil properties: Implementation of basic science to overcome problems of infertile soilsMarkus AndaAgency for Agricultural Research and Development, Indonesia

Limited attempt has been made to implement voluminous basic science in geochemistry, mineralogy, petrology and volcanology to overcome very low nutrients of many soils worldwide. It is well known that the fresh rocks experience

weathering processes to release their nutrient constituent into the soils but naturally need very long time (e.g. 1 cm soil need 100-150 years). The breakthrough technology is needed to change the natural rocks and volcanic ash as potential soil amelioration. Success to do this will result in a great impact at a world level to increase soil fertility since many soils have low fertility associated with advanced weathering stages. The weathering processes could be mimicked and accelerated by making powder of rocks and ash volcanic materials to speed up dissolution of elemental compositions of minerals in rocks. The released elements as nutrients for crops may replenish the losses of nutrient from soils which have been uptaken by plants or leached out of the soils. The application of finely ground powder rocks in alleviating soil acidity, increasing various soil nutrients and increasing crop yields has been reported under tropical conditions, where intensive agricultural practice and high leaching of nutrients occurred owing to high rainfall. Success in rejuvenating poor infertile soil using finely ground rocks or freshly volcanic eruption as sources of various crop nutrients could increase soil productivity with the implication to increase food availability to feed many hungry people (serious world problems) especially in many less developed countries worldwide. Application of finely ground rocks or freshly volcanic eruption to generate fertile soils is firm scientific bases to increase agricultural productions and avoid or reduce chemical fertilizers that results negative impact in environmental quality.

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Potential ecological risk index of the Northern Egyptian Lagoons, South of Mediterranean Sea, EgyptM S M EL-BadyNational Research Center, Cairo, Egypt

The Northern Egyptian Lagoons are (from east to west) Bardawil Lagoon, Manzala Lagoon, Burullus Lagoon, Edku Lagoons and Mariute Lagoon. These lagoons have received the bulk of drainage water from the lands of Delta and from the other

coastal areas where, the heavy metals can be introduced to Lagoons environments through a variety of sources, including industries, wastewaters and domestic effluents. The potential ecological risk index (RI) calculation of the bottom sediments of the northern lagoons depends contamination factor (CF), potential ecological risk factor and proposed toxic response factor (Tr). The average degree of contamination and modified degree of contamination of the northern lagoons were in the following descending order Bardawil>Mariute>Manzal>Edku>Burullus, while, the potential ecological risk index in the following descending order Bardawil>Manzal>Mariute>Edku>Burullus.

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GeologyMagmatic evolution of the area, south Wadi Abu Ziran, central eastern desert, Egypt: A geochemical modelingM F Ghoneim, M Atef Noweir and T S Abu AlamTanta University, Egypt

A group of intrusive and extrusive igneous rocks are located south of Wadi Abu Ziran, central eastern desert. These rocks have diverse petro-graphic compositions ranging from gabbros to granites with their volcanic equivalents. They belong to

four distinct Neoproterozoic units of the eastern desert, namely; “metagabbros (MG), older granites (OG), metavolcanics (MV) and younger granites (YG)”. Both major and trace elements are compiled to deduce their genetic relationships. 1/Sr vs. Rb/Sr and Rb/Ba vs. Rb plots suggests that these rock units exhibit comparative magmatic relationships. The trace elements data and the numerical modeling are treated according to the general equation of partial melting and Rayleigh equation of fractional crystallization. These rock types favor complex petro-genetic processes during their generation. The magmatic model is based on “in-sequence” genesis between partial melting and fractional crystallization as well as magma mixing processes in the late stage. It is evident that these rocks are resulted from five essential stages during magmatic evolution of the area; the gabbroic rocks (MG) were derived by partial melting (42.5-45.93%) of oceanic crust followed by fractional crystallization (30-50%) of the resulted ultramafic magma; rocks of granodiorite (OG) were derived throughout partial melting (30-39.47%) of gabbroic parent followed by (55-80%) fractional crystallization of gabbroic magma; the metandesite (MV) was generated throughout partial melting (0.4%) of granodiorite (OG) followed by fractional crystallization (25-50%); the monzogranite (YG) was derived throughout (3-6.02%) partial melting of granodiorite (OG) followed by (40-65%) fractional crystallization of granitic magma, finally; the recorded hybrid granodiorite rocks (YG) were generated by partial melting of both gabbroic rocks (MG) (29.58%) and granodiorite (OG) (6.02%) followed by magma mixing and (35-60%) fractional crystallization.

