Potential of Solar Applications in Residential Buildings ... of Solar Applications in Residential Buildings in the Gulf ... and Qatar are among these countries. 9 ... system can be

Potential of Solar Applications in

Residential Buildings in the Gulf

Countries

1

Energy In Buildings

Athens-Greece

November 9, 2013

Walid Chakroun

Kuwait University

Outline

2

Standards for Residential Buildings

Proposed Changes

Integrated PV System

Pilot Study on PV applications in GCC countries

Case for Methodology Solar and Building profiles

eQUEST Modeling

PV Sizing

PV system for One Typical Residential Unit

Results and Discussion

Conclusions

Why Energy in Buildings?

3

Why Are Residential Buildings So

Important?

4

World total energy consumption is expected to

increase as high as 50 percent in less than a

decade.

Buildings are responsible for 38% of total energy use

– figure increases to up to 70% in some Gulf

Countries.

40% of U.S. Primary Energy Consumption

Source: 2007 Buildings Energy Data Book. Tables 1.1.3, 1.2.3, 1.3.3

Fastest Growing Energy Sector

5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

Qu

ad

s

Year

Industrial

Transportation

Buildings Total

Source: EIA Annual Energy Review, Tables 2.1b-2.1f., June 2007

Buildings sector energy consumption growing faster

than any other sector.

Existing Building Floor Space

6

World Business Council for Sustainable Development, October 2007, ISBN 978-3-

940388-12-4.


Building Floor Space Per Person

7



940388-12-4.

Building Energy Projection by Region

2003-2030

8


940388-12-4.


Motivation-Gulf Countries

Rapid increase in the energy consumption in Gulf

countries.

A situation can be reached where energy production in

the form of oil can barely cover national energy demands.

Bahrain, Kuwait, and Qatar are among these countries.

9

New power plants are built

just to cover the peak hour

demand.

This imposes high economic

and environmental costs on

governments.

Implementation of Energy Standard

10

11

12

13

ASHRAE

90.2

Kuwait

Energy-Efficient Design

of

Low-Rise Residential

Buildings in Kuwait

14

15

Table 5.1 Building Envelope Requirements - IP (SI) Units

Opague Elements Assembly Maximum Insulation Min R-Value Assembly Maximum Insulation Min R-Value

Roofs

Insulation Entirely Above Deck (Cont. Ins.) U-0.048 (0.273) R-20 (3.5) C.I. U-0.093 (0.527) R-10.0 (1.8) C.I.

Walls, Above-Grade

Mass (Continuous Insulation) U-0.080 (0.453) R-13.3 (2.3) C.I. U-0.104 (0.592) R-9.5 (1.7) C.I.

Walls, Below-Grade C-0.119 (0.678) R-7.5 (1.3) C.I. C-1.14 (6.473) NR

Floors

Mass U-0.087 (0.496) R-8.3 (1.5) C.I. U-0.137 (0.780) R-4.2 (0.7) C.I.

Steel-Joist U-0.052 (0.296) R-19.0 (3.3) U-0.052 (0.296) R-19.0 (3.3)

Wood-Framed and Other U-0.033 (0.188) R-30.0 (5.3) U-0.051 (0.288) R-19.0 (3.3)

Slab-On-Grade-Floors F-0.520 (0.90) R-15 (2.6) for 24 in (60 cm) F-0.73 (1.263) NR

Opague Doors

All Assemblies U-0.5 (2.839) U-0.5 (2.839)

Fenestration Assembly Maximum U Assembly Maximum SHGC Assembly Maximum U Assembly Maximum SHGC

Vertical Glazing, 0%-30% of Wall

All Assemblies U-0.47 (2.668) SHGC-0.25 U-0.65 (3.695) NR

Skylight with Curb, Glass, % of Roof

0%-3.0% all types U-0.75 (4.259) SHGC-0.35 U-1.8 (10.22) SHGC-0.35

Residential Conditioned Residential Unconditioned

Opaque Elements

OR

16

Table 5.1 Building Envelope Requirements - IP (SI) Units

Opague Elements Assembly Maximum Insulation Min R-Value Assembly Maximum Insulation Min R-Value

Roofs

Insulation Entirely Above Deck (Cont. Ins.) U-0.048 (0.273) R-20 (3.5) C.I. U-0.093 (0.527) R-10.0 (1.8) C.I.

Walls, Above-Grade

Mass (Continuous Insulation) U-0.080 (0.453) R-13.3 (2.3) C.I. U-0.104 (0.592) R-9.5 (1.7) C.I.

Walls, Below-Grade C-0.119 (0.678) R-7.5 (1.3) C.I. C-1.14 (6.473) NR

Floors

Mass U-0.087 (0.496) R-8.3 (1.5) C.I. U-0.137 (0.780) R-4.2 (0.7) C.I.

