Poverty in the United States: 1995Highlights. x There was a signiﬁcant drop in the number of people living below the official government poverty level between 1994 and 1995. In 1995

CURRENT POPULATION REPORTS

Consumer Income

P60-194

Poverty in theUnited States : 1995

byEleanor Baugher

and Leatha Lamison–White

U.S. Department of CommerceEconomics and Statistics Administration

BUREAU OF THE CENSUS

Highlights

x There was a significant drop in the number of people living below the official government povertylevel between 1994 and 1995. In 1995 there were 36.4 million poor, a figure 1.6 million lower thanthe 38.1 million poor in 1994. See table A.

x In 1995, 13.8 percent of the population was poor, a rate that was significantly lower than the 14.5percent poverty rate in 1994. See table A.

x Even though the poverty rate for Whites (11.7 percent) was lower than that of any other racial orethnic group, the majority of the poor in 1995 were White (67 percent). See table A.

x The addition of means-tested noncash transfers (food stamps, housing, and Medicaid) to anincome definition that included cash income from the private and government sectors (definition14) resulted in 27.2 million people being poor, which corresponds to a poverty rate of 10.3percent. See table E.

AcknowledgmentsThis report was prepared under the direction of Kathleen S. Short, Chief, Poverty and Health

Statistics Branch. Bernadette D. Proctor, Webb Johnson-Leone, and Deborah M. Doveprovided statistical assistance. Frances Porter provided word processing assistance. CharlesT. Nelson, Assistant Division Chief for Economic Characteristics, Housing and HouseholdEconomic Statistics Division, provided overall direction of this report.

David Nguyen and Anh Ly Teitler, Demographic Surveys Division, programmed the detailedtables. Michael Bretz, Chief of the Computer Programming and Applications Staff, CarolineCarbaugh, Richard Denby, and Stacy Masano produced the publication tables.

R. Oscar Perez, Maria E. Reed, and Catherine M. Walker, Demographic Surveys Division,prepared and programmed the computer-assisted interviewing instrument used to conduct theMarch income supplement.

Additional persons within the Bureau of the Census also made significant contributions to thepreparation of this report. Pat Doyle and Jeanne Woodward reviewed the contents.

Sampling review was conducted by Denise Lewis and Don Keathley of DemographicStatistical Methods Division.

Data collection was conducted by the Bureau of the Census field representatives, under theoverall direction of Michael Longini, Chief, Field Division.

The staff of the Administrative and Customer Services Division, Walter C. Odom, Chief,performed publication planning design, composition, editorial review, printing planning andprocurement. Nelsa Brown provided publication coordination and editing. The ElectronicGraphics Staff provided graphic and design services.

CURRENT POPULATION REPORTS

Consumer Income

P60-194Issued September 1996

Poverty in theUnited States : 1995

byEleanor Baugher

and Leatha Lamison–White

U.S. Department of CommerceMichael Kantor , Secretary

Economics and Statistics AdministrationEverett M. Ehrlich, Under Secrtary

for Economic Affairs

BUREAU OF THE CENSUSMartha Farnsworth Riche, Director

ECONOMICS

AND STATISTICS

ADMINISTRATION

Economics and StatisticsAdministrationEverett M. Ehrlich, Under Secretaryfor Economic Affairs

BUREAU OF THE CENSUSMartha Farnsworth Riche, DirectorBryant Benton, Deputy Director

Paula J. Schneider, Principal AssociateDirector for ProgramsNancy M. Gordon, Associate Directorfor Demographic Programs

HOUSING AND HOUSEHOLDECONOMIC STATISTICS DIVISIONDaniel H. Weinberg , Chief

SUGGESTED CITATION

Baugher, Eleanor and Leatha Lamison-White, U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current PopulationReports, Series P60-194, Poverty in the United States: 1995, U.S. Government Printing Office,Washington, DC, 1996.

For sale by Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402.

iii

Contents

Page

Text

Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V

Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VPoverty in the United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V

Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VIRace and Hispanic Origin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VINativity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VIIIFamilies, Family Composition, and Unrelated Individuals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VIIIWork Experience. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VIIIRegions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VIIIMetropolitan/Nonmetropolitan Residence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VIIIState Poverty Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VIIIRatio of Income to Poverty Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XAverage Income Deficit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X

Alternative Definitions of Poverty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIAlternative Price Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIII

Notes and Users’ Comments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIII

TEXT TABLES

A. Persons and Families in Poverty by Selected Characteristics: 1994 and 1995 . . . . . . . VIIB. Percent of Persons in Poverty by State: 1993, 1994, and 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IXC. Ratio of Family Income to Poverty Level for Persons by Selected Characteristics:

1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XD. Income Deficit or Surplus of Families and Unrelated Individuals by Poverty Status:

1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIE. The Cumulative Effect of Taxes and Transfers on Poverty Estimates: 1994-1995 . . . . XIIF. The Marginal Effect of Taxes and Transfers on Poverty Estimates: 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIII

FIGURES

1. Poverty: 1959 to 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VI2. Poverty Rates by Definition of Income and Type of Deflator: 1959 to 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . XIV

DETAILED TABLES

1. Poverty Thresholds by Size of Family and Number of Related Children: 1995......... . . 12. Age, Sex, Household Relationship, Race, and Hispanic Origin by Ratio of Income

to Poverty Level: 1995. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

3. Work Experience During Year by Selected Characteristics and Poverty Status in1995 of Persons 16 Years Old and Over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

4. Income Deficit or Surplus of Families and Unrelated Individuals by Poverty Status:1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

5. Percent of Persons in Poverty by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics:1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

6. Number and Percent of Persons in Poverty by Definition of Income: 1995 (PovertyThresholds Based on CPI-U-X1). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

APPENDIXES

A. Definitions and Explanations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-1B. Description of Methods Used to Value Taxes and Noncash Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-1C. Time Series Estimates of Poverty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-1D. Source and Accuracy of Estimates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-1E. 1994-1993 Metropolitan/Nonmetropolitan Comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E-1

APPENDIX TABLES

A-1. Average Poverty Threshold for a Family of Four and the Consumer Price Indexes(CPI-U and CPI-U-X1): 1947 Through 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-3

A-2. Poverty Thresholds in 1995 by Size of Family and Number of Related ChildrenUnder 18 Years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-4

C-1. Poverty Status of Persons by Family Relationship, Race, and Hispanic Origin:1959 to 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-2

C-2. Poverty Status of Persons by Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 1959 to 1995 . . . . . . . . C-5C-3. Poverty Status of Families by Type of Family, Presence of Related Children, Race,

and Hispanic Origin: 1959 to 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-8C-4. Percent of Persons in Poverty by Definition of Income: 1979 to 1995

(Poverty Thresholds Based on CPI-U) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-14C-5. Percent of Persons in Poverty by Definition of Income: 1979 to 1995 (Poverty

Thresholds Based on CPI-U-X1). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-15D-1. Description of the March Current Population Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-2D-2. March CPS Coverage Ratios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-3D-3. CPS Standard Error Parameters for Poverty, Income, and Nonincome

Characteristics: 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-4D-4. CPS Factors to Apply to a and b Parameters for Estimates Prior to 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . D-5D-5. CPS Standard Error Parameters for Poverty, Income, and Nonincome

Characteristics of Hispanics: 1972 to 1983 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-6D-6. CPS Standard Error Parameters for Poverty, Income, and Nonincome

Characteristics of Asian and Pacific Islanders: 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-7D-7 CPS Year-to-Year Correlation Coefficients for Poverty and Income Estimates . . . . . . . . D-7E-1. Number and Poverty Rate of Persons by Residence Using 1980 and 1990

Metropolitan/Nonmetropolitan Definitions: 1994 and 1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E-1

iv

Poverty in the United States: 1995

INTRODUCTION between 1994 and 1995. In 1995, there were 36.4(±0.9) million poor, a figure 1.6 million lower than the

This report presents data for calendar year 1995 on 38.1 (±0.9) million poor in 1994.the social and economic characteristics of the popula-

x The poverty rate was 13.8 (±0.3) percent in 1995,tion living below the poverty level. These data weresignificantly lower than the 14.5 (±0.3) percent pov-compiled from information collected in the March 1996erty rate in 1994.Current Population Survey (CPS) conducted by the

Bureau of the Census. The poverty definition used in x While the poverty rate of 20.8 (±0.7) percent formost of this report was originally adopted for official children under 18 years old in 1995 was significantlygovernment use by the Office of Management and lower than the 1994 rate of 21.8 (±0.7) percent, itBudget in 1969. Poverty status is defined by a set of remained higher than those of other age groups.money income thresholds that vary by family size and

x There was a significant decrease in both the rate andcomposition. Families or individuals with income belowthe number of poor families between 1994 and 1995.their appropriate poverty thresholds are classified asIn 1995, there were 7.5 (±0.2) million poor families,poor.resulting in a poverty rate of 10.8 (±0.3) percent.The official poverty definition is based on pre-tax

money income only, excluding capital gains, and does x Between 1994 and 1995, the poverty rate decreasednot include the value of noncash benefits such as significantly for Whites and Blacks. There was noemployer-provided health insurance, food stamps, Med- significant change for people of Hispanic origin oricaid, Medicare, or public housing. In the early 1980’s Asians and Pacific Islanders.the Census Bureau embarked on separate research

x The Midwest was the only region with a statisticallyprograms to examine: 1) the effect of government non-significant drop in the poverty rate—13.0 (±0.7) per-cash benefits on poverty and 2) the effect of taxes oncent in 1994 to 11.0 ( 0.7) percent in 1995.measures of the distribution of income. This report ±

contains a section entitled ‘‘Alternative Definitions of x Based on comparing the two-year moving average ofPoverty’’ which presents updated estimates of the incre- 1993-1994 with that for 1994-1995, ten states hadmental effects of benefits and taxes on poverty for statistically significant changes in their poverty rates.1995.1 The poverty rate dropped in nine—Arkansas, Ken-

The comparability of the data for 1995 with those from tucky, Louisiana, Michigan, Missouri, New Hamp-previous surveys is affected by three changes: 1) this shire, New Jersey, West Virginia, and Wisconsin. Newyear the March CPS is based entirely on the 1990 Mexico showed an increase.census sampling frame; 2) there was a reduction in thesize of the sample in January 1996; and 3) people who x The addition of means-tested noncash transfers (food

indicate the ‘‘other race’’ category are now allocated to a stamps, housing, and Medicaid) to an income defini-

specific race category. (See page xiii.) This report also tion that included cash income from the private and

includes poverty statistics on the foreign-born population government sectors (definition 14) resulted in 27.2

for the first time. (±0.8) million people being poor, which correspondsto a poverty rate of 10.3 (±0.3) percent.

HIGHLIGHTSPOVERTY IN THE UNITED STATES

(The figures in parentheses denote 90-percent confi-dence intervals.) In 1995, the number of people below the officialx There was a significant drop in the number of people government poverty level was 36.4 million, representingliving below the official government poverty level 13.8 percent of the Nation’s population—both signifi-

cantly lower than the corresponding 1994 figures of 38.1

1million poor and a poverty rate of 14.5 percent. A similar

For more information on these estimates of the incremental effectsof benefits and taxes on income, see the report entitled Money Income decline was reported last year, when the number of poorin the United States: 1995 (60-193). fell from 39.3 million and a rate of 15.1 percent in 1993.

v

Though the decline in the poverty rate from 14.5 percent their respective poverty thresholds (between 100 per-to 13.8 percent was significant, it is still higher than the cent and 125 percent of their thresholds); 18 percent of1989 rate of 13.1 percent2, the most recent low point the Nation’s 12.3 million ‘‘near poor’’ were elderly.achieved during the economic expansion of November The age group under 18 continues to represent a very1982 to July 1990. Figure 1 shows poverty rates and the large segment of the poor (40 percent) even though theynumber of poor from 1959 to 1995. are only a little more than one-fourth of the total popu-

lation. Between 1994 and 1995 the poverty rate forthose under age 18 declined significantly, from 21.8

Age percent to 20.8 percent.Children under age six have been particularly vulner-

In 1995 the poverty rate for all persons under 18 able. In 1995, the overall poverty rate for related childrenyears of age was 20.8 percent and the poverty rate for under six years of age was 23.7 percent. Of relatedpeople 18 to 64 years of age was 11.4 percent, both children under age six living in families with a femalesignificantly greater than the 10.5 percent rate for those householder, no spouse present, 61.8 percent were65 years and over. About half of the Nation’s poor in poor, compared with 11.1 percent of such children in1995 were either under 18 years of age or 65 and over married-couple families.(49 percent). Table A indicates a statistically significant Race and Hispanic Origindecrease in both the number of poor and the poverty

In 1995, the poverty rate was 11.2 percent for allrate for people under 18, as well as those in the ageWhites, 8.5 percent for non-Hispanic Whites, and 29.3groups between 35 to 44 and 60 years and overpercent for Blacks. For persons of Hispanic origin (whobetween 1994 and 1995.may be of any race), the poverty rate was 30.3 percent,

The elderly are underrepresented in the poverty not significantly different from that for Blacks (see tablepopulation. People age 65 and over are 12 percent of A). For Asians and Pacific Islanders, the poverty ratethe total population but make up only 9 percent of the was 14.6 percent in 1995. Even though the poverty ratepoor. However, a higher proportion of elderly (7 percent) for Whites was lower than that for the other racial andthan nonelderly (4 percent) were concentrated just over ethnic groups, the majority of poor people in 1995 were

White (67 percent) and 45 percent were non-Hispanic

2White.

Revised, based on 1990 census population controls for compari-son purposes.

