Potential of LTE for Machine-to-Machine · PDF filePotential of LTE for Machine-to-Machine Communication Dr. Joachim Sachs Ericsson Research. Slide title 44 pt Text and bullet level

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CAPITALS

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Potential of LTE for Machine-to-Machine Communication

Dr. Joachim Sachs

Ericsson Research

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Joachim Sachs | Tokyo University - Global Design Symposium： Future LTE and network optimization for M2M support | © Ericsson AB 2013 | 2013-11-28 | Page 2 (42)

Outline

› Trend towards M2M communication

› What is the role of cellular communication

› 5G - the next generation of cellular communication

› Cellular M2M communication

– Sensors and meters

–  Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS)

– Distributed embedded control

› Conclusion

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1875 1900 1925 1950 1975 2000 2025

~0.5 B PLACES

Global Connectivity

Source: Ericsson

Telecommunication today

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1875 1900 1925 1950 1975 2000 2025

~0.5 B PLACES

Global Connectivity

Personal Mobile

Source: Ericsson

5.0 B PEOPLE

Telecommunication today

Inflection point

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1875 1900 1925 1950 1975 2000 2025

50 B

5.0 B

~0.5 B PLACES

PEOPLE

THINGS

Inflection points

Global Connectivity

Personal Mobile

Networked Society

Source: Ericsson

Telecommunication tomorrow

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1875 1900 1925 1950 1975 2000 2025

50 B

5.0 B

~0.5 B PLACES

PEOPLE

THINGS

Source: Ericsson

The Networked Society

Machine-to-machine communication will spread into all facets of our increasingly digitized society: businesses and industries, public sectors and private lives

“everything that benefits from being connected will be connected”

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Connected Devices

›  Sensor, actuators, meters, connected devices and things

›  Small, simple, low-cost ›  Low energy consumption ›  Long-range coverage

›  Connecting vehicles, transport infrastructure and transport management

›  Incl. safety-related services

›  Low delay ›  High mobility

›  Distributed embedded control & cyber-physical systems

›  High reliability and availability

›  Low delay ›  Autonomous operation

Critical Communication Meters and Sensors Intelligent Transport Systems

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Role of cellular communication

Capabilities to fulfill demanding requirements,

not limited to personal communication

GPRS1998

WCDMA2002

HSPA2005

HSPA +2009

LTE2010

LTE-A2014

PEAK RATE

40 Kbps 384 Kbps

300 Mbps

42 Mbps14 Mbps

>1 Gbps

The extremely high throughput of LTE enables new possibilities for M2M applications.

2G 3G 4G

GPRSRel´97

EDGERel´99

EDGERel´4

WCDMARel’99

EvolvedEDGE

HSDPA HSPA LTE

700

Late

ncy

(ms)

10 msRAN RTT

600

500

400

300

100

200

The extremely low latency of LTE enables new possibilities for M2M applications.

LATENCY

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wireless access generations

The foundation of

mobile telephony

The foundation of mobile broadband

Mobile telephony

for everyone

The future of mobile broadband

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Affordable and sustainable

Key challenges on 5G

Massive growth in

Traffic Volume

Wide range of Requirements & Characteristics

•  Data rates •  Latency •  Reliability/availability •  Device cost and

energy consumption •  Security •  .....

Massive growth in

Connected Devices

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Higher rata rates has been the “flying flag” for each technology step!