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Overview of CE-4 mission scientific objectives and possible instrumentsZou Yongliao, Wang Qin and Fan YuChinese Academy of Sciences, China

Chang’E-4 mission, being undertaken by phase two of China Lunar Exploration Program, represents China’s first attempt to exploration farside of lunar surface. CE-4 mission includes lander, rover and a telecommunication relay, presently

scheduled to launch in 2018. The scientific objectives of CE-4 mission will be implemented to investigate the characteristics and formation mechanism of lunar surface floating dust, measure remanent magnetism of the lunar surface materials and figure out the interaction between the remanent magnetism and the solar wind, detect lunar surface temperature and radiation environment and study their characteristics, distribution and change, detect and study the lunar regional geological characteristics, make the first radio-astronomy measurements from the most radio-quiet region of near-earth space. The rover will operate for at least 3 months, the lander for half year to support the goals of CE-4 mission, and the relay for no less than 3 years of extended operation. The CE-4 instruments are: Cameras, dust-analyzer, magnetometer, temperature-instrument, wide band low frequency digital radio astronomical station for lunar farside surface LF-MF-HF astronomy, infrared imaging spectrometer, penetrating radar, and flash camera. This paper describes the CE-4 objectives and measurements that support exploration of the Moon and that address the scientific objectives outlined. We also describe data accessibility by the science and exploration community.

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GeologyCharacterization of natural fractures network within Khusayyayn formation, SW Saudi Arabia: An implication for groundwater and hydrocarbon potentialityMohammed H Benaafi, Mustafa Hariri, Osman Abdullatif, Mohammed Makkawi and Gabor KorvinKing Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Saudi Arabia

The Devonian-Carboniferous Khusayyayn Formation of Wajid Group, Southwest Saudi Arabia is a uniform succession of medium to coarse-grained sandstone, deposited in a fluvial braided stream system and exposed in Wadi Al-Dawasir area

and extend southward to the Najran city. The formation is the main groundwater aquifer in Wadi Al-Dawasir and Najran areas. it is also considered as a reservoir rock for hydrocarbon in Rub' Al-Khali Basin. This study aims to define the natural fractures network present within Khusayyayn Formation in multi-scale approach. In regional scale, lineaments (that may represent regional fractures) have been traced from Landsat satellite images with 15 m resolution and Spot-5 satellite images with a resolution of 2.5 m. Additionally, the digital elevation models (DEMs) with a resolution of 30 m were also used to enhance the lineaments trace maps. In outcrop scale, natural fracture attributes were measured and characterized in twenty locations. Five major regional trends were defined within Khusayyayn Formation in both lineaments and outcrop fractures scales. Those trends are NNW, NNE, NE, NW, and ENE. The northerly and Easterly trends are predominant and coincided with the major basement grain trends. However, the NW-trending fractures are corresponding with the trend of the Najd fault system. The NE-trend of lineaments and outcrop fractures might be related to the opening of Red Sea as they are following the weakness zones extend from the Red Sea to the continent. In outcrop scale natural fractures within Khusayyayn Formation are sub-vertical to vertical and Mode I open fracture type. Few of these fractures are filled with calcite and/or iron oxide material. The northwesterly-trending fractures cut across the northerly trending ones, whereas, the northerly trending fractures cut across the easterly trending fractures. This crosscutting relationship may indicate that the easterly trending fractures are the oldest fractures, and the northwesterly -trending fractures are younger than the northerly trending fractures. On the other hand, there is no clear relationship has been noticed between the northeasterly -trending fractures and the other trends. The fracture data obtained from outcrops and lineaments traces were combined to build a conceptual fracture model, which can help in defining the possible stress regime and the distribution of fracture pattern within Khusayyayn Formation.