Figure 1.Poverty: 1959 to 1995

(Millions/Percent)

Shaded areas = Recessionary periodsSource: U.S. Bureau of the Census, March 1996 Current Population Survey

0

5

45

10

15

20

25

30

35

4036.4million

13.8%

1959 1962 1965 1968 1971 1974 1977 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995

Numberin poverty

Povertyrate

vi

Table A. Persons and Families in Poverty by Selected Characteristics: 1994 and 1995[Numbers in thousands]

Characteristic

Below poverty 1995-94difference1995 1994

Number Percent Number Percent Number of poor Poverty rate

PERSONS

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Race

White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Not of Hispanic origin . . . . . . . . . . .

Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Asian and Pacific Islander . . . . . . . . .Hispanic origin1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Family Status

In families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Householder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Related children under 18 . . . . . . .Related children under 6 . . . . . .

In unrelated subfamilies . . . . . . . . . . .Children under 18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Unrelated individual. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Female. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Age

Under 18 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18 to 24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25 to 34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35 to 44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45 to 54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55 to 59 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60 to 64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nativity

Native. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Foreign born . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Naturalized citizen . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Not a citizen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Residence

In metropolitan areas . . . . . . . . . . . . .In central cities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Outside central cities . . . . . . . . . . .

Outside metropolitan areas . . . . . . . .

Region

Northeast. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Midwest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .West. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

FAMILIES

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Race

White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Not of Hispanic origin . . . . . . . . . . .

Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Asian and Pacific Islander . . . . . . . . .Hispanic origin1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Type of Family

Married-couple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Hispanic origin1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Female householder, no husbandpresent. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Hispanic origin1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

36,425

24,42316,2679,8721,4118,574

27,5017,53213,9995,670676400

8,2473,3824,865

14,6654,5535,1964,0642,4701,163996

3,318

30,7625,452833

4,619

28,34216,26912,0728,083

6,4456,78514,4588,736

7,532

4,9943,3842,127264

1,695

2,9822,443314803

4,0572,2001,701792

13.8

11.28.529.314.630.3

12.310.820.223.746.448.820.918.023.5

20.818.312.79.47.810.310.210.5

13.022.210.527.8

13.420.69.115.6

12.511.015.714.9

10.8

8.56.426.412.427.0

5.65.18.518.9

32.426.645.149.4

38,059

25,37918,11010,196

9748,416

28,9858,05314,6105,878786459

8,2873,2765,012

15,2894,5385,4634,4672,3811,1291,1293,663

32,8735,186668

4,518

29,61016,09813,5118,449

6,5977,96514,7298,768

8,053

5,3123,8332,212208

1,724

3,2722,629336827

4,2322,3291,715773

14.5

11.79.430.614.630.7

13.111.621.224.547.750.521.517.824.9

21.818.013.210.67.810.411.411.7

13.822.69.428.5

14.220.910.316.0

12.913.016.115.3

11.6

9.17.227.313.127.8

6.15.58.719.5

34.629.046.152.0

*-1,635

*-955*-1,843

-324*437159

*-1,484*-520*-610-208-110-60-40106-147

*-62415

*-267*-403

8934

*-133*-345

*-2,111266165101

*-1,268171

*-1,439-366

-152*-1,180

-271-32

*-520

*-317*-449-85*56-28

*-289*-186-22-23

-175-129-1419

*-0.7

*-0.5*-0.9*-1.3-0.0-0.4

*-0.7*-0.8*-1.1-0.8-1.3-1.6-0.60.2

*-1.4

*-1.00.3-0.5*-1.20.1-0.1*-1.2*-1.2

*-0.8-0.41.1-0.7

*-0.8-0.3*-1.2-0.4

-0.4*-2.0-0.3-0.4

*-0.8

*-0.6*-0.8-0.9-0.7-0.8

*-0.5*-0.4-0.3-0.6

*-2.2*-2.4-1.0-2.6

*Statistically significant at the 90-percent confidence level.1Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, March 1996 Current Population Survey.

vii

Whites overall and non-Hispanic Whites in particular For the 39.5 million unrelated individuals (peopleshowed a decrease in both their poverty rates and the living alone or with nonrelatives only), the poverty ratenumber of poor between 1994 and 1995. The poverty was 20.9 percent in 1995, not significantly different fromrate for Blacks also dropped significantly. For people of their 1994 rate. The number of poor unrelated individu-Hispanic origin, there was no significant change in the als was 8.2million in 1995. Unrelated individuals accountednumber of poor or the poverty rate between 1994 and for 23 percent of the poverty population, compared with1995. Asians and Pacific Islanders showed no signifi- only 15 percent of the entire U.S. population.cant change in their poverty rate between 1994 and1995. Work Experience

In 1995, there was no significant change in theNativity portion of the poor 16 years old and over who worked. Of

this group, 41 percent worked and 11 percent workedIn 1995, the foreign-born population was dispropor- year-round, full-time. (For all persons, the comparable

tionately poor when compared with natives3 of the figures were 70 percent and 44 percent, respectively.)United States. With a 1995 poverty rate of 22.2 percent, These figures were not significantly different from thethe 24.5 million foreign-born individuals represent only 9 1994 estimates of poor workers. The poverty rate for allpercent of the total population but comprise 15 percent workers in 1995 was 6.8 percent, not statistically differ-of the poor. Of the foreign-born population, 16.6 million ent from the 1994 estimate.people (68 percent) were not naturalized citizens; 27.8percent of non-citizens were poor in 1995. The poverty Regionsrate for naturalized citizens was 10.5 percent. Between 1994 and 1995, neither poverty rates nor

the number of poor changed significantly for the North-

Families, Family Composition, and Unrelated east, South, or West. Among the Nation’s four regions,

Individuals the Midwest alone showed a decline in poverty, from13.0 percent in 1994 to 11.0 percent in 1995. Looking atpoverty rates over a two-year span from 1993 to 1995,The incidence of poverty declined for families betweenpoverty rates declined from 17.1 percent to 15.7 percent1994 and 1995—7.5 million in 1995, down significantlyin the South as well as showing a drop in the Midwestfrom 8.1 million poor families in 1994. The poverty rate(from 13.4 percent in 1993). There was no significantfor families was 10.8 percent in 1995 compared withchange between 1993 and 1994 for the Midwest.11.6 percent in 1994.

Unlike years previous to 1994, in which the South hadWhite families followed the same pattern, showing a the highest regional poverty rate, the West, with a rate of

decline from 9.1 percent poor in 1994 to 8.5 percent in 14.9 percent in 1995, continues to show no significant1995, with poverty rates for White married couples difference from the South (15.7 percent).declining from 5.5 percent in 1994 to 5.1 percent in The South continues to have a disproportionately1995. There was no significant change for Black or large share of the Nation’s poverty population; 40 per-Hispanic-origin families overall. cent of the poor lived in the South in 1995, compared

A decline in poverty rates occurred across all family with 35 percent of all persons. The West claims 24types. Married couples had a 1995 poverty rate of 5.6 percent of those living in poverty.percent, down from 6.1 percent in 1994, while thepoverty rate for male-householder families declined Metropolitan/Nonmetropolitan Residencesignificantly from 17.0 percent to 14.0 percent, andfamilies with a female householder, no spouse present, Between 1994 and 1995, both the poverty rate andalso showed a significant decrease in poverty, from 34.6 the number of poor fell for metropolitan areas overall,percent in 1994 to 32.4 percent in 1995. Female- but this drop occurred for people living in suburbs, nothouseholder families were over-represented among the those in central cities. The nonmetropolitan poverty ratepoor—while 54 percent of all poor families had a female in 1995 (15.6 percent) was higher than the rate inhouseholder, with no spouse present, only 18 percent of metropolitan areas (13.4 percent). Central cities of met-all families in the U.S. had such a householder.4 ropolitan areas had the highest poverty rate, 20.6 per-

cent. In 1995, 45 percent of the poor lived in centralcities, compared with 30 percent of all people.

3‘Natives’ are defined as people born in the U.S., Puerto Rico, or anoutlying area of the U.S., and those born in a foreign country but who State Poverty Datahad at least one parent who was a U.S. citizen. All others areforeign-born regardless of date of entry into the U.S. or citizenship Table B contains State-level poverty rates using three-status.

4Neither of these figures was statistically different from their year averages covering 1993 to 1995. State povertyrespective 1994 estimates. rates ranged from 7.6 percent in New Hampshire to 23.9

viii

Table B. Percent of Persons in Poverty by State: 1993, 1994, and 1995

State1995 1994 1993

Three-yearaverage

1993-1995Average1994-1995

Average1993-1994

Difference in2-year movingaverages

Stan-Per- dardcent error







Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Alaska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Arkansas. . . . . . . . . . . . . .California. . . . . . . . . . . . . .Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Connecticut . . . . . . . . . . .Delaware. . . . . . . . . . . . . .D.C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Florida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Idaho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Illinois . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Iowa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Louisiana . . . . . . . . . . . . .Maine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Maryland. . . . . . . . . . . . . .Massachusetts. . . . . . . . .Michigan . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . .Mississippi . . . . . . . . . . . .Missouri. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Nebraska . . . . . . . . . . . . .Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .New Hampshire. . . . . . . .

New Jersey . . . . . . . . . . .New Mexico . . . . . . . . . . .New York . . . . . . . . . . . . .North Carolina . . . . . . . . .North Dakota . . . . . . . . . .Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Oklahoma . . . . . . . . . . . . .Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Pennsylvania . . . . . . . . . .Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . .

South Carolina. . . . . . . . .South Dakota . . . . . . . . . .Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . .Texas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Utah. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Vermont. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Washington . . . . . . . . . . .West Virginia . . . . . . . . . .Wisconsin . . . . . . . . . . . . .Wyoming. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Los Angeles CMSA. . . . .New York CMSA . . . . . . .

20.17.116.114.916.78.89.710.322.216.2

12.110.314.512.49.612.210.814.719.711.2

10.111.012.29.223.59.415.39.611.15.3

7.825.316.512.612.011.517.111.212.210.6

19.914.515.517.48.410.310.212.516.78.512.2

18.615.0

1.961.281.771.750.761.431.671.722.280.98

1.461.681.730.981.481.651.601.761.901.77

1.591.161.041.442.111.541.761.521.701.32

0.882.080.841.251.660.981.831.660.941.75

2.111.751.830.981.311.701.481.751.771.371.66

0.910.74

16.410.215.915.317.99.010.88.321.214.9

14.08.712.012.413.710.714.918.525.79.4

10.79.714.111.719.915.611.58.811.17.7

9.221.117.014.210.414.116.711.812.510.3

13.814.514.619.18.07.610.711.718.69.09.3

19.814.9

1.871.381.791.830.741.481.851.562.450.87

1.681.551.510.901.791.571.771.992.321.58

1.650.830.941.691.971.961.591.381.491.57

0.781.960.770.911.500.931.901.730.881.78

1.591.601.690.991.291.511.381.602.041.391.73

0.910.71

17.49.115.420.018.29.98.510.226.417.8

13.58.013.113.612.210.313.120.426.415.4

9.710.715.411.624.716.114.910.39.89.9

10.917.416.414.411.213.019.911.813.211.2

18.714.219.617.410.710.09.712.122.212.613.3

20.015.5

1.941.341.812.040.741.591.651.682.670.94

1.701.471.570.941.741.541.692.092.371.89

1.610.860.971.712.121.971.771.481.441.76

0.841.860.760.921.550.892.001.750.901.84

1.791.611.940.971.481.701.341.632.171.602.02

0.900.73

18.08.815.816.717.69.29.79.623.316.3

13.29.013.212.811.811.112.917.923.912.0

10.210.513.910.822.713.713.99.610.77.6

9.321.316.613.711.212.917.911.612.610.7

17.514.416.618.09.09.310.212.119.210.011.6

19.515.1

1.41.01.31.40.51.11.31.21.80.7

1.21.11.20.71.21.21.21.41.61.3

1.20.70.71.21.51.31.21.11.11.1

0.61.40.60.71.10.71.41.30.71.3

1.31.21.30.71.01.21.01.21.51.11.3

0.70.5

18.38.716.015.117.38.910.39.321.715.6

13.19.513.312.411.711.512.916.622.710.3

10.410.413.210.521.712.513.49.211.16.5

8.523.216.813.411.212.816.911.512.410.5

16.914.515.118.38.29.010.512.117.78.810.8

19.215.0

1.61.11.51.50.61.21.51.42.00.8

1.31.41.40.81.41.41.41.61.81.4

1.40.90.81.31.71.51.41.21.41.2

0.71.70.70.91.30.81.61.40.81.5

1.61.41.50.81.11.41.21.41.61.21.4

0.80.6

16.99.715.717.718.19.59.79.323.816.4

13.88.412.613.013.010.514.019.526.112.4

10.210.214.811.722.315.913.29.610.58.8

10.119.316.714.310.813.618.311.812.910.8

16.314.417.118.39.48.810.211.920.410.811.3

19.915.2

1.61.21.51.60.61.31.51.42.20.8

1.41.31.30.81.51.31.51.72.01.5

1.40.70.81.41.71.71.41.21.21.4

0.71.60.70.81.30.81.71.50.81.5

1.41.41.50.81.21.41.21.41.81.31.6

0.80.6

1.4-1.00.4

*-2.6-0.8-0.60.60.1-2.1-0.8

-0.71.20.7-0.6-1.30.9-1.1*-2.9*-3.4-2.1

0.20.2

*-1.6-1.2-0.6*-3.40.2-0.40.6

*-2.3

*-1.6*4.00.1-0.90.4-0.8-1.4-0.3-0.5-0.3

0.60.2-2.10.0-1.20.10.30.2

*-2.8*-2.1-0.6

-0.7-0.3

1.40.91.31.30.51.11.21.21.80.7

1.11.11.20.71.11.11.21.41.51.3

1.10.70.71.11.51.31.21.11.11.1

0.61.40.60.81.10.71.41.20.71.3

1.41.21.30.71.01.21.01.21.41.11.3

0.60.5

*Statistically significant at the 90-percent confidence level.

Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, March 1996, 1995, and 1994 Current Population Survey.

ix

percent in Louisiana. Users should be aware that although million persons in this category in 1994. There were 12.3the data presented in table B indicate that Louisiana had million people who had ‘‘near poor’’ income in 1995 —the highest poverty rate and New Hampshire the lowest, that is, incomemore than their respective poverty thresh-the rates were not statistically different from the rates for old but below 125 percent of their threshold. The numbercertain other states. For example, the Louisiana poverty of near poor did not change significantly from 1994.rate was not statistically different from that in Mississippi,New Mexico, or the District of Columbia, though higher Average Income Deficitthan the rate in the other 47 States.

Based on comparisons of two two-year moving aver- The income deficit for families (the difference inages (1993-94 versus 1994-95) as the best statistic to dollars between a family’s income and its poverty thresh-use to evaluate changes over time, nine States had old), averaged $6,038 in 1995, not statistically differentstatistically significant drops in their poverty rates—Arkansas, from the 1994 figure of $6,270 (in 1995 dollars). (SeeKentucky, Louisiana, Michigan, Missouri, New Hamp- table D.) This amounts to a deficit per family member ofshire, New Jersey, West Virginia, and Wisconsin. The $1,654 in 1995. The average income deficit for pooronly state showing a statistically significant increase was families with a female householder, no husband presentNew Mexico. ($6,407) was higher than that for married-couple fami-

lies ($5,655). This difference is compounded by the factthat poor families with a female householder were

Ratio of Income to Poverty Level smaller than poor married-couple families. Thus, thedeficit per family member was $1,830 in 1995 for

In 1995, nearly two-fifths (38 percent) of all poor families with a female householder, no husband present,people, or 13.9 million persons, were in families (or were compared with $1,427 for married-couple families.unrelated individuals) whose total income in 1995 was For unrelated individuals, the average income deficitless than one-half of their poverty threshold (see table was $3,762 in 1995. The average deficit in 1995 forC). This represents a significant decrease from the 15.4 female unrelated individuals was $3,467, significantly

Table C. Ratio of Family Income to Poverty Level for Persons by Selected Characteristics: 1995[Numbers in thousands]

Characteristic

Total

Under 0.50 Under 1.00 Under 1.25

Percent ofNumber total



PERSONS

Total. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Age

Under 18 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18 to 24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25 to 34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35 to 44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45 to 54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55 to 59 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60 to 64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Race

White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Not of Hispanic origin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Asian and Pacific Islander . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Hispanic origin1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Family Status

In families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Householder. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Related children under 18. . . . . . . . . . . . .Related children under 6 . . . . . . . . . . . .

Unrelated individual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Male. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

263,733

70,56624,84340,91943,07831,58411,3009,78431,658

218,028190,95133,7409,64428,344

222,79269,59769,42523,94339,48418,79020,694

13,892

5,9701,9662,1711,462941441329613

8,6695,5124,425535

3,328

10,0802,8105,5172,5023,4161,6411,774

5.3

8.57.95.33.43.03.93.41.9

4.02.913.15.511.7

4.54.07.910.48.78.78.6

36,425

1466545535,19640642,4701,163996

3,318

24,42316,2679,8721,4118,574

27,5017,53213,9995,6708,2473,3824,865

13.8

20.818.312.79.47.810.310.210.5

11.28.529.314.630.3

12.310.820.223.720.918.023.5

48,761

18,6345,8016,8565,5793,3151,5651,4205,591

33,66323,25712,3851,84610,909

36,84710,22317,8917,01111,1084,3546,754

18.5

26.423.416.813.010.513.814.517.7

15.412.236.719.138.5

16.514.725.829.328.123.232.6

1Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.

Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, March 1996 Current Population Survey.

x

lower than the $4,187 figure for men. A larger proportion the measurement of income or available resources, andof female unrelated individuals were aged 65 and over, issues regarding the poverty thresholds or measures ofa group for whom poverty thresholds are lower than for need. The Census Bureau is continuing its researchyounger people. program on income and poverty measurement and

In 1995, there were 462,000 poor families whose will be publishing research papers on various aspects ofincomes were less than $500 below their poverty thresh- the panel’s report. The results of ongoing research onolds, and a similar number of families (396,000) had poverty measurement will be posted on the Censusincomes within $500 above their respective poverty Bureau’s poverty measurement Internet site atthresholds. http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/povmeas.html.

This report continues the series of experimental mea-ALTERNATIVE DEFINITIONS OF POVERTY sures we have published since 1979. The tax data in this

The official definition of poverty as presented in this report are based on a tax model that simulates taxes. Inreport is based on research by Mollie Orshansky of the all, four types of taxes were simulated: 1) FederalSocial Security Administration in 1963 and 19645 and individual income taxes, 2) State individual incomerevised in 1969 and 1981 by federal interagency com- taxes, 3) property taxes on owner-occupied housing,mittees. In 1992, a panel of the Committee on National and 4) payroll taxes. In addition, values of employers’Statistics of the National Academy of Sciences began contributions for health insurance, Medicare and Medic-evaluating alternative definitions of poverty. Their report, aid, rent subsidies, free and reduced price school lunches,containing recommendations for a new measure of food stamps, and return on equity in one’s own homepoverty, was released in the spring of 1995.6 are imputed.7

Several important issues concerning the adequacy of Text table E shows how poverty estimates changethe official poverty measure were raised by this panel. cumulatively when specific components are succes-These issues fall into two categories: issues concerning sively subtracted or added to the definition of income.

The starting point for the table is the official income5For a detailed discussion of the original SSA poverty thresholds, measure (money income excluding capital gains and

see Mollie Orshansky, Counting the Poor: Another Look at the PovertyProfile, Social Security Bulletin, vol. 28, no. 1, January 1965, pp.3-29(reprinted in Social Security Bulletin, vol. 51, no. 10, October 1988, pp.25-51); and Who’s Who Among the Poor: A Demographic View of 7More information on the methodology and procedures used toPoverty, Social Security Bulletin, vol. 28, no. 7, July 1965, pp. 3-32. estimate taxes and to value noncash benefits can be found in

6Constance F. Citro and Robert T. Michael. Measuring Poverty: A appendix B of this report and in P60-186RD Measuring the Effect ofNew Approach. Washington, DC, National Academy Press, 1995. Benefits and Taxes on Income and Poverty: 1992.

Table D. Income Deficit or Surplus of Families and Unrelated Individuals by Poverty Status: 1995[Numbers in thousands]

Characteristic

Deficit for Those BelowPoverty Level

All families. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Married-couple families . . . . .Families with femalehouseholder, no husbandpresent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Unrelated individual. . . . . . . . .Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Female. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Surplus for Those AbovePoverty Level

All families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Married-couple families . . . . .Families with femalehouseholder, no husbandpresent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Unrelated individual . . . . . . . .Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Total

7,5322,982

4,0578,2473,3824,865

62,06550,588

8,45731,23715,40815,829

Size of deficit

Aver-age

deficit

$6,0385,655

6,4073,7624,1873,467

43,76348,226

21,86620,46324,36316,665

Deficitper

familymember

$1,6541,427

1,8303,7624,1873,467

13,90815,046

7,48620,46324,36316,665

Under$500

462219

202667232435

396216

137838272566

$500to

$999

407185

179896295600

441253

168668183485

$1,000to

$1,999

687285

3541,567537

1,030

886450

3761,438531906

$2,000to

$2,999

626319

2631,071413658

945550

3081,612618994

$3,000 $4,000to to

$3,999 $4,999

655 693281 264

325 379675 552282 254393 299

859 1,057520 691

296 2801,220 1,353543 618677 734

$5,000to

$5,999

661276

343454222232

971621

2761,201486715

$6,000to

$6,999

541194

330583281302

1,029735

238993402590

$7,000to

$7,999

506160

3131,781865915

1,020692

2561,406577829

$8,000or

more

2,295799

1,369---

54,46145,861

6,12420,50911,1779,331


xi

before taxes) that is used to produce the official poverty Medicare, or employers’ payments for health benefits. Itestimates, 36.4 million people or 13.8 percent of the shows the combined effect on poverty estimates ofpopulation poor in 1995. including the value of all other noncash benefits with

Moving successively down the table, the first step disposable income (net of all taxes). The starting pointbegins with the removal of all government cash benefits for the table is again the current official income measure(such as Social Security, AFDC, and SSI benefits) from (money income excluding capital gains and before taxes).income, resulting in a pretax pretransfer poverty rate of

Income definitions that show the effect of the tax21.9 percent. Adding capital gains and the value of

system appear first. The marginal effect of subtractingemployers’ contributions for health insurance resulted inpayroll taxes from income and including imputed neta poverty rate of 21.1 percent.capital gains is to increase the poverty rate to 14.6The next steps illustrate the effect of subtractingpercent. Subtracting federal and state income taxes didvarious taxes from income. Taking out federal incomenot increase the poverty rate significantly (13.9 percent).and social security payroll taxes resulted in a povertyIncluding the effect of the EITC reduced the poverty raterate of 22.1 percent. Including the effect of the Earnedto 12.6 percent. Overall, adjusting the income definitionIncome Tax Credit (EITC) reduced the percent poor tofor all taxes produced a decrease of 0.4 percentage20.9 percent.points in the poverty rate, to 13.4 percent.

The final steps add government benefits back intoincome, bringing the poverty rate back down. Further, Examining the effect of excluding government cash

addition of values for noncash benefits (such as Medi- transfers from the current official measure shows large

care and Medicaid coverage and food stamps) resulted increases in the number of people below the poverty

in a poverty rate of 10.3 percent, well below the official line. Taking nonmeans-tested government cash trans-

level. fers (primarily Social Security) out of income had a largeeffect on poverty estimates. The subtraction of thisText table F shows the marginal or individual effect,income component increased the poverty rate to 21.0rather than the cumulative effect, on poverty estimatespercent.when specific components were subtracted or added to

the current measure of income. Care should be taken The effect of removing means-tested cash transferswhen interpreting these numbers, since the changes to (primarily AFDC and SSI) was small compared with thatthe income definitions listed here would not occur in of removing nonmeans-tested cash transfers (primarilyisolation, without causing changes in other related vari- Social Security). Subtracting means-tested cash trans-ables affecting poverty status. Table F does not include fers increased the estimate of the percent of people inany valuation of medical transfers such as Medicaid, poverty to 14.9 percent.

Table E. The Cumulative Effect of Taxes and Transfers on Poverty Estimates: 1994-1995[Numbers in thousands]

Selected income definitions

1995 1994 1994-1995 Difference

Numberbelow

povertyPoverty

rate

Numberbelow

povertyPoverty

rate

Numberbelow Poverty

poverty rate

Definition 1Definition 2

Definition 4

Definition 6

Definition 7

Definition 8Definition 9

Definition 11

Definition 14

(current measure) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(definition 1 less government cashtransfers)1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(definition 2 plus capital gains andemployee health benefits) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(definition 4 less Social Security payrolland Federal income taxes)2 . . . . . . . . . . . .(definition 6 plus the Earned Income TaxCredit (EITC)). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(definition 7 less State income taxes) . . . .(definition 8 plus nonmeans-testedgovernment cash transfers). . . . . . . . . . . . .(definition 9 plus the value of Medicareand regular-price school lunches) . . . . . . .(definition 12 plus the value of Medicaidand other means-tested government non-cash transfers) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

36,425

57,643

55,558

58,388

55,06155,505

37,176

36,177

27,190

13.8

21.9

21.1

22.1

20.921.0

14.1

13.7

10.3

38,059

59,730

57,526

60,673

57,62457,977

39,570

38,572

29,038

14.5

22.8

22.0

23.2

22.022.2

15.1

14.7

11.1

*-1,634

*-2,087

*-1,968

*-2,285

*-2,563*-2,472

*-2,394

*-2,395

*-1,848

*-0.7

*-0.9

*-0.9

*-1.1

*-1.1*-1.2

*-1.0

*-1.0

*-0.8

*Statistically significant at the 90 percent confidence level.1See appendix B.2This definition refers to Social Security and Federal Income tax liabilities

Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, March 1996 Current Population Surv

before taking

ey.

into account refundable credits i.e. EITC.

xii

The addition of noncash benefits, which include food NOTES AND USERS’ COMMENTSstamps, free and reduced price school lunches, and rentsubsidies lowered the poverty rate from 13.8 percent to The data in this report for income year 1995, derived12.0 percent. from the March 1996 Current Population Survey (CPS),

are the first estimates based entirely on householdsselected from the 1990 census-based sample design.

Alternative Price Index The March 1996 sample incorporates the geographicdefinitions (officially released in June 1993) of metropoli-

Using an alternative approach to adjust the poverty tan and nonmetropolitan residence from the 1990 decen-thresholds over time has a noticeable impact on the nial census.8 TheMarch1995metropolitan/nonmetropolitannumber and percent of people considered to be poor, estimates shown in this report are also based on thebut not on the pattern of poverty over time. The official 1990 census definitions.estimates presented above are based on poverty thresh- Beginning with the January 1996 survey, the CPSolds updated over time for changes in prices based on sample was reduced by about 7,000 housing units forthe official Consumer Price Index for Urban Consumers, budgetary reasons. The sample reduction took place inthe CPI-U. An alternative price index, CPI-U-X1, was seven states (Illinois, Massachusetts, Michigan, Newdeveloped in 1983 to improve the treatment of home Jersey, North Carolina, Ohio, and Pennsylvania), Newownership costs retrospectively to 1967. The methodol- York City, and the LosAngeles-Long Beach metropolitanogy was called the rental equivalence approach. The area. The sample reduction affected the reliability ofcumulative effect of using the CPI-U-X1 for years prior to estimates at the national level and at the state and1983 results in poverty thresholds that are approxi- substate levels for those areas where sample wasmately 8 percent lower than the official thresholds based reduced. The reduction did not affect the reliability ofon the CPI-U. On average, the 1995 poverty rates based those states not involved in the reduction.9on the CPI-U-X1 are approximately 1.3 percentage

A revised edit and allocation procedure for the racepoints and 3.5 million persons lower than estimatesitem was also introduced in January 1996. This newbased on the official thresholds.procedure assigns respondents ‘‘Other (unspecified)

As shown in figure 2, poverty estimates based on the race’’ in the race item to one of the four major raceCPI-U-X1 and the CPI-U show the same general pat- categories: White, Black, American Indian, Eskimo andterns over time. Using the official definition of income Aleut, and Asian or Pacific Islander. The decision to(definition 1), the 1995 poverty rate based on the introduce this new edit and allocation procedure wasCPI-U-X1 was 12.3 percent compared with 13.8 percentbased on the CPI-U. Using definition 14 (which includesthe effect of taxes, cash and noncash benefits, capital 8For detailed information on the 1990 sample redesign, see thegains, and employers’ contributions for health insur- Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics report, ‘‘Employment

ance), the poverty rate under the CPI-U-X1 was 9.0 and Earnings,’’ Volume 41 Number 5, May 1994.9For detailed information on the 1990 sample redesign, see the

percent compared with 10.3 percent based on the Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics report, ‘‘EmploymentCPI-U. and Earnings,’’ Volume 43 Number 2, May 1996.