Data rates for 5G

› 10 Gbps in specific scenarios › 100 Mbps generally available in urban/suburban scenarios › High-quality (Mbps) connectivity essentially everywhere

Target for the future

3G 2 Mbps (indoor)

384 kbps (outdoor)

HSPA

14 Mbps

LTE

100 Mbps

IMT/LTE Advanced

1 Gbps (nomadic)

100 Mbps (mobile) ?

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Latency / reliability for 5G

Possibility for sub-ms latency with very high reliability

LTE radio-interface latency sufficient in most cases

Very low latency may be required by some ”new applications”

Traffic safety/control Smart grid Industrial application “Tactile Internet”


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2010 2020

Future wireless access – 5G

2030

› Evolution of existing radio-access technologies › New complementary radio-access technologies

New technology components in both cases

A set of integrated radio-access technologies jointly enabling the long-term Networked Society

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METIS project

EU-funded research project on future wireless communication

Universities and research institutes

29 partners / ≈2500 man-month / 29 M€

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

First phase Usage scenarios &

fundamental technology

Second phase (prel.) More detailed concept

development

WRC’12 WRC’15 WRC’19

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Connected Devices










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Connected Devices










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Sensors & Meters Use cases

› Building automation (temperature, light, doors, heating, …)

› Ambient Assisted Living personal monitor (blood pressure, pulse, …)

› Sensors and smart meters in the smart grid (e.g. distributed weather sensors)

› Goods / fleet tracking in logistics

› Agriculture / aquaculture sensors (irrigation, fertilization, cattle tracking, …)

› Smart city infrastructure monitoring (availability of parking lots, full dustbins, …)

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Sensors & Meters Characteristics › Typically infrequent measurements of limited size

› Traffic mainly in uplink (measurement reports), but downlink also possible (configuration, SW update, control)

› Delay-tolerant in downlink and / or uplink

› Stationary or mobile devices

› Long lasting battery operation or with power supply

› Constrained (cost/processing) or complex devices

› Potentially dense accumulation of many devices

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Sensors & Meters Characteristics

› Typically infrequent measurements of limited size

› Traffic mainly in uplink (measurement reports), but downlink also possible (configuration, SW update, control)

› Delay-tolerant in downlink and / or uplink

› Stationary or mobile devices

› Long lasting battery operation or with power supply

› Constrained (cost/processing) or complex devices

› Potentially dense accumulation of many devices

Theme

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Requirement #1: Low cost

Example LTE › Cost reduction of up to 80% possible

– (3GPP TR 36.888) by reduced UE features and performance

› 3GPP Rel-12 WI targeting 50% cost reduction – one receive antenna – data rates limited to 1 Mb/s – data transmission in 1.4 MHz only

› Beyond Rel-12 features e.g. – half-duplex FDD, reduced RF bandwidth

Low-end UE category 1 Downlink – up to 10 Mb/s (64 QAM) – up to 10296 bits transport block size – 2 receiver antennas and reception from up to 4 antenna ports – single stream transmission Uplink – up to 5 Mb/s (16 QAM) – up to 5160 bits transport block size – two transmit antennas Layer 2 buffer size 150 kB

Source: 3GPP TS 36.306 and Dahlman et al. 2011

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Requirement #2: Extended Coverage

Example LTE › 3GPP TR 36.888 lists coverage improvement options for low-rate MTC devices

– repetition with energy accumulation – power/PSD boosting – relaxed performance requirements – simplification/elimination of physical control channel

functionality or design of new channels/signals

› 3GPP Rel-12 work item targeting 15dB coverage extensions for MTC UEs › More aggressive improvement imaginable beyond Rel-12 MTC – Machine-type communication

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Requirement #3: Low Energy consumption

› Operate devices for years on a single battery

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active

time

Transmit

Receive

inactive active

data signaling paging / measurements DRX / paging cycle

pow

er c

onsu

mpt

ion

DRX active times dominate UE energy consumption

What consumes energy in LTE?