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Geology


Role of diatomite in modifying tillable properties of soilsJili Qu and Zhongming SunUniversity of Shanghai for Science and Technology, China

A number of organic and inorganic soil amendments are added to soil for improving its physical, chemical, and mechanical characteristics, which facilitate soil workability and farming. Diatomite is a recently developed soil amendment and

its modifying effects on soil physical, hydraulic and tilling properties has not been well studied. The consistency limits and compaction test parameters are related to agronomy as far as compaction hazard for soils and tillage is concerned. This research was designed to evaluate the influence of diatomite with different rates of 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% (v/v) on soil liquid and plastic limits and soil compactibility parameters in soils with different textures. The results of this research showed that diatomite application considerably improved soil tillage properties and reduced soil compactibility. Diatomite applications in all soils tested significantly (p<0.05) increased consistency limits, with more pronounced in soils with low clay content. Compared with the control, the highest application of diatomite (30%) raised soil liquid limit with the rates of 53.9%, 27.3%, and 14.7%, in silt, silt loam and silty clay loam soils, respectively. Averagely diatomite application increased plastic limit by 18.3%, 30.6%, and 43.8% with 10%, 20%, and 30% application rates, respectively, as compared to the control. Diatomite application decreased maximum dry bulk density (MBD), but increased optimum moisture content (OMC). The lowest MBD and the highest OMC were achieved from the highest application rate of diatomite in all the soils tested. Compared with the control, the highest diatomite application (30%) decreased the MBD with the rates of 8.7%, 10.3%, and 13.2%, in silt, silt loam and silty clay loam soils, but it increased the OMC values with the rates of 28.7%, 22.4%, and 25.3%. The results clearly indicated that application of diatomite increase the soils strength to mechanical forces, since increasing the water content at OWC may suggest that soil is more easily tilled in higher water contents with little deformation which also gives higher workable range.

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http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7617.C1.022


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Accepted Poster Abstracts

Geology 2016

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GeologyNatural emergence of creeks and watercourses in the Rio Quinto basin, ArgentinaAdrian H Gallardo1,2, Aldo Giaccardi2, David Aguilera2 and Amancay Martinez2

1CONICET, Argentina 2San Luis National University, Argentina

The Rio Quinto basin covers approximately 35,000 km2, and constitutes one of the most important water resources for the Midwest of Argentina. Agriculture irrigation and water supply for urban centres is directly dependant on the hydrological

processes occurring in the basin. Despite its importance, there are still a number of uncertainties about the system and the mechanisms that trigger gully erosion, and the rapid generation of watercourses in the region. The emergence of surface waters not only alters the hydrological regime, but has catastrophic consequences for property and infrastructure. Observations suggest that the formation of a new drainage system would be controlled by multiple factors such as the topography, geological setting, soil composition, and climate change. In this regard, some watercourses might have exploited older gullies and developed over a pre-existent fluvial system. Additionally, the initiation of a precipitation cycle of particular intensity could be accounted for the increase in erosion rates after 2005. Once gullies develop, the area becomes more susceptible to soil degradation. High sodium and the predominance of fine-grained materials would enhance pipe flow, causing an additional reduction in the soils strength. The hydrological system would not have reached equilibrium yet. Therefore, the stream network is expected to enlarge over time. Results of the study contribute to better define the location of areas vulnerable to soil denudation, and constitute a useful tool for early warning and mitigation of natural disasters in the agricultural regions of Argentina.

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New insights on the stratigraphy of Tobroq-Burdi Area, Al Jabal Al Akhdar, Ne LibyaAhmed M Muftah1, Saad K El Ebaidi1, Anas Al Mahmoudi2, Faraj H Faraj1 and Belkasim Khameiss3

1University of Benghazi, Libya2Arabian Gulf Oil Company, Libya3Ball State University, USA