Steel-Joist U-0.052 (0.296) R-19.0 (3.3) U-0.052 (0.296) R-19.0 (3.3)

Wood-Framed and Other U-0.033 (0.188) R-30.0 (5.3) U-0.051 (0.288) R-19.0 (3.3)

Slab-On-Grade-Floors F-0.520 (0.90) R-15 (2.6) for 24 in (60 cm) F-0.73 (1.263) NR

Opague Doors

All Assemblies U-0.5 (2.839) U-0.5 (2.839)

Fenestration Assembly Maximum U Assembly Maximum SHGC Assembly Maximum U Assembly Maximum SHGC

Vertical Glazing, 0%-30% of Wall

All Assemblies U-0.47 (2.668) SHGC-0.25 U-0.65 (3.695) NR

Skylight with Curb, Glass, % of Roof

0%-3.0% all types U-0.75 (4.259) SHGC-0.35 U-1.8 (10.22) SHGC-0.35

Residential Conditioned Residential Unconditioned

Fenestration

AND

17

Equipment Type

(a)

Size Category

(IP)

Size Category

(SI)

Heating

Section Type

Sub-

Category

or Rating

Condition

(IP) Cooling

Efficiency

(SI) Cooling

Efficiency

Test

Conditions

Test

Procedure

<65,000 Btu/h <19 kW 7.23 EER or >1.66 kW/ton or

<ARI 210/240

≥65,000 Btu/h

and

<135,000Btu/h

≥19 kW

and

<40 kW

7.06 EER or >1.70 kW/ton or

<

≥135,000 Btu/h

and

<240,000 Btu/h

≥40 kW

and

<70 kW


<

≥240,000 Btu/h

and

<760,000 Btu/h

≥70 kW

and

<223 kW


<

≥760,000 Btu/h ≥223 kW 6.22 EER or >1.93 kW/ton or

<

Through-the-Wall,

Air Cooled ≤30,000 Btu/h ≤8.8 kW 6.67 EER or >1.80 kW/ton or

<

Small Duct, High-

Velocity, Air

Cooled<65,000 Btu/h <19 kW

Split

Systems 6.67 EER or >1.80 kW/ton or

<

TABLE 6.4 Electrically Operated Air Conditioners, and Packaged Units - Efficiency Requirements

a - All units shall operate continously at 125F (52C).

ARI

210/240

ARI

340/360

Electric

Resistance

(or None)

Split

System

and Single

Package

Air Conditioners,

Air Cooled

118.4/80/67 F

(IP)

48/26.6/19.4

C (SI)

18

19

The Challenges

20

The electrical data clearly indicates continuous increasing demands of power.

Variation of electric power demands is significant between summer and winter

All proposed measures from public awareness to conservation measures in buildings to improve performance of the A/C units are important, however the reduction in power consumption has been minimal.

Environmental and health impacts; increase in GHG, outside air pollution and low in indoor air quality

Difficulty in Enforcing standards and codes

ASHRAE’s Vision for Energy Efficiency

21

Energy Intensity

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

1999 2001 2004 2007 2010 2013 2016 2019 2022 2025 2028 2031

kB

TU

h/s

q f

t

Beginning of new approach

0

Propose Changes

22

Standard Should include:

23

Standard should supporting the Vision of ASHRAE for NZEB by 2030.

Standard should address the energy aspects and the IEQ, including comfort, and moisture

control.

Standard should consider the energy aspects of meeting residential water needs

Standard revisions should incorporate requirements that use cost effectiveness as a

significant criterion.

Standard should incorporate field performance metrics to measure compliance during

construction.

Standard should be easy to use and easy to enforce.

Standard should evaluate an alternate compliance path that considers the application of

energy use intensity (EUI) as the energy criteria.

Standard should evaluate the use of renewable energy alternatives in order to be on a

long‐term path towards NZEB.

Integrated PV Systems

24

Integrating PV systems

25

Alternative energy production can be used to offset

peak load demand and avoid building new power

plants that run on fossil fuels.

Solar energy has a very good potential

Characteristics Bahrain Kuwait Qatar

Latitude (° N) 26.3 28.6 25.3

Longitude (° E) 50.7 47.9 51.6

Average Insolation (kWh/m2/day) 5.35 5.46 5.09

Solar energy will help the governments diversify their

energy sources and thus increase profitability from

exporting the oil.

Objective of the Case Study

26

Investigate the feasibility of incorporating a national

grid-connected building integrated PV (BIPV)

system.

Estimate the peak power that can be offset utilizing

BPIV over all buildings through national initiatives.

Perform economic analysis to assess costs in each

of the three countries.

Methodology

27

Simulate building energy analysis using a validated

tool: eQuest software to predict the average energy

consumption, daily load profile, peak demand, and

CO2 emissions.

Input needed: hourly weather and solar data and

building typical plan and geometry, construction

material and layering for the envelop, fenestration

and orientation.

Methodology

28

For given electric load profile, the required PV system can be sized for a given roof area.

Sizing depends on selected PV modules type to be used and the percentage of roof area that can be covered with the PV modules.

Solar data, number of houses, results of eQUEST and PV size will serve as an input to the HOMER* software to study the total energy savings and CO2 emission reduction for one typical house.

Results are the extrapolated to the total number of houses. Economic indicators such as payback period were also part of the analysis.