Table F. The Marginal Effect of Taxes and Transfers on Poverty Estimates: 1995[Numbers in thousands]

Income measures

1995

Numberbelow poverty

PovertyRate

Official definition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Official less payroll taxes plus net capital gains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Official less federal and state income taxes plus net capital gain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Official less federal and state income taxes plus net capital gain and EITC. . . . . . . .Official less taxes plus net capital gain and EITC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Official less nonmeans-tested cash transfers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Official less means-tested cash transfers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Official plus means-tested non-medical noncash transfers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Official plus foodstamps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Official plus rent subsidies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Official plus regular-price school lunch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Official plus all non-medical noncash transfers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Official less taxes plus EITC and all noncash transfers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

36,42538,48836,75433,17135,245

55,35539,40031,73634,31935,180

36,40031,70530,497

13.814.613.912.613.4

21.014.912.013.013.3

13.812.011.6


xiii

based on the rising proportion of the CPS population This report differs from the two previous P60 reportsreporting their race as ‘‘Other.’’ containing poverty data (entitled Income, Poverty, and

All demographic surveys, including the CPS, suffer Valuation of Noncash Benefits: 1993 (1994), P60-188from undercoverage of the population. This undercover- and P60-189, respectively) in that it reports only officialage results from missed housing units and missed poverty data and alternative measures of poverty. Unpub-persons within sample households. Compared with the lished versions of previously published tabulations arelevel of the 1990 decennial census, overall CPS under-

available at the address below for the cost of photocopy-coverage is about 8 percent. Undercoverage varies with

ing. Historical time-series tables are also available onage, and race. For some groups, such as 20 to 24 yearthe internet (http://www.census.gov).old Black males, the undercoverage is as high as about

29 percent. The weighting procedures used by theCensus Bureau partially correct for the bias due to We are interested in your reaction to the usefulnessundercoverage. However, its final impact on estimates is of the information provided in this report, and we wel-unknown. For details see appendix D. come your recommendations for improving our prod-

The information shown in this report was collected inucts. If you have suggestions or comments, please

the 50 States and the District of Columbia and does notcomplete the questionnaire at the beginning of thisinclude residents of Puerto Rico. The estimates in thisreport or write to:report are controlled to national population estimates by

age, race, sex, and Hispanic origin. The populationcontrols used in the preparation of the estimates are

Charles T. Nelsonbased on results of the 1990 census carried forward to1995. Housing and Household Economic Statistics Division

The CPS is primarily a household survey and thus U.S. Bureau of the Censuspersons who are homeless and not living in shelters are Washington, DC 20233-8500not included in these poverty statistics. The CPS alsoexcludes armed forces personnel living on military bases.

Figure 2.Poverty Rates b y Definition of Incom e and Type o f Deflator: 1959 to 1995

5

10

25

30

15

0

20

Shaded areas = Recessionary periodsSource: U.S. Bureau of the Census, March 1996 Current Population Survey

1959 1962 1965 1968 1971 1974 1977 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995

CPI-U(Def 1)

CPI-U-X1(Def 1) CPI-U

(Def 14) CPI-U-X1(Def 14)

xiv

Table 1. Poverty Thresholds by Size of Family and Number of Related Children: 1995[Numbers in thousands. Families and children as of March of the following year. For meaning of symbols, see text]

Characteristic

One person Two persons

Threepersons

Fourpersons

Fivepersons

Sixpersons

Sevenpersons

Eightpersons

Nine ormore

personsTotalUnder

6565 and

over Total

House~holder

under 65

House~holder

65 andover

TOTAL

Number.................................Poverty threshold (dollars) ................

Families in poverty .......................

Persons in poverty .......................

39 4847 763

8 2478 247

28 9297 929

5 9885 988

10 5557 309

2 2602 260

29 7659 933

2 4775 064

20 44310 259

2 0234 098

9 3229 219

454966

15 77112 158

1 7585 374

14 42415 569

1 4726 017

6 23418 408

9754 940

2 18220 804

4652 900

70023 552

1761 302

30526 237

104878

21631 280

1051 026

NUMBER OF RELATED CHILDRENUNDER 18

None:Number...............................Poverty threshold (dollars) ..............

Families in poverty .....................

Persons in poverty .....................

One:Number...............................Poverty threshold (dollars) ..............



Two:Number...............................Poverty threshold (dollars) ..............


Persons In poverty .....................

Three:Number...............................Poverty threshold (dollars) ..............



Four:Number...............................Poverty threshold (dollars) ..............



Five:Number...............................Poverty threshold (dollars) ..............



Six:Number...............................Poverty threshold (dollars) ..............



Seven:Number...............................Poverty threshold (dollars) ..............



Eight or more:Number...............................Poverty threshold (dollars) ..............



39 4847 763

8 2478 247

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

28 9297 929

5 9885 988

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

10 5557 309

2 2602 260

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

26 0109 851

1 3302 779

3 75510 504

1 1472 285

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

16 73910 205

9051 875

3 70410 504

1 1182 223

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

9 2719 212

425905

5110 465

2962

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

5 04411 921

161560

8 11412 267

5481 679

2 61312 278

1 0483 135

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

1 52815 719

50229

2 28415 976

116507

9 61515 455

6792 733

99715 509

6272 547

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

24018 956

1263

67919 232

45257

1 25918 643

129677

3 71218 187

5242 617

34317 909

2651 326

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

4121 803

––

18421 890

1076

37421 439

28186

41021 006

77509

1 05520 364

2511 530

11719 983

99600

––

––

––

––

––

––

1125 088

319

1825 244

219

5924 704

539

16124 328

22156

14423 627

30232

28522 809

91666

2321 911

23171

––

––

––

––

428 058

––

1128 306

––

2627 797

113

3527 350

12101

5626 717

31264

7925 913

27231

8925 076

28231

524 863

537

––

––

133 752

––

133 916

––

1133 465

220

1533 086

23

2032 464

87

31 609

1

30 835

2

30 644

3

29 463

1

2

9

57

1650

36

2777

49

3206

27

1664

1

Table 2. Age, Sex, Household Relationship, Race, and Hispanic Origin by Ratio of Income toPoverty Level: 1995

[Numbers in thousands. Persons, families, and unrelated individuals as of March of the following year. For meaning of symbols, see text]

Characteristic

Total

Under .50 Under 1.00 Under 1.25 Under 1.50 Under 1.75 Under 2.00

NumberPercentof total Number

Percentof total Number




Percentof total

ALL PERSONS

Both Sexes

Total ........................... 263 733 13 892 5.3 36 425 13.8 48 761 18.5 61 964 23.5 75 411 28.6 88 606 33.6Under 18 years .......................... 70 566 5 970 8.5 14 665 20.8 18 634 26.4 22 720 32.2 26 867 38.1 30 540 43.318 to 24 years ........................... 24 843 1 966 7.9 4 553 18.3 5 801 23.4 7 201 29.0 8 660 34.9 9 994 40.225 to 34 years ........................... 40 919 2 171 5.3 5 196 12.7 6 856 16.8 8 844 21.6 10 908 26.7 13 045 31.935 to 44 years ........................... 43 078 1 462 3.4 4 064 9.4 5 579 13.0 7 304 17.0 9 080 21.1 11 008 25.645 to 54 years ........................... 31 584 941 3.0 2 470 7.8 3 315 10.5 4 184 13.2 5 119 16.2 6 122 19.455 to 59 years ........................... 11 300 441 3.9 1 163 10.3 1 565 13.8 1 908 16.9 2 268 20.1 2 697 23.960 to 64 years ........................... 9 784 329 3.4 996 10.2 1 420 14.5 1 797 18.4 2 214 22.6 2 665 27.265 years and over ........................ 31 658 613 1.9 3 318 10.5 5 591 17.7 8 007 25.3 10 295 32.5 12 536 39.6

65 to 74 years ......................... 18 270 287 1.6 1 573 8.6 2 638 14.4 3 799 20.8 4 998 27.4 6 142 33.675 years and over ...................... 13 388 325 2.4 1 745 13.0 2 953 22.1 4 208 31.4 5 297 39.6 6 394 47.8

Male

Total .............................. 128 852 6 091 4.7 15 683 12.2 21 085 16.4 27 202 21.1 33 627 26.1 39 964 31.0Under 18 years .......................... 36 111 3 033 8.4 7 351 20.4 9 371 25.9 11 451 31.7 13 602 37.7 15 563 43.118 to 24 years ........................... 12 402 709 5.7 1 857 15.0 2 390 19.3 3 090 24.9 3 833 30.9 4 479 36.125 to 34 years ........................... 20 390 804 3.9 2 030 10.0 2 819 13.8 3 734 18.3 4 753 23.3 5 789 28.435 to 44 years ........................... 21 273 606 2.8 1 698 8.0 2 363 11.1 3 174 14.9 4 063 19.1 5 046 23.745 to 54 years ........................... 15 324 433 2.8 1 080 7.0 1 462 9.5 1 886 12.3 2 330 15.2 2 776 18.155 to 59 years ........................... 5 513 173 3.1 444 8.1 614 11.1 781 14.2 925 16.8 1 107 20.160 to 64 years ........................... 4 579 144 3.1 402 8.8 551 12.0 725 15.8 870 19.0 1 080 23.665 years and over ........................ 13 260 189 1.4 822 6.2 1 516 11.4 2 360 17.8 3 252 24.5 4 125 31.1

65 to 74 years ......................... 8 213 93 1.1 456 5.6 837 10.2 1 258 15.3 1 765 21.5 2 238 27.275 years and over ...................... 5 047 96 1.9 366 7.2 679 13.5 1 101 21.8 1 487 29.5 1 887 37.4

Female

Total .............................. 134 880 7 801 5.8 20 742 15.4 27 677 20.5 34 763 25.8 41 783 31.0 48 643 36.1Under 18 years .......................... 34 455 2 937 8.5 7 314 21.2 9 264 26.9 11 268 32.7 13 265 38.5 14 977 43.518 to 24 years ........................... 12 441 1 257 10.1 2 696 21.7 3 412 27.4 4 111 33.0 4 827 38.8 5 514 44.325 to 34 years ........................... 20 528 1 367 6.7 3 166 15.4 4 037 19.7 5 110 24.9 6 156 30.0 7 256 35.335 to 44 years ........................... 21 805 856 3.9 2 367 10.9 3 216 14.7 4 130 18.9 5 017 23.0 5 962 27.345 to 54 years ........................... 16 260 508 3.1 1 390 8.5 1 853 11.4 2 298 14.1 2 789 17.2 3 346 20.655 to 59 years ........................... 5 787 268 4.6 718 12.4 951 16.4 1 126 19.5 1 343 23.2 1 590 27.560 to 64 years ........................... 5 205 185 3.6 594 11.4 869 16.7 1 072 20.6 1 344 25.8 1 585 30.565 years and over ........................ 18 398 424 2.3 2 496 13.6 4 075 22.1 5 647 30.7 7 042 38.3 8 411 45.7


Household Relationship

Total .............................. 263 733 13 892 5.3 36 425 13.8 48 761 18.5 61 964 23.5 75 411 28.6 88 606 33.665 years and over ................ 31 658 613 1.9 3 318 10.5 5 591 17.7 8 007 25.3 10 295 32.5 12 536 39.6

In families ............................... 222 792 10 080 4.5 27 501 12.3 36 847 16.5 47 205 21.2 58 082 26.1 68 878 30.9Householder........................... 69 597 2 810 4.0 7 532 10.8 10 223 14.7 13 251 19.0 16 443 23.6 19 702 28.3

Under 65 years ...................... 58 292 2 656 4.6 6 915 11.9 9 168 15.7 11 542 19.8 14 012 24.0 16 530 28.465 years and over .................... 11 306 154 1.4 618 5.5 1 055 9.3 1 708 15.1 2 432 21.5 3 172 28.1

Related children under 18 years.......... 69 425 5 517 7.9 13 999 20.2 17 891 25.8 21 884 31.5 25 975 37.4 29 603 42.6Under 6 years ....................... 23 943 2 502 10.4 5 670 23.7 7 011 29.3 8 403 35.1 9 834 41.1 11 077 46.36 to 17 years ........................ 45 481 3 015 6.6 8 329 18.3 10 879 23.9 13 481 29.6 16 140 35.5 18 526 40.7

Own children 18 years and over.......... 21 990 587 2.7 2 017 9.2 2 828 12.9 3 704 16.8 4 628 21.0 5 610 25.5

In married~couple families ................. 173 966 3 242 1.9 11 817 6.8 17 504 10.1 24 806 14.3 32 691 18.8 40 938 23.5Husbands ............................. 53 570 851 1.6 2 982 5.6 4 495 8.4 6 510 12.2 8 740 16.3 11 138 20.8

Under 65 years ...................... 44 002 747 1.7 2 603 5.9 3 800 8.6 5 304 12.1 6 907 15.7 8 660 19.765 years and over .................... 9 569 104 1.1 379 4.0 695 7.3 1 206 12.6 1 833 19.2 2 478 25.9

Wives ................................ 53 570 851 1.6 2 982 5.6 4 495 8.4 6 510 12.2 8 740 16.3 11 138 20.8Under 65 years ...................... 46 242 778 1.7 2 722 5.9 3 984 8.6 5 547 12.0 7 263 15.7 9 107 19.765 years and over .................... 7 329 73 1.0 260 3.6 511 7.0 963 13.1 1 478 20.2 2 031 27.7

Related children under 18 years.......... 49 811 1 293 2.6 4 971 10.0 7 188 14.4 9 917 19.9 12 740 25.6 15 453 31.0Under 6 years ....................... 17 415 498 2.9 1 936 11.1 2 756 15.8 3 714 21.3 4 791 27.5 5 776 33.26 to 17 years ........................ 32 397 795 2.5 3 035 9.4 4 432 13.7 6 203 19.1 7 949 24.5 9 677 29.9

Own children 18 years and over..........