The stratigraphy of the eastern region of Libya (called Tobroq-Burdi) has been stratigraphically reviewed. Three surface exposures, Wadi al Hash, Wadi al Shaigh and Wadi al Rahib have been measured, sampled and analyzed using both the

lithology and the paleontology with particular emphasis on foraminifers. Previous works in the area have been revised to sort out the contradiction on the stratigraphy. A well-known transgressive event (i.e. glauconitic bed) has been observed at the basal part of the Al Faidiyah Formation confirming the long term disconformity surface separating Upper Oligocene Al Faidiyah Formation from the underlying Middle Eocene Darnah Formation at Wadi al Hash and Wadi Al Shaigh sections or from the underneath Campanian Al Majahir Formation at Wadi al Rahib section. Furthermore, the extensive spatial distribution of the Al Faidiyah Formation as well as the overlying Al Gaghbub Formation in all studied sections indicate a relative stability of the area and the thickness variation is attributed to the paleorelief of the area. On the basis of Foraminifera assemblages, the Darnah Formation is Middle Eocene, Al Faidiyah Formation is Late Oligocene, Al Gaghbub Formation is Middle Miocene in age at Tobroq-Burdi area. In the present study, the term Al Khowaymat Formation is replaced by Darnah Formation instead of the Lower Member of Al khowaymat; while, Al Faidiyah Formation instead of the Upper Member of Al Khowaymat at the western studied sections. Similarly, the term Lower Member of Al Khowaymat Formation is replaced by Al Majahir Formation at Wadi al Rahib section. The outcrop of Al Majahir Formation in the Wadi al Rahib section is explained as a newly introduced “Burdi plunged anticline” with a trending axis NE-SW, it is linked to the Cyrenaican orogeny as indicated by the reported angular unconformity with the overlying Tertiary rocks. A Dextral strike slip fault dislocated the Burdi plunge anticline is proposed and is considered as the main reason for the limited cretaceous areal distribution at the coast.

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http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7617.C1.022


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GeologyMiddle to Late Eocene ostracod paleoecology: A multivariate statistical analysisAïda Amami-HamdiUniversity of Tunis El Manar, Tunisia

A detailed study of the Middle to Late Eocene outcropping series of an onshore well in central Tunisia (PK1) yielded ostracod species in 45 samples from the Souar formation. The ostracod assemblage of the entire section belongs to the

Southern Tethyan Type showing distinct changes up section. An R-mode hierarchical cluster analysis of the total association of ostracod was computed using the Jaccard coefficient of similarity (the paired group average method); species were statistically discriminated into four different clusters each of them with its particular paleoenvironments: Group I characterized by the presence of species Loculicytheretta cavernosa, Reticulina proteros, Isobuntonia pseudotuberata and Costa libyaensis indicators of shallow waters; groups II and III mainly composed of species common in deep environments like Paleocosta makattamensis, Cytherella angulata, Loxoconcha vetustopunctatella and Soudanella laciniosa reticulata; group IV made by species typical of deep with low dissolved oxygen environments such Hermanites libyaensis, Bairdia tarabulusensis, Cytheropteron sp., Xestoleberis kenawyi, Soudanella laciniosa triangulate and Buntonia ramosa. Detrended correspondence analyses (DCA) applied to the same data led to the distinction of two important environmental factors affecting the distribution of these ostracod assemblages in the study area: Water depth and oxygenation of water. Paleoecological model based on ostracods associations were developed, identifying respectively characteristics associations for neritic zones and external platform for the Middle and Upper Eocene deposits of PK1.

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Methodology for predicting internal fractures and relationship to grain geometry: Case study on low permeable core samplesAkshay A ThombareTexas A&M University, USA

Selecting an ideal well or low permeable zone for fracturing has for long been a million dollar question. Limited understanding and sparse subsurface data many times dragged the focus of operators worldwide. To overcome the data gaps and to ease the