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0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 4000

5

10

15

20

25

DRX cycle length (s)

Batte

ry life

time f

actor

Energy consumption

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 4000

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

Energ

y con

sump

tion (

relati

ve)

Battery lifetimeEnergy consumption

LTE: Low-energy UE transmission

Source: Tirronen et al. 2012 & 2013

AAA

6.5 kJ

DRX cycle Battery life Average DL response 2.56s 2.8 months 1.28s 384s 67 months ~3 min

Assumptions No downlink transmission Uplink transmission – 1000 bytes every 12 min – 10 ms synchronization – 50 ms data transmission DRX active periods – 10 ms synchronization – 10 ms reading control channel

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› Currently maximum DRX (&paging) cycles of 2.56 s › Longer DRX can reduce UE energy consumption

› Energy saving vs. delay trade-off for downlink data – Long DRX cycle reduce the UE responsiveness to network triggers

e.g. with 2.56 s DRX cycle a UE can respond on average within 1.28 s –  If UE is delay tolerant for downlink data, long DRX cycles can be used

›  In uplink a UE can transmit whenever it desires – no delay impact

LTE: Low-energy UE transmission (2)

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Requirement #4: Little overhead for small data

› Can we simplify the transmission procedures for small data transmission?

– Connection / bearer setup and tear-down for every data transfer

Connection and security setup

Connection release

server

small data

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Requirement #4: Little overhead for small data

›  Investigation on optimizations is currently ongoing in 3GPP

– E.g. keep UE in RRC_CONNECTED state with long sleep (DRX) cycles

– E.g. simplified bearer handling and lightweight connection setup

keep UE RRC_CONNECTED

keep UE RRC_CONNECTED

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5G research METIS – Massive Machine Communication

› Different test cases on massive machine communication: – Shopping mall (dense sensor deployment) – Massive deployment of sensors and actuators

› MTC scalability and performance – supporting 10-100 times more devices

›  80% protocol efficiency for 300 000 devices per access point ›  efficient random access, protocol overhead

– 10 times better battery lifetime ›  improved UE sleep modes

– 99.9% coverage ›  long-range coverage features

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Connected Devices










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!

!

!

!

Intelligent Transport Systems Earlier research

›  Cooperative Cars (CoCar, 2006-2009) – Basic research on cellular car-to-car

communication using UMTS and HSPA – Reference case: Road Hazard Warnings

›  Cooperative Cars eXtended (CoCarX, 2009-2011) – LTE, session and lifecycle management,

heterogeneous approach

› Mobile networking for ITS has been demonstrated › ETSI ITS has endorsed cellular networks as communication technology for Cooperative Intelligent Transport Systems

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ETSI Standardization

› C-ITS – Cooperative Intelligent Transport Systems – Goals, e.g.:

›  Improved traffic efficiency ›  Increased road safety

› Automotive Messaging Types – CAM – Cooperative Awareness Message

› Continuous notification for ambient awareness – DEN – Decentralized Environmental Notification

›  Event based notifications

Intersection assistance

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Cellular car-to-car delay U

MTS

2009

HS

PA 2011

LTE 2011

AS

WAN

Core

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Cellular car-to-car delay U

MTS

2009

HS

PA 2011

LTE 2011

AS

WAN

Core Delay requirements can be met with LTE (and largely with HSPA)

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How about system capacity ?

Evaluated in simulation study

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ITS Summary › CAM could in theory be supported by LTE networks

– High traffic load and radio resource usage for little new information

› DEN can efficiently be supported by LTE networks – Warning essential to increase road safety – Delay requirements can be met

› Possible capacity improvements – Solution using Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service or Device-to-Device communication

› Other vehicular communication use cases have more relaxed requirements – Remote diagnostics, road traffic management, …

M. Phan, R. Rembarz, S. Sories: 'A Capacity Analysis for the Transmission of Event and Cooperative Awareness Messages in LTE Networks', ITS World Congress, Orlando, Florida, October 2011.

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Intelligent Transport Systems Current research

5G / METIS (2012-2015) › Test Case: “Traffic Safety and Efficiency”

– road platooning (vehicle-2-vehicle) – traffic safety, including pedestrians & cyclists

(vehicle-2-vehicle, vehicle-2-infrastructure, vehicle-2-device)

– integration of wide-area connectivity with D2D and DSRC

– guaranteed e2e delay of 5ms – transmission reliability of 99.999% – relative velocities up to 500 km/h

› Driver: .