In families with female householder, no

14 024 175 1.2 633 4.5 964 6.9 1 348 9.6 1 810 12.9 2 288 16.3

spouse present ......................... 38 908 6 286 16.2 14 205 36.5 17 287 44.4 19 741 50.7 22 228 57.1 24 164 62.1Householder........................... 12 514 1 783 14.2 4 057 32.4 5 029 40.2 5 843 46.7 6 631 53.0 7 274 58.1

Under 65 years ...................... 10 884 1 736 15.9 3 836 35.2 4 710 43.3 5 398 49.6 6 081 55.9 6 639 61.065 years and over .................... 1 631 47 2.9 221 13.5 319 19.6 444 27.3 550 33.7 636 39.0



In unrelated subfamilies................... 1 457 397 27.2 676 46.4 806 55.3 947 65.0 1 033 70.9 1 110 76.2Under 18 years ........................ 825 235 28.5 406 49.2 480 58.1 562 68.2 611 74.0 654 79.3

Under 6 years ....................... 240 117 48.8 150 62.5 164 68.0 183 76.0 202 84.1 213 88.56 to 17 years ........................ 585 118 20.2 256 43.8 316 54.1 380 65.0 408 69.9 441 75.5

18 years and over ...................... 632 161 25.5 270 42.7 327 51.7 385 60.9 423 66.9 456 72.2

Unrelated individuals ..................... 39 484 3 416 8.7 8 247 20.9 11 108 28.1 13 812 35.0 16 295 41.3 18 618 47.2Male.................................. 18 790 1 641 8.7 3 382 18.0 4 354 23.2 5 461 29.1 6 570 35.0 7 532 40.1

Under 65 years ...................... 16 130 1 567 9.7 3 002 18.6 3 649 22.6 4 468 27.7 5 364 33.3 6 162 38.2Living alone ....................... 8 004 483 6.0 1 097 13.7 1 373 17.2 1 733 21.7 2 036 25.4 2 369 29.6

65 years and over .................... 2 659 74 2.8 380 14.3 705 26.5 993 37.4 1 207 45.4 1 370 51.5Living alone ....................... 2 307 60 2.6 308 13.3 579 25.1 821 35.6 1 012 43.9 1 154 50.0

Female ............................... 20 694 1 774 8.6 4 865 23.5 6 754 32.6 8 351 40.4 9 724 47.0 11 086 53.6Under 65 years ...................... 12 798 1 495 11.7 2 985 23.3 3 717 29.0 4 392 34.3 5 069 39.6 5 803 45.3

Living alone ....................... 7 096 482 6.8 1 316 18.5 1 680 23.7 1 991 28.1 2 355 33.2 2 699 38.065 years and over .................... 7 896 280 3.5 1 880 23.8 3 037 38.5 3 959 50.1 4 655 59.0 5 283 66.9

Living alone .......................

See footnote at end of table.

7 540 260 3.4 1 777 23.6 2 879 38.2 3 759 49.9 4 431 58.8 5 030 66.7

2

Table 2. Age, Sex, Household Relationship, Race, and Hispanic Origin by Ratio of Income toPoverty Level: 1995 mCon.


Characteristic

Total







Percentof total

WHITE

Both Sexes

Total ........................... 218 028 8 669 4.0 24 423 11.2 33 663 15.4 44 150 20.2 55 056 25.3 65 819 30.2Under 18 years .......................... 55 444 3 344 6.0 8 981 16.2 11 793 21.3 14 960 27.0 18 177 32.8 21 077 38.018 to 24 years ........................... 19 851 1 273 6.4 3 156 15.9 4 104 20.7 5 192 26.2 6 345 32.0 7 369 37.125 to 34 years ........................... 33 487 1 394 4.2 3 601 10.8 4 805 14.3 6 390 19.1 8 096 24.2 9 843 29.435 to 44 years ........................... 35 795 971 2.7 2 812 7.9 3 930 11.0 5 235 14.6 6 616 18.5 8 136 22.745 to 54 years ........................... 26 820 618 2.3 1 683 6.3 2 290 8.5 2 934 10.9 3 680 13.7 4 468 16.755 to 59 years ........................... 9 705 327 3.4 840 8.7 1 162 12.0 1 402 14.4 1 672 17.2 2 027 20.960 to 64 years ........................... 8 491 259 3.1 777 9.2 1 091 12.8 1 389 16.4 1 735 20.4 2 098 24.765 years and over ........................ 28 436 483 1.7 2 572 9.0 4 488 15.8 6 647 23.4 8 735 30.7 10 801 38.0


Male

Total .............................. 107 297 3 837 3.6 10 664 9.9 14 627 13.6 19 484 18.2 24 744 23.1 29 927 27.9Under 18 years .......................... 28 467 1 673 5.9 4 484 15.8 5 893 20.7 7 526 26.4 9 200 32.3 10 779 37.918 to 24 years ........................... 10 035 468 4.7 1 321 13.2 1 723 17.2 2 274 22.7 2 874 28.6 3 356 33.425 to 34 years ........................... 16 933 568 3.4 1 513 8.9 2 088 12.3 2 810 16.6 3 654 21.6 4 528 26.735 to 44 years ........................... 17 919 436 2.4 1 269 7.1 1 756 9.8 2 396 13.4 3 112 17.4 3 894 21.745 to 54 years ........................... 13 076 281 2.1 743 5.7 1 012 7.7 1 320 10.1 1 683 12.9 2 023 15.555 to 59 years ........................... 4 794 141 2.9 353 7.4 493 10.3 602 12.5 711 14.8 862 18.060 to 64 years ........................... 4 032 113 2.8 329 8.2 445 11.0 588 14.6 717 17.8 891 22.165 years and over ........................ 12 041 159 1.3 652 5.4 1 217 10.1 1 968 16.3 2 793 23.2 3 594 29.9

65 to 74 years ......................... 7 409 80 1.1 368 5.0 668 9.0 1 021 13.8 1 496 20.2 1 933 26.175 years and over ...................... 4 632 79 1.7 284 6.1 548 11.8 947 20.4 1 297 28.0 1 661 35.9

Female

Total .............................. 110 731 4 832 4.4 13 760 12.4 19 036 17.2 24 666 22.3 30 312 27.4 35 892 32.4Under 18 years .......................... 26 977 1 671 6.2 4 497 16.7 5 900 21.9 7 434 27.6 8 977 33.3 10 298 38.218 to 24 years ........................... 9 815 805 8.2 1 834 18.7 2 381 24.3 2 917 29.7 3 471 35.4 4 014 40.925 to 34 years ........................... 16 555 826 5.0 2 088 12.6 2 717 16.4 3 580 21.6 4 442 26.8 5 316 32.135 to 44 years ........................... 17 876 535 3.0 1 543 8.6 2 174 12.2 2 839 15.9 3 504 19.6 4 241 23.745 to 54 years ........................... 13 744 338 2.5 941 6.8 1 278 9.3 1 614 11.7 1 997 14.5 2 445 17.855 to 59 years ........................... 4 911 187 3.8 487 9.9 670 13.6 801 16.3 961 19.6 1 165 23.760 to 64 years ........................... 4 458 146 3.3 449 10.1 645 14.5 801 18.0 1 018 22.8 1 207 27.165 years and over ........................ 16 395 324 2.0 1 920 11.7 3 271 20.0 4 679 28.5 5 942 36.2 7 207 44.0

65 to 74 years ......................... 8 898 139 1.6 829 9.3 1 406 15.8 2 054 23.1 2 660 29.9 3 263 36.775 years and over ...................... 7 497 186 2.5 1 091 14.6 1 866 24.9 2 625 35.0 3 282 43.8 3 944 52.6




Under 65 years ...................... 48 698 1 585 3.3 4 551 9.3 6 189 12.7 8 030 16.5 10 009 20.6 12 032 24.765 years and over .................... 10 174 110 1.1 443 4.4 782 7.7 1 332 13.1 1 990 19.6 2 670 26.2




Under 65 years ...................... 38 996 590 1.5 2 116 5.4 3 115 8.0 4 387 11.3 5 759 14.8 7 257 18.665 years and over .................... 8 894 89 1.0 326 3.7 575 6.5 1 033 11.6 1 620 18.2 2 228 25.1

Wives ................................ 47 730 684 1.4 2 435 5.1 3 683 7.7 5 424 11.4 7 388 15.5 9 482 19.9Under 65 years ...................... 40 877 619 1.5 2 216 5.4 3 262 8.0 4 591 11.2 6 072 14.9 7 649 18.765 years and over .................... 6 853 64 .9 220 3.2 421 6.1 833 12.2 1 316 19.2 1 833 26.7




11 554 131 1.1 468 4.0 678 5.9 943 8.2 1 303 11.3 1 672 14.5

spouse present ......................... 23 732 2 898 12.2 7 047 29.7 8 815 37.1 10 331 43.5 11 808 49.8 13 008 54.8Householder........................... 8 284 896 10.8 2 200 26.6 2 802 33.8 3 327 40.2 3 847 46.4 4 283 51.7

Under 65 years ...................... 7 047 873 12.4 2 084 29.6 2 611 37.0 3 057 43.4 3 494 49.6 3 861 54.865 years and over .................... 1 236 23 1.9 116 9.4 191 15.5 270 21.8 353 28.5 421 34.1


Own children 18 years and over.......... 3 974 158 4.0 547 13.8 783 19.7 987 24.8 1 198 30.2 1 432 36.0

In unrelated subfamilies................... 1 180 268 22.7 494 41.9 590 50.0 714 60.5 788 66.8 858 72.7Under 18 years ........................ 658 158 24.0 295 44.8 348 52.8 418 63.6 459 69.7 498 75.7


18 years and over ...................... 522 110 21.0 200 38.3 242 46.4 296 56.7 329 63.1 360 68.9


Under 65 years ...................... 13 375 1 102 8.2 2 247 16.8 2 748 20.5 3 412 25.5 4 157 31.1 4 803 35.9Living alone ....................... 6 676 335 5.0 828 12.4 1 031 15.4 1 317 19.7 1 561 23.4 1 823 27.3

65 years and over .................... 2 361 65 2.8 304 12.9 580 24.6 839 35.5 1 039 44.0 1 185 50.2Living alone ....................... 2 063 52 2.5 242 11.8 481 23.3 695 33.7 873 42.3 997 48.3


Living alone ....................... 5 684 341 6.0 932 16.4 1 213 21.3 1 444 25.4 1 735 30.5 2 006 35.365 years and over .................... 7 112 221 3.1 1 504 21.2 2 531 35.6 3 397 47.8 4 030 56.7 4 635 65.2

Living alone .......................