decision making, the authors have undertaken a study to quickly predict the properties of cores. The objective was to predict the internal microfracture using conventional, simple geometrical technique and fracture mechanics. Several experiments were conducted on the core plugs of a low permeability sandstone and shale formation. The fracture was created using the universal testing machine with the help of core sleeve and then tested for prediction. Around 30 sidewall core samples of a sandstone formation was used for testing, density 2.65-2.67 gm/cc, having different permeability and porosity. The microscopic study was conducted to analyze grain geometry of the core sample. The ultimate aim is to compare and predict the grain geometry and internal fracture; The patterns and observations are then statistically classified. Subsequent experiments for predicting fracture connectivity had been undertaken using dye and imprinting it on a paper by rolling. Such paper imprints were analyzed to predict fracture connectivity (though tortuous). These experiments are a new concept in the petroleum industry and these experiments had substantially helped in predicting fracture orientation. Further refinements are definitely needed. However author’s views are discussed in this paper. The results of the research showed that this techniques may be used to predict the internal fracture in a sandstone and shale core sample. It has also been inferred with higher certainty that the grain geometry can be classified and it has directly affected the fracture pattern. This technique will help to understand the direction of minimum horizontal stress which is the most important factor in designing the fracturing job. Since this methodology was applied to low permeability sandstone and shale formation there is further scope to validate it on a wider range of other rock types. This method may reduce uncertainty by great extent and may support a paradigm shift in exploiting low permeable formations.

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http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7617.C1.022

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GeologyThe karst reservoir evolution and genesis of abnormal high permeability zone of the upper Cretaceous Khasib formation in central IraqDu YangSouthwest Petroleum University, China

Aiming at the phenomenon of the waterflooding breakthrough in the Khasib reservoir of AHDEB oilfield in Iraq, this paper studies the Khasib reservoir evolution and genesis of the abnormal high permeability zone. Results indicate that the

karst reservoir of Khasib forming is controlled by the depositional karst and multiple phase deep buried karst. The reservoir evolution can be divided into three stages: Syndiagenetic stage, shallow-medium burial of organic acid dissolution stage, and rapid settlement of deep burial period of hydrocarbon filling stage. The depositional karst is featured as the fabric selective dissolution of vertical infiltration, which forms the two high porosity zones. During the buried diagenesis stage, the reservoir is through the buried karst that inherited karstification in non-fabric selective dissolution way based on the post-depositional pore, and featured as the strike–slip fault as the fluid migration path, the acidizing fluid from organic substance degradation as the dissolution media, the post-depositional high porosity zone as the dissolution carrier. After the depositional karst and least two stages deep buried karst, formed the two “abnormal high perm zones” that are intraclast grainstone zone of Kh2-1-2 and the algal debris packstone zone of Kh2-3-2. The intraclast grainstone zone is fluid flow passage to cause the early water breakthough in water-flooding. In summary, high connectivity origin intraclast intergranular pore, the pore integrity was conserved during the depositional karst period, long-term shallow buried diagenetic environment, favorable potential area for fluid migration, good coupling relationship of the hydrocarbon fluid filling and fast formation burying period, which make the Kh2-1-2 zone forming the abnormal permeability zone.

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Influences of depositional environment on reservoir space of coal in Hegang coalfieldWang YouzhiInstitute of Daqing Oilfield Company Ltd., China

The aim of this paper is to discuss pore system dominated by depositional environment. To achieve this task, we focus on pore characteristics and coal-forming environment of coal in Chengzihe Formation of Hegang coalfield and analyse

internal relation between them, using a series of techniques, including scan electron microscope, energy spectrum, low temperature nitrogen adsorption method, cluster analysis. The result shows that the micropore is richly developed, but there are some differences in pore structure. We found four pore models in Hegang coalfield based mainly on difference. The pore morpholohy is increasing from model I to model IV. The open grade and scale of fissure is also increasing with increasing fissure type. It must be pointed out that the adsorption capacity of pore is enhanced, but the difficulty of desorption capacity is also increasing from model I to model IV. Notably, the study on coal facies of main coal-forming period in Hegang coalfield reveal that the water is deepening and the falling speed is accelerating from south to north. The thick and stable of coal in north are better than south when there is fan-delta. A point that we want to stress here is that pore structure and crack would be controlled by depositional environment. The phenomenon of ash is increasing, pore system is complicated, numbers and types of cracks are diversified from south to north. Based on all research cores, we conclude that reservoir space of north is more complex than south, porosity and permeability of south are stronger than north.

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http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7617.C1.022

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Posters - omicsonline.org · red algae unit over a paleoslope created several hundred foreset beds from the same red algae-bearing horizon, showing that the latter is time-transgressive