Converge (2012-2015) › Concepts and prototypes of

– data and content exchange network (for ITS safety & efficiency data)

– a multi-operator & multi-technology wireless access solution

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Connected Devices










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5G Latency / reliability

Possibility for sub-ms latency with very high reliability

New MTC use cases drive 5G to address demanding requirements

Very low latency may be required by some ”new applications”

Traffic safety/control Smart grid Industrial application “Tactile Internet”


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5G research Metis – Ultra-reliable communication

› Super real-time with guaranteed ultra-low delays › Reliable connections › Relevant for industrial automation and distributed embedded control

› Test case: Teleprotection in smart grid network – based on IEC 61850 substation automation – guaranteed 8ms one-way, end-to-end delay – 99.999% service availability

PR: Protective Relay IED: Intelligent Electronic Device

ETH: Ethernet

PR ETH

Substation Substation PR

High voltage line

IED IED ETH Wireless system

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Summary

› Machine-to-machine communication is a major part in enabling the Network

Society

› Cellular communication will play a strong role

– Capabilities, availability, global market

› Optimization of cellular communication is possible for M2M

– Several activities ongoing in 3GPP

› 5G addresses novel and demanding use cases (e.g. in METIS)

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References ›  METIS, “Scenarios, requirements and KPIs for 5G mobile and wireless system“, project deliverable D1.1, April 2013,

https://www.metis2020.com/ ›  T. Tirronen, A. Larmo, J. Sachs, B. Lindoff, N. Wiberg, “Machine-to-machine communication with long-term evolution with reduced

device energy consumption”, Trans Emerging Tel Tech, 2013 ›  Erik Dahlman, Stefan Parkvall, Johan Sköld, ”4G LTE/LTE-Advanced for Mobile Broadband,” Academic Press, 2011 ›  T. Tirronen, A. Larmo, J. Sachs, B. Lindoff, N. Wiberg, ”Reducing energy consumption of LTE devices for machine-to-machine

communication,” IEEE Globecom 2012 ›  D. Astely, E. Dahlman, G. Fodor, S. Parkvall, J. Sachs, “LTE Release 12 and Beyond,” IEEE Communications Magazine, July 2013 ›  J. Sachs, “Automotive Communication via Mobile Broadband Networks”, ITG Zukunft der Netze, 2011. ›  M. Phan, R. Rembarz, S. Sories: 'A Capacity Analysis for the Transmission of Event and Cooperative Awareness Messages in LTE

Networks', ITS World Congress 2011, Orlando, Florida, October 2011 ›  3GPP TR 36.888, “Study on provision of low-cost Machine-Type Communications (MTC) User Equipments (UEs) based on LTE” ›  3GPP Rel-12 Work Item, ”Low cost & enhanced coverage MTC UE for LTE”,

http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/tsg_ran/TSG_RAN/TSGR_60/Docs/RP-130848.zip ›  3GPP TR 23.887, “Architectural Enhancements for Machine Type and other mobile data applications Communications” ›  G. Jodlauk, R. Rembarz, Z. Xu: 'An Optimized Grid-Based Geocasting Method for Cellular Mobile Networks', to appear at ITS World

Congress 2011, Orlando, Florida, October 2011. ›  M. Phan, R. Rembarz, S. Sories: 'A Capacity Analysis for the Transmission of Event and Cooperative Awareness Messages in LTE

Networks', to appear at ITS World Congress 2011, Orlando, Florida, October 2011. ›  Ericsson, “5G Radio Access”, white paper, June 2013, http://www.ericsson.com/res/docs/whitepapers/wp-5g.pdf

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Potential of LTE for Machine-to-Machine · PDF filePotential of LTE for Machine-to-Machine Communication Dr. Joachim Sachs Ericsson Research. Slide title 44 pt Text and bullet level