6 798 207 3.0 1 427 21.0 2 402 35.3 3 225 47.4 3 840 56.5 4 417 65.0

3



Characteristic

Total







Percentof total

BLACK

Both Sexes

Total ........................... 33 740 4 425 13.1 9 872 29.3 12 385 36.7 14 549 43.1 16 575 49.1 18 331 54.3Under 18 years .......................... 11 369 2 342 20.6 4 761 41.9 5 698 50.1 6 453 56.8 7 192 63.3 7 746 68.118 to 24 years ........................... 3 655 546 14.9 1 117 30.5 1 361 37.2 1 624 44.4 1 871 51.2 2 090 57.225 to 34 years ........................... 5 353 627 11.7 1 304 24.4 1 675 31.3 1 970 36.8 2 260 42.2 2 541 47.535 to 44 years ........................... 5 302 384 7.2 995 18.8 1 297 24.5 1 628 30.7 1 932 36.4 2 243 42.345 to 54 years ........................... 3 457 265 7.7 630 18.2 814 23.5 996 28.8 1 149 33.2 1 304 37.755 to 59 years ........................... 1 148 96 8.4 246 21.4 315 27.4 388 33.8 471 41.0 519 45.260 to 64 years ........................... 977 61 6.2 191 19.5 284 29.0 348 35.6 400 40.9 464 47.565 years and over ........................ 2 478 104 4.2 629 25.4 941 38.0 1 144 46.2 1 301 52.5 1 423 57.4

65 to 74 years ......................... 1 482 55 3.7 301 20.3 462 31.2 582 39.3 668 45.1 759 51.275 years and over ...................... 996 49 4.9 328 32.9 479 48.1 562 56.4 633 63.6 664 66.7

Male

Total .............................. 15 739 1 866 11.9 4 043 25.7 5 205 33.1 6 196 39.4 7 128 45.3 7 933 50.4Under 18 years .......................... 5 746 1 205 21.0 2 410 41.9 2 907 50.6 3 275 57.0 3 655 63.6 3 898 67.818 to 24 years ........................... 1 706 184 10.8 408 23.9 513 30.1 635 37.2 757 44.4 890 52.225 to 34 years ........................... 2 412 152 6.3 370 15.3 539 22.3 683 28.3 822 34.1 936 38.835 to 44 years ........................... 2 430 121 5.0 320 13.2 461 19.0 585 24.1 719 29.6 868 35.745 to 54 years ........................... 1 609 122 7.6 263 16.4 346 21.5 436 27.1 497 30.9 574 35.655 to 59 years ........................... 511 31 6.1 68 13.3 91 17.9 137 26.8 170 33.3 190 37.160 to 64 years ........................... 423 27 6.3 66 15.6 93 22.0 122 28.8 136 32.0 158 37.465 years and over ........................ 900 24 2.6 138 15.4 255 28.3 322 35.7 373 41.4 420 46.7

65 to 74 years ......................... 585 9 1.6 66 11.4 139 23.7 187 32.0 208 35.6 237 40.575 years and over ...................... 316 14 4.6 72 22.8 116 36.8 135 42.7 165 52.1 183 58.0

Female

Total .............................. 18 001 2 559 14.2 5 829 32.4 7 180 39.9 8 354 46.4 9 447 52.5 10 398 57.8Under 18 years .......................... 5 623 1 137 20.2 2 352 41.8 2 791 49.6 3 178 56.5 3 537 62.9 3 848 68.418 to 24 years ........................... 1 949 361 18.5 708 36.4 848 43.5 988 50.7 1 114 57.2 1 200 61.625 to 34 years ........................... 2 941 475 16.1 934 31.8 1 137 38.7 1 287 43.7 1 438 48.9 1 605 54.635 to 44 years ........................... 2 872 262 9.1 675 23.5 835 29.1 1 043 36.3 1 212 42.2 1 376 47.945 to 54 years ........................... 1 848 143 7.8 367 19.8 468 25.3 560 30.3 652 35.3 730 39.555 to 59 years ........................... 637 65 10.2 178 28.0 223 35.1 251 39.4 301 47.2 330 51.860 to 64 years ........................... 554 34 6.2 125 22.6 191 34.4 226 40.7 264 47.8 306 55.265 years and over ........................ 1 577 81 5.1 490 31.1 687 43.5 823 52.1 929 58.9 1 003 63.6



Total .............................. 33 740 4 425 13.1 9 872 29.3 12 385 36.7 14 549 43.1 16 575 49.1 18 331 54.365 years and over ................ 2 478 104 4.2 629 25.4 941 38.0 1 144 46.2 1 301 52.5 1 423 57.4

In families ............................... 28 777 3 670 12.8 8 189 28.5 10 301 35.8 12 157 42.2 13 898 48.3 15 392 53.5Householder........................... 8 055 967 12.0 2 127 26.4 2 703 33.6 3 199 39.7 3 661 45.4 4 073 50.6

Under 65 years ...................... 7 165 929 13.0 1 976 27.6 2 466 34.4 2 882 40.2 3 292 45.9 3 659 51.165 years and over .................... 890 38 4.2 151 17.0 237 26.6 317 35.6 369 41.4 414 46.5


Own children 18 years and over.......... 4 199 243 5.8 801 19.1 1 108 26.4 1 448 34.5 1 707 40.7 1 958 46.6

In married~couple families ................. 13 387 355 2.7 1 271 9.5 2 008 15.0 2 825 21.1 3 571 26.7 4 278 32.0Husbands ............................. 3 731 102 2.7 311 8.3 501 13.4 693 18.6 891 23.9 1 077 28.9

Under 65 years ...................... 3 240 89 2.7 272 8.4 405 12.5 563 17.4 730 22.5 892 27.565 years and over .................... 491 13 2.7 39 7.9 96 19.5 131 26.6 161 32.7 186 37.8

Wives ................................ 3 603 97 2.7 305 8.5 490 13.6 669 18.6 855 23.7 1 037 28.8Under 65 years ...................... 3 260 88 2.7 275 8.4 414 12.7 571 17.5 731 22.4 884 27.165 years and over .................... 343 9 2.6 31 8.9 76 22.0 98 28.5 124 36.2 153 44.6

Related children under 18 years.......... 4 195 121 2.9 537 12.8 783 18.7 1 099 26.2 1 380 32.9 1 640 39.1Under 6 years ....................... 1 366 62 4.6 187 13.7 278 20.4 356 26.0 432 31.6 522 38.26 to 17 years ........................ 2 829 58 2.1 349 12.3 505 17.8 743 26.3 948 33.5 1 118 39.5



1 595 29 1.8 104 6.5 214 13.4 320 20.1 396 24.8 452 28.3



Related children under 18 years.......... 6 420 2 066 32.2 3 954 61.6 4 534 70.6 4 889 76.2 5 315 82.8 5 570 86.8Under 6 years ....................... 2 318 988 42.6 1 637 70.6 1 786 77.0 1 888 81.4 2 011 86.7 2 104 90.76 to 17 years ........................ 4 102 1 078 26.3 2 316 56.5 2 748 67.0 3 001 73.2 3 304 80.5 3 466 84.5

Own children 18 years and over.......... 2 357 204 8.7 644 27.3 818 34.7 1 007 42.7 1 176 49.9 1 365 57.9

In unrelated subfamilies................... 207 96 46.2 133 64.2 167 80.7 172 83.1 183 88.6 183 88.6Under 18 years ........................ 127 60 47.4 84 66.5 104 82.5 109 86.1 116 91.8 116 91.8

Under 6 years ....................... 42 30 (B) 30 (B) 30 (B) 34 (B) 40 (B) 40 (B)6 to 17 years ........................ 85 30 35.5 54 64.1 75 87.9 75 87.9 76 89.8 76 89.8

18 years and over ...................... 80 36 44.5 49 60.6 63 77.8 63 78.4 67 83.6 67 83.6

Unrelated individuals ..................... 4 756 659 13.9 1 551 32.6 1 917 40.3 2 220 46.7 2 494 52.4 2 756 57.9Male.................................. 2 373 368 15.5 678 28.6 842 35.5 984 41.5 1 120 47.2 1 265 53.3

Under 65 years ...................... 2 118 359 17.0 611 28.8 728 34.4 844 39.9 970 45.8 1 098 51.8Living alone ....................... 1 024 113 11.0 217 21.2 278 27.2 327 31.9 383 37.5 439 42.8

65 years and over .................... 255 8 3.3 68 26.5 115 45.0 140 54.9 150 58.6 167 65.4Living alone ....................... 213 8 4.0 60 28.3 91 43.0 115 53.9 124 58.4 141 66.6

Female ............................... 2 383 292 12.3 873 36.6 1 075 45.1 1 236 51.9 1 374 57.7 1 491 62.6Under 65 years ...................... 1 714 250 14.6 546 31.8 638 37.2 747 43.6 835 48.7 932 54.4

Living alone ....................... 1 182 113 9.6 340 28.8 410 34.7 479 40.5 530 44.9 593 50.265 years and over .................... 669 42 6.3 327 48.9 437 65.3 489 73.1 540 80.7 559 83.6

Living alone .......................


642 40 6.3 309 48.1 415 64.8 467 72.8 514 80.2 534 83.2

4



Characteristic

Total







Percentof total

HISPANIC ORIGIN1

Both Sexes

Total ........................... 28 344 3 328 11.7 8 574 30.3 10 909 38.5 13 483 47.6 15 665 55.3 17 486 61.7Under 18 years .......................... 10 213 1 662 16.3 4 080 40.0 5 043 49.4 6 071 59.4 6 877 67.3 7 443 72.918 to 24 years ........................... 3 590 448 12.5 1 097 30.6 1 367 38.1 1 690 47.1 1 968 54.8 2 216 61.725 to 34 years ........................... 5 355 559 10.4 1 325 24.7 1 693 31.6 2 164 40.4 2 569 48.0 2 937 54.835 to 44 years ........................... 4 065 310 7.6 942 23.2 1 269 31.2 1 630 40.1 1 935 47.6 2 229 54.845 to 54 years ........................... 2 171 157 7.2 429 19.7 571 26.3 704 32.4 857 39.5 995 45.855 to 59 years ........................... 806 77 9.6 186 23.0 238 29.6 308 38.2 367 45.5 404 50.260 to 64 years ........................... 686 42 6.1 174 25.4 222 32.4 268 39.1 320 46.7 355 51.765 years and over ........................ 1 458 73 5.0 342 23.5 505 34.7 647 44.4 772 53.0 906 62.2


Male

Total .............................. 14 337 1 540 10.7 3 972 27.7 5 112 35.7 6 403 44.7 7 558 52.7 8 596 60.0Under 18 years .......................... 5 252 857 16.3 2 030 38.7 2 538 48.3 3 069 58.4 3 483 66.3 3 823 72.818 to 24 years ........................... 1 857 174 9.4 494 26.6 622 33.5 786 42.3 934 50.3 1 066 57.425 to 34 years ........................... 2 912 264 9.1 631 21.7 826 28.4 1 076 36.9 1 298 44.6 1 529 52.535 to 44 years ........................... 2 022 113 5.6 396 19.6 546 27.0 716 35.4 896 44.3 1 066 52.745 to 54 years ........................... 1 001 57 5.7 183 18.3 246 24.6 305 30.5 386 38.6 442 44.255 to 59 years ........................... 367 32 8.9 74 20.2 97 26.5 131 35.8 160 43.5 180 49.160 to 64 years ........................... 315 15 4.7 65 20.8 83 26.3 104 33.2 127 40.4 147 46.865 years and over ........................ 614 28 4.5 98 16.0 153 25.0 216 35.2 273 44.5 341 55.6


Female

Total .............................. 14 007 1 788 12.8 4 602 32.9 5 796 41.4 7 079 50.5 8 107 57.9 8 890 63.5Under 18 years .......................... 4 961 805 16.2 2 050 41.3 2 505 50.5 3 002 60.5 3 394 68.4 3 619 72.918 to 24 years ........................... 1 734 274 15.8 603 34.8 745 43.0 905 52.2 1 034 59.6 1 150 66.325 to 34 years ........................... 2 443 295 12.1 694 28.4 867 35.5 1 088 44.5 1 271 52.0 1 408 57.635 to 44 years ........................... 2 043 197 9.6 545 26.7 722 35.4 913 44.7 1 039 50.9 1 163 56.945 to 54 years ........................... 1 171 100 8.6 245 21.0 325 27.8 399 34.1 470 40.2 553 47.355 to 59 years ........................... 440 45 10.2 111 25.4 141 32.1 176 40.1 207 47.1 224 51.060 to 64 years ........................... 371 27 7.3 108 29.2 139 37.5 164 44.2 193 52.1 207 55.965 years and over ........................ 844 45 5.3 244 28.9 352 41.7 431 51.1 499 59.1 565 67.0



Total .............................. 28 344 3 328 11.7 8 574 30.3 10 909 38.5 13 483 47.6 15 665 55.3 17 486 61.765 years and over ................ 1 458 73 5.0 342 23.5 505 34.7 647 44.4 772 53.0 906 62.2





In married~couple families ................. 17 854 1 141 6.4 3 925 22.0 5 407 30.3 7 176 40.2 8 672 48.6 9 975 55.9Husbands ............................. 4 247 226 5.3 804 18.9 1 123 26.4 1 525 35.9 1 868 44.0 2 178 51.3

Under 65 years ...................... 3 857 210 5.4 749 19.4 1 036 26.9 1 398 36.2 1 701 44.1 1 971 51.165 years and over .................... 390 16 4.1 55 14.2 87 22.3 127 32.5 167 42.8 207 53.1

Wives ................................ 4 434 226 5.1 818 18.4 1 141 25.7 1 546 34.9 1 901 42.9 2 211 49.9Under 65 years ...................... 4 164 214 5.1 781 18.7 1 080 25.9 1 456 35.0 1 777 42.7 2 058 49.465 years and over .................... 269 12 4.5 37 13.9 60 22.3 91 33.6 124 45.9 153 56.7

Related children under 18 years.......... 6 719 575 8.6 1 908 28.4 2 591 38.6 3 344 49.8 3 961 59.0 4 429 65.9Under 6 years ....................... 2 690 246 9.1 822 30.5 1 102 41.0 1 402 52.1 1 651 61.4 1 814 67.46 to 17 years ........................ 4 029 330 8.2 1 087 27.0 1 489 37.0 1 942 48.2 2 310 57.3 2 615 64.9



1 630 67 4.1 237 14.5 336 20.6 451 27.6 573 35.2 686 42.1

spouse present ......................... 5 785 1 409 24.4 3 053 52.8 3 591 62.1 4 033 69.7 4 366 75.5 4 552 78.7Householder........................... 1 604 354 22.1 792 49.4 953 59.4 1 072 66.8 1 168 72.8 1 223 76.3

Under 65 years ...................... 1 483 344 23.2 753 50.8 899 60.7 1 012 68.2 1 098 74.1 1 148 77.565 years and over .................... 122 10 8.4 39 31.8 54 44.1 61 49.8 70 57.5 75 61.7

Related children under 18 years.......... 2 848 925 32.5 1 872 65.7 2 118 74.4 2 323 81.6 2 455 86.2 2 516 88.3Under 6 years ....................... 1 081 426 39.4 782 72.3 862 79.8 938 86.7 977 90.4 984 91.16 to 17 years ........................ 1 767 499 28.2 1 090 61.7 1 255 71.0 1 385 78.4 1 478 83.6 1 532 86.7

Own children 18 years and over.......... 753 75 10.0 237 31.5 324 43.0 381 50.6 424 56.3 462 61.3



18 years and over ...................... 98 28 28.2 53 53.8 59 59.7 70 71.9 77 78.5 83 84.6

Unrelated individuals ..................... 2 947 556 18.9 1 092 37.0 1 328 45.1 1 533 52.0 1 752 59.5 1 956 66.4Male.................................. 1 800 295 16.4 577 32.1 684 38.0 812 45.1 976 54.2 1 122 62.4

Under 65 years ...................... 1 685 287 17.0 540 32.1 626 37.1 742 44.1 900 53.4 1 033 61.3Living alone ....................... 510 47 9.1 121 23.7 153 30.1 191 37.5 229 44.8 263 51.6


Female ............................... 1 147 261 22.8 515 44.9 644 56.1 721 62.8 776 67.7 834 72.7Under 65 years ...................... 854 246 28.8 368 43.2 433 50.7 485 56.8 526 61.7 570 66.7

Living alone ....................... 386 61 15.7 138 35.8 166 43.1 190 49.2 215 55.8 234 60.765 years and over .................... 294 15 5.1 146 49.8 211 71.8 236 80.5 250 85.1 264 90.0

Living alone .......................