Use has been validate by Bekle et al23, Bludszuweit et al24, Jamil et al25, Shaahid et al26, and many others as a good tool

to access and analyze the importance of using different renewable energy sources

Methodology (3)

29

Number of Residential Units

30

In the Bahrain, Kuwait and Qatar, the main

residential type of houses are units of around 450 m2

roof area.

These villas are widely spread in the three countries.

Around 108,742 housing units are in Bahrain,

265,500 in Kuwait, and 98,804 in Qatar.

For this study, and since we considered a typical villa

of 450 m2 roof area, the number of villas per country

were extrapolated.

eQUEST Modeling

31

We have selected a designed typical building unit for the three countries.

We entered the typical data for the building envelop, HVAC systems, lighting, and equipment. The data was based on what is available in the market of these countries and as per ASHRAE 90.2 standard.

It is made up of 3 total floors including the basement.

PV Panel Size

32

PV System for One Typical Housing Unit

34

Bahrain Kuwait Qatar

PV

Syste

m

Rated capacity (kW) 32

Capital Cost ($/kW) 1,750

Mean output (kW) 6.1 6.1 5.8

Mean output(kWh/d) 146 146 139

Capacity factor (%) 19 19 18.1

Total production (kWh/yr) 53,380 53,308 50,822

Total production (kWh/m2/yr) 198 197 188

PV penetration (%) 11.6 11.6 10.8

Max. PV penetration (%) 68 66.2 67.5

Hours of operation (hr/yr) 4,394 4,394 4,399

Levelized cost ($/kWh) 0.045 0.045 0.0472

Gri

d

Price ($/kWh) 0.05 0.12 0.054

Grid purchases ($) 410,241 386,606 420,302

CO2 Emission rate (g/kWh) 640 842 494

CO2 Emission cost ($) 30

Project Life Time (years) 20

PV System for One Typical Housing Unit

35

PV penetration percentage exceeded 60% at noon during summer.

For a typical summer day, August 18, PV penetration is highest around noon and during peak load hours where the AC power generated by the PV modules reached around 25kW.


36

To extrapolate the previous results to all villas, the power output and the cost of PV system for all villas combined can simply be multiplied by the total number of villas for each country.


PV

Sys

tem

Rated capacity (kW) 2,319,829 5,664,000 2,107,819

Capital Cost ($/kW) 1,750

Mean output (kW) 442,217 1,079,700 382,042

Mean output(kWh/d) 10,584,221 25,842,000 9,155,837

Capacity factor (%) 19 19 18.1

Total production (kWh/yr) 3,869,765,307 9,435,516,000 3,347,611,259

PV penetration (%) 11.6 11.6 10.8

Max. PV penetration (%) 68 66.2 67.5

Hours of operation (hr/yr) 4,394 4,394 4,399

Levelized cost ($/kWh) 0.045 0.045 0.0472

Gri

d

Price ($/kWh) 0.05 0.12 0.054

Grid purchases 29,740,284,548 68,429,262,000 27,685,012,539

CO2 Emission rate (g/kWh) 640 842 494

CO2 Emission cost ($) 30

Project Life Time 20


37

The savings due to CO2 reduction is not the only positive

outcome.

The investment in PV systems in typical houses will avoid

the three governments from building new power plants to

cover the shortage in power at peak hours load demand.

The peak load demand can reach higher levels than what

the current power plants can handle.

A comparison between investing in PV systems instead

of new power plants, a 2000MW power plant running on

natural gas as an example, shows that the PV systems

will decrease the reliance on the grid during the peak

hours much more than the new power plants, and

surprisingly at lower cost.


38

Daily Power Consumption and generation for all typical villas, (a) with PV system, (b) with

new conventional power plant

The PV system can play

important role to decrease the

effect of peak loads on the

existing power plants.


39

The economic indicators will encourage the governments even more to invest in PV systems and not in new conventional power plants.

After considering a new power plant in our calculations, the payback period of installing PV systems on the roof of all typical villas decreased to 4.5 years, 5.3 years, and 3.8 years for Bahrain, Kuwait and Qatar respectively.


Present worth ($) 7,094,574,080 21,572,149,248 7,230,616,064

Annual worth ($/yr) 354,728,704 1,078,607,488 361,530,816

Return on investment 22.20% 18.60% 26.40%

Internal rate of return 21.80% 17.90% 26.20%

Simple payback (yrs) 4.50 5.37 3.79

Levelized cost of

electricity ($/kWh) 0.068 0.135 0.068

Conclusions

40

The BIPV as a potential source of electricity reduces

not only the impact on the environment, but also the

government investments to cover the peak demand

loads.

It is recommended to invest in PV systems by

subsidizing this clean energy as much as if not more

than what is currently subsidized for conventional

energy sources.

Governments should invest in energy efficient codes

to force people to look into renewable energy

sources and or to finance directly the implementation

of such systems.

Help to achieve Net-Zero Energy Houses

Challenges

41

Many challenges will be faced implementing the

BIPV system:

Low expertise in the field → require special programs to

train the staff to handle the installation and maintenance

of the system.

Retrofits and resistance to change

Thank You!

Questions?

42

Documents

Potential of Solar Applications in Residential Buildings ... of Solar Applications in Residential Buildings in the Gulf ... and Qatar are among these countries. 9 ... system can be