275 9 3.3 135 49.3 197 71.6 219 79.7 232 84.6 247 89.8

5



Characteristic

Total







Percentof total

METROPOLITAN AREAS

Both Sexes

Total ........................... 212 014 11 111 5.2 28 342 13.4 37 594 17.7 47 064 22.2 56 973 26.9 66 919 31.6Under 18 years .......................... 56 472 4 757 8.4 11 503 20.4 14 487 25.7 17 420 30.8 20 425 36.2 23 143 41.018 to 24 years ........................... 20 227 1 569 7.8 3 610 17.8 4 576 22.6 5 586 27.6 6 744 33.3 7 802 38.625 to 34 years ........................... 33 960 1 805 5.3 4 183 12.3 5 501 16.2 6 984 20.6 8 536 25.1 10 183 30.035 to 44 years ........................... 35 127 1 167 3.3 3 178 9.0 4 323 12.3 5 582 15.9 6 825 19.4 8 249 23.545 to 54 years ........................... 25 491 745 2.9 1 920 7.5 2 571 10.1 3 163 12.4 3 847 15.1 4 607 18.155 to 59 years ........................... 8 798 334 3.8 845 9.6 1 123 12.8 1 361 15.5 1 645 18.7 1 954 22.260 to 64 years ........................... 7 478 241 3.2 730 9.8 1 021 13.7 1 291 17.3 1 600 21.4 1 908 25.565 years and over ........................ 24 461 493 2.0 2 372 9.7 3 992 16.3 5 677 23.2 7 349 30.0 9 074 37.1


Male

Total .............................. 103 478 4 888 4.7 12 190 11.8 16 249 15.7 20 567 19.9 25 268 24.4 30 026 29.0Under 18 years .......................... 28 884 2 445 8.5 5 738 19.9 7 282 25.2 8 733 30.2 10 275 35.6 11 726 40.618 to 24 years ........................... 10 035 562 5.6 1 458 14.5 1 872 18.7 2 372 23.6 2 964 29.5 3 481 34.725 to 34 years ........................... 16 990 685 4.0 1 643 9.7 2 272 13.4 2 956 17.4 3 732 22.0 4 538 26.735 to 44 years ........................... 17 327 477 2.8 1 315 7.6 1 817 10.5 2 416 13.9 3 043 17.6 3 771 21.845 to 54 years ........................... 12 326 348 2.8 842 6.8 1 134 9.2 1 418 11.5 1 739 14.1 2 072 16.855 to 59 years ........................... 4 291 134 3.1 334 7.8 447 10.4 565 13.2 670 15.6 805 18.860 to 64 years ........................... 3 485 92 2.6 274 7.9 365 10.5 491 14.1 603 17.3 736 21.165 years and over ........................ 10 140 146 1.4 586 5.8 1 061 10.5 1 616 15.9 2 242 22.1 2 896 28.6

65 to 74 years ......................... 6 272 76 1.2 334 5.3 580 9.2 880 14.0 1 223 19.5 1 563 24.975 years and over ...................... 3 868 69 1.8 252 6.5 481 12.4 736 19.0 1 019 26.3 1 334 34.5

Female

Total .............................. 108 537 6 223 5.7 16 152 14.9 21 345 19.7 26 496 24.4 31 704 29.2 36 893 34.0Under 18 years .......................... 27 588 2 312 8.4 5 765 20.9 7 205 26.1 8 687 31.5 10 150 36.8 11 417 41.418 to 24 years ........................... 10 192 1 007 9.9 2 152 21.1 2 704 26.5 3 214 31.5 3 780 37.1 4 321 42.425 to 34 years ........................... 16 971 1 120 6.6 2 540 15.0 3 229 19.0 4 028 23.7 4 804 28.3 5 644 33.335 to 44 years ........................... 17 800 690 3.9 1 863 10.5 2 506 14.1 3 166 17.8 3 782 21.2 4 478 25.245 to 54 years ........................... 13 165 397 3.0 1 078 8.2 1 437 10.9 1 745 13.3 2 109 16.0 2 535 19.355 to 59 years ........................... 4 507 200 4.4 511 11.3 676 15.0 796 17.7 975 21.6 1 149 25.560 to 64 years ........................... 3 993 149 3.7 456 11.4 656 16.4 800 20.0 998 25.0 1 171 29.365 years and over ........................ 14 321 347 2.4 1 787 12.5 2 931 20.5 4 060 28.4 5 108 35.7 6 178 43.1

65 to 74 years ......................... 7 845 163 2.1 827 10.5 1 325 16.9 1 863 23.7 2 356 30.0 2 860 36.575 years and over ...................... 6 476 184 2.8 960 14.8 1 606 24.8 2 198 33.9 2 752 42.5 3 318 51.2




Under 65 years ...................... 46 719 2 113 4.5 5 376 11.5 7 061 15.1 8 730 18.7 10 539 22.6 12 382 26.565 years and over .................... 8 588 114 1.3 442 5.1 714 8.3 1 117 13.0 1 602 18.7 2 150 25.0




Under 65 years ...................... 34 940 557 1.6 1 928 5.5 2 794 8.0 3 795 10.9 4 951 14.2 6 164 17.665 years and over .................... 7 250 81 1.1 273 3.8 461 6.4 763 10.5 1 189 16.4 1 668 23.0

Wives ................................ 42 190 638 1.5 2 202 5.2 3 255 7.7 4 558 10.8 6 140 14.6 7 832 18.6Under 65 years ...................... 36 585 578 1.6 2 005 5.5 2 910 8.0 3 945 10.8 5 172 14.1 6 444 17.665 years and over .................... 5 605 60 1.1 196 3.5 345 6.2 613 10.9 968 17.3 1 388 24.8

Related children under 18 years.......... 39 705 964 2.4 3 755 9.5 5 382 13.6 7 230 18.2 9 274 23.4 11 191 28.2Under 6 years ....................... 14 220 387 2.7 1 504 10.6 2 157 15.2 2 846 20.0 3 649 25.7 4 381 30.86 to 17 years ........................ 25 485 576 2.3 2 251 8.8 3 225 12.7 4 384 17.2 5 624 22.1 6 809 26.7



11 513 129 1.1 459 4.0 713 6.2 967 8.4 1 318 11.4 1 680 14.6





In unrelated subfamilies................... 1 199 341 28.4 531 44.3 641 53.5 763 63.6 834 69.6 900 75.1Under 18 years ........................ 667 201 30.2 314 47.1 374 56.2 446 66.8 485 72.7 523 78.4


18 years and over ...................... 532 139 26.2 216 40.7 267 50.1 317 59.6 349 65.7 377 70.8


Under 65 years ...................... 13 541 1 270 9.4 2 400 17.7 2 903 21.4 3 570 26.4 4 287 31.7 4 954 36.6Living alone ....................... 6 614 391 5.9 866 13.1 1 080 16.3 1 357 20.5 1 588 24.0 1 848 27.9

65 years and over .................... 2 053 53 2.6 264 12.9 514 25.0 734 35.7 893 43.5 1 018 49.6Living alone ....................... 1 757 42 2.4 202 11.5 405 23.1 589 33.5 734 41.8 842 47.9


Living alone ....................... 6 006 397 6.6 1 033 17.2 1 322 22.0 1 559 26.0 1 851 30.8 2 130 35.565 years and over .................... 6 131 237 3.9 1 339 21.8 2 214 36.1 2 929 47.8 3 489 56.9 3 983 65.0

Living alone .......................


5 821 218 3.7 1 256 21.6 2 082 35.8 2 758 47.4 3 299 56.7 3 767 64.7

6



Characteristic

Total







Percentof total

CENTRAL CITIES

Both Sexes

Total ........................... 79 002 6 689 8.5 16 269 20.6 20 665 26.2 24 880 31.5 29 023 36.7 33 247 42.1Under 18 years .......................... 20 870 3 003 14.4 6 836 32.8 8 252 39.5 9 554 45.8 10 791 51.7 11 832 56.718 to 24 years ........................... 8 715 965 11.1 2 180 25.0 2 680 30.7 3 181 36.5 3 721 42.7 4 267 49.025 to 34 years ........................... 13 666 1 071 7.8 2 448 17.9 3 085 22.6 3 735 27.3 4 450 32.6 5 256 38.535 to 44 years ........................... 12 348 701 5.7 1 782 14.4 2 328 18.9 2 899 23.5 3 415 27.7 4 033 32.745 to 54 years ........................... 8 690 424 4.9 1 079 12.4 1 374 15.8 1 666 19.2 1 948 22.4 2 255 25.955 to 59 years ........................... 2 918 179 6.1 444 15.2 561 19.2 664 22.8 777 26.6 907 31.160 to 64 years ........................... 2 575 120 4.7 359 13.9 488 19.0 596 23.1 688 26.7 819 31.865 years and over ........................ 9 218 226 2.5 1 141 12.4 1 898 20.6 2 586 28.1 3 232 35.1 3 879 42.1


Male

Total .............................. 38 232 2 922 7.6 6 966 18.2 8 911 23.3 10 839 28.4 12 830 33.6 14 898 39.0Under 18 years .......................... 10 690 1 542 14.4 3 404 31.8 4 131 38.6 4 776 44.7 5 439 50.9 5 992 56.118 to 24 years ........................... 4 193 326 7.8 845 20.1 1 063 25.3 1 296 30.9 1 558 37.2 1 833 43.725 to 34 years ........................... 7 043 411 5.8 972 13.8 1 296 18.4 1 605 22.8 1 972 28.0 2 392 34.035 to 44 years ........................... 6 027 260 4.3 705 11.7 931 15.5 1 199 19.9 1 470 24.4 1 806 30.045 to 54 years ........................... 4 153 209 5.0 492 11.9 619 14.9 752 18.1 895 21.6 1 018 24.555 to 59 years ........................... 1 319 68 5.1 144 10.9 192 14.6 250 18.9 281 21.3 346 26.260 to 64 years ........................... 1 145 36 3.2 127 11.1 168 14.6 223 19.4 245 21.4 293 25.665 years and over ........................ 3 662 70 1.9 277 7.6 511 14.0 739 20.2 970 26.5 1 219 33.3

65 to 74 years ......................... 2 207 37 1.7 156 7.1 289 13.1 417 18.9 550 24.9 660 29.975 years and over ...................... 1 455 32 2.2 121 8.3 222 15.3 322 22.1 419 28.8 559 38.4

Female

Total .............................. 40 770 3 767 9.2 9 303 22.8 11 754 28.8 14 041 34.4 16 193 39.7 18 349 45.0Under 18 years .......................... 10 181 1 461 14.3 3 432 33.7 4 121 40.5 4 778 46.9 5 352 52.6 5 840 57.418 to 24 years ........................... 4 523 639 14.1 1 336 29.5 1 617 35.8 1 885 41.7 2 163 47.8 2 434 53.825 to 34 years ........................... 6 623 660 10.0 1 476 22.3 1 789 27.0 2 129 32.2 2 478 37.4 2 864 43.235 to 44 years ........................... 6 321 441 7.0 1 077 17.0 1 397 22.1 1 699 26.9 1 946 30.8 2 227 35.245 to 54 years ........................... 4 538 215 4.7 586 12.9 755 16.6 914 20.1 1 053 23.2 1 237 27.355 to 59 years ........................... 1 598 111 7.0 300 18.8 369 23.1 415 25.9 496 31.0 560 35.160 to 64 years ........................... 1 430 84 5.8 232 16.2 321 22.4 373 26.1 443 31.0 526 36.865 years and over ........................ 5 557 156 2.8 864 15.5 1 387 25.0 1 847 33.2 2 263 40.7 2 660 47.9









Under 65 years ...................... 10 544 272 2.6 938 8.9 1 293 12.3 1 699 16.1 2 086 19.8 2 571 24.465 years and over .................... 2 434 42 1.7 115 4.7 199 8.2 305 12.5 456 18.7 625 25.7

Wives ................................ 12 977 314 2.4 1 053 8.1 1 492 11.5 2 004 15.4 2 542 19.6 3 196 24.6Under 65 years ...................... 11 027 287 2.6 963 8.7 1 330 12.1 1 748 15.9 2 164 19.6 2 666 24.265 years and over .................... 1 950 27 1.4 91 4.7 162 8.3 256 13.1 378 19.4 530 27.2




3 593 81 2.3 246 6.9 359 10.0 487 13.6 618 17.2 795 22.1







18 years and over ...................... 183 56 30.6 89 48.6 112 61.3 135 73.5 147 80.4 147 80.4

Unrelated individuals ..................... 15 495 1 509 9.7 3 472 22.4 4 525 29.2 5 554 35.8 6 488 41.9 7 432 48.0Male.................................. 7 654 742 9.7 1 512 19.8 1 920 25.1 2 376 31.0 2 837 37.1 3 279 42.8

Under 65 years ...................... 6 773 720 10.6 1 381 20.4 1 662 24.5 2 016 29.8 2 417 35.7 2 800 41.3Living alone ....................... 3 235 240 7.4 516 16.0 660 20.4 822 25.4 954 29.5 1 095 33.8


Female ............................... 7 841 767 9.8 1 960 25.0 2 606 33.2 3 178 40.5 3 651 46.6 4 153 53.0Under 65 years ...................... 5 311 671 12.6 1 340 25.2 1 608 30.3 1 884 35.5 2 132 40.1 2 445 46.0

Living alone ....................... 3 040 256 8.4 636 20.9 768 25.2 914 30.1 1 047 34.4 1 197 39.465 years and over .................... 2 529 96 3.8 620 24.5 998 39.4 1 294 51.2 1 519 60.0 1 708 67.5

Living alone .......................


2 418 86 3.6 583 24.1 945 39.1 1 230 50.9 1 445 59.8 1 629 67.4

7



Characteristic

Total







Percentof total

METROPOLITAN, NOT IN CENTRALCITIES

Both Sexes

Total ........................... 133 012 4 422 3.3 12 072 9.1 16 928 12.7 22 183 16.7 27 950 21.0 33 672 25.3Under 18 years .......................... 35 602 1 754 4.9 4 667 13.1 6 235 17.5 7 866 22.1 9 634 27.1 11 311 31.818 to 24 years ........................... 11 512 604 5.2 1 430 12.4 1 896 16.5 2 405 20.9 3 023 26.3 3 535 30.725 to 34 years ........................... 20 295 735 3.6 1 735 8.5 2 416 11.9 3 250 16.0 4 086 20.1 4 927 24.335 to 44 years ........................... 22 779 466 2.0 1 395 6.1 1 995 8.8 2 684 11.8 3 410 15.0 4 215 18.545 to 54 years ........................... 16 800 320 1.9 841 5.0 1 197 7.1 1 497 8.9 1 899 11.3 2 352 14.055 to 59 years ........................... 5 880 155 2.6 401 6.8 562 9.6 696 11.8 869 14.8 1 047 17.860 to 64 years ........................... 4 903 121 2.5 371 7.6 533 10.9 695 14.2 913 18.6 1 089 22.265 years and over ........................ 15 243 267 1.7 1 231 8.1 2 094 13.7 3 091 20.3 4 117 27.0 5 196 34.1

65 to 74 years ......................... 8 963 130 1.4 604 6.7 991 11.1 1 477 16.5 1 980 22.1 2 546 28.475 years and over ......................

Male

6 280 137 2.2 627 10.0 1 104 17.6 1 614 25.7 2 137 34.0 2 649 42.2

Total .............................. 65 246 1 966 3.0 5 224 8.0 7 338 11.2 9 728 14.9 12 438 19.1 15 128 23.2Under 18 years .......................... 18 194 902 5.0 2 334 12.8 3 151 17.3 3 957 21.7 4 836 26.6 5 734 31.518 to 24 years ........................... 5 842 236 4.0 614 10.5 809 13.9 1 075 18.4 1 406 24.1 1 648 28.225 to 34 years ........................... 9 947 275 2.8 671 6.7 976 9.8 1 351 13.6 1 760 17.7 2 147 21.635 to 44 years ........................... 11 300 217 1.9 610 5.4 886 7.8 1 217 10.8 1 574 13.9 1 965 17.445 to 54 years ........................... 8 173 138 1.7 349 4.3 515 6.3 667 8.2 844 10.3 1 054 12.955 to 59 years ........................... 2 972 66 2.2 190 6.4 255 8.6 315 10.6 389 13.1 459 15.460 to 64 years ........................... 2 340 56 2.4 147 6.3 197 8.4 268 11.5 358 15.3 443 18.965 years and over ........................ 6 478 76 1.2 309 4.8 550 8.5 878 13.5 1 272 19.6 1 678 25.9

65 to 74 years ......................... 4 065 39 1.0 177 4.4 291 7.2 464 11.4 672 16.5 902 22.275 years and over ......................

Female

2 413 37 1.5 131 5.4 259 10.7 414 17.2 600 24.9 775 32.1

Total .............................. 67 767 2 456 3.6 6 849 10.1 9 590 14.2 12 456 18.4 15 512 22.9 18 544 27.4Under 18 years .......................... 17 408 852 4.9 2 333 13.4 3 084 17.7 3 909 22.5 4 798 27.6 5 577 32.018 to 24 years ........................... 5 670 368 6.5 816 14.4 1 086 19.2 1 329 23.4 1 617 28.5 1 887 33.325 to 34 years ........................... 10 348 460 4.4 1 064 10.3 1 440 13.9 1 899 18.3 2 326 22.5 2 780 26.935 to 44 years ........................... 11 479 249 2.2 785 6.8 1 109 9.7 1 467 12.8 1 836 16.0 2 250 19.645 to 54 years ........................... 8 627 182 2.1 492 5.7 683 7.9 831 9.6 1 056 12.2 1 297 15.055 to 59 years ........................... 2 908 89 3.0 211 7.3 308 10.6 381 13.1 480 16.5 588 20.260 to 64 years ........................... 2 563 66 2.6 224 8.7 336 13.1 426 16.6 555 21.6 646 25.265 years and over ........................ 8 765 191 2.2 923 10.5 1 544 17.6 2 213 25.2 2 845 32.5 3 518 40.1

65 to 74 years ......................... 4 898 91 1.9 427 8.7 700 14.3 1 013 20.7 1 308 26.7 1 644 33.675 years and over ......................


3 867 100 2.6 496 12.8 845 21.8 1 200 31.0 1 537 39.8 1 874 48.5



Under 65 years ...................... 30 394 810 2.7 2 261 7.4 3 159 10.4 4 107 13.5 5 177 17.0 6 229 20.565 years and over .................... 5 520 47 .9 216 3.9 348 6.3 592 10.7 893 16.2 1 247 22.6




Under 65 years ...................... 24 396 285 1.2 990 4.1 1 501 6.2 2 096 8.6 2 865 11.7 3 593 14.765 years and over .................... 4 816 39 .8 159 3.3 262 5.4 458 9.5 733 15.2 1 043 21.7

Wives ................................ 29 212 324 1.1 1 149 3.9 1 763 6.0 2 554 8.7 3 597 12.3 4 636 15.9Under 65 years ...................... 25 557 291 1.1 1 043 4.1 1 580 6.2 2 196 8.6 3 008 11.8 3 778 14.865 years and over .................... 3 655 32 .9 106 2.9 183 5.0 358 9.8 589 16.1 858 23.5




7 921 48 .6 213 2.7 354 4.5 480 6.1 700 8.8 885 11.2




Own children 18 years and over.......... 2 750 85 3.1 305 11.1 438 15.9 616 22.4 727 26.4 906 32.9



18 years and over ...................... 349 83 23.8 128 36.5 154 44.2 183 52.3 202 58.0 230 65.8


Under 65 years ...................... 6 768 550 8.1 1 019 15.1 1 242 18.3 1 554 23.0 1 871 27.6 2 154 31.8Living alone ....................... 3 379 150 4.4 349 10.3 420 12.4 536 15.9 634 18.8 753 22.3

65 years and over .................... 1 172 32 2.7 134 11.4 256 21.8 373 31.8 472 40.3 539 45.9Living alone ....................... 999 22 2.2 95 9.5 200 20.0 302 30.2 390 39.0 447 44.7


Living alone ....................... 2 966 141 4.8 396 13.4 554 18.7 645 21.7 804 27.1 933 31.565 years and over .................... 3 602 141 3.9 719 20.0 1 216 33.8 1 635 45.4 1 970 54.7 2 275 63.2

Living alone .......................


3 403 132 3.9 673 19.8 1 137 33.4 1 528 44.9 1 854 54.5 2 138 62.8

8



Characteristic

Total







Percentof total

OUTSIDE METROPOLITAN

Both Sexes

Total ........................... 51 718 2 781 5.4 8 083 15.6 11 168 21.6 14 901 28.8 18 438 35.7 21 687 41.9Under 18 years .......................... 14 094 1 213 8.6 3 162 22.4 4 147 29.4 5 300 37.6 6 442 45.7 7 397 52.518 to 24 years ........................... 4 616 397 8.6 943 20.4 1 226 26.6 1 615 35.0 1 916 41.5 2 192 47.525 to 34 years ........................... 6 958 366 5.3 1 013 14.6 1 356 19.5 1 860 26.7 2 372 34.1 2 862 41.135 to 44 years ........................... 7 951 294 3.7 886 11.1 1 256 15.8 1 721 21.7 2 255 28.4 2 759 34.745 to 54 years ........................... 6 093 196 3.2 551 9.0 744 12.2 1 021 16.8 1 272 20.9 1 515 24.955 to 59 years ........................... 2 503 107 4.3 317 12.7 442 17.7 547 21.9 623 24.9 743 29.760 to 64 years ........................... 2 306 88 3.8 266 11.5 398 17.3 506 21.9 614 26.6 757 32.865 years and over ........................ 7 197 120 1.7 946 13.1 1 599 22.2 2 330 32.4 2 945 40.9 3 462 48.1


Male

Total .............................. 25 375 1 203 4.7 3 492 13.8 4 836 19.1 6 634 26.1 8 359 32.9 9 937 39.2Under 18 years .......................... 7 227 588 8.1 1 612 22.3 2 089 28.9 2 719 37.6 3 326 46.0 3 837 53.118 to 24 years ........................... 2 367 147 6.2 398 16.8 518 21.9 718 30.3 870 36.7 998 42.225 to 34 years ........................... 3 400 119 3.5 387 11.4 547 16.1 778 22.9 1 020 30.0 1 250 36.835 to 44 years ........................... 3 946 129 3.3 382 9.7 546 13.8 758 19.2 1 019 25.8 1 275 32.345 to 54 years ........................... 2 998 85 2.8 238 7.9 328 10.9 468 15.6 591 19.7 704 23.555 to 59 years ........................... 1 222 39 3.2 110 9.0 167 13.7 217 17.7 255 20.8 302 24.760 to 64 years ........................... 1 094 52 4.7 128 11.7 186 17.0 234 21.4 267 24.4 343 31.465 years and over ........................ 3 120 43 1.4 236 7.6 455 14.6 743 23.8 1 011 32.4 1 229 39.4

65 to 74 years ......................... 1 941 17 .9 123 6.3 257 13.2 378 19.5 543 28.0 675 34.875 years and over ...................... 1 180 26 2.2 113 9.6 198 16.8 366 31.0 468 39.7 553 46.9

Female

Total .............................. 26 343 1 578 6.0 4 590 17.4 6 332 24.0 8 266 31.4 10 079 38.3 11 749 44.6Under 18 years .......................... 6 867 625 9.1 1 549 22.6 2 058 30.0 2 581 37.6 3 115 45.4 3 560 51.818 to 24 years ........................... 2 249 250 11.1 545 24.2 708 31.5 897 39.9 1 047 46.6 1 193 53.125 to 34 years ........................... 3 558 247 6.9 626 17.6 808 22.7 1 082 30.4 1 351 38.0 1 612 45.335 to 44 years ........................... 4 005 165 4.1 504 12.6 710 17.7 964 24.1 1 236 30.9 1 485 37.145 to 54 years ........................... 3 096 111 3.6 312 10.1 416 13.4 553 17.9 681 22.0 811 26.255 to 59 years ........................... 1 281 68 5.3 207 16.2 275 21.5 330 25.8 368 28.7 441 34.560 to 64 years ........................... 1 212 36 3.0 138 11.4 212 17.5 272 22.4 346 28.6 414 34.165 years and over ........................ 4 077 77 1.9 709 17.4 1 144 28.1 1 587 38.9 1 935 47.5 2 233 54.8

65 to 74 years ......................... 2 212 31 1.4 290 13.1 476 21.5 678 30.6 877 39.7 1 044 47.275 years and over ...................... 1 865 45 2.4 419 22.5 668 35.8 909 48.7 1 057 56.7 1 189 63.8


Total .............................. 51 718 2 781 5.4 8 083 15.6 11 168 21.6 14 901 28.8 18 438 35.7 21 687 41.965 years and over ................ 7 197 120 1.7 946 13.1 1 599 22.2 2 330 32.4 2 945 40.9 3 462 48.1


Under 65 years ...................... 11 573 543 4.7 1 538 13.3 2 107 18.2 2 813 24.3 3 473 30.0 4 148 35.865 years and over .................... 2 718 39 1.4 175 6.5 341 12.6 591 21.8 829 30.5 1 022 37.6



In married~couple families ................. 35 807 810 2.3 2 979 8.3 4 577 12.8 7 044 19.7 9 256 25.9 11 601 32.4Husbands ............................. 11 381 213 1.9 780 6.9 1 240 10.9 1 952 17.2 2 601 22.9 3 306 29.1

Under 65 years ...................... 9 062 190 2.1 675 7.4 1 006 11.1 1 509 16.7 1 956 21.6 2 496 27.565 years and over .................... 2 319 23 1.0 105 4.5 234 10.1 443 19.1 645 27.8 810 34.9

Wives ................................ 11 381 213 1.9 780 6.9 1 240 10.9 1 952 17.2 2 601 22.9 3 306 29.1Under 65 years ...................... 9 657 199 2.1 716 7.4 1 074 11.1 1 603 16.6 2 091 21.7 2 663 27.665 years and over .................... 1 724 14 .8 64 3.7 166 9.6 349 20.3 510 29.6 643 37.3

Related children under 18 years.......... 10 106 329 3.3 1 215 12.0 1 806 17.9 2 687 26.6 3 466 34.3 4 262 42.2Under 6 years ....................... 3 195 111 3.5 431 13.5 599 18.7 868 27.2 1 141 35.7 1 395 43.76 to 17 years ........................ 6 912 218 3.2 784 11.3 1 207 17.5 1 819 26.3 2 325 33.6 2 867 41.5



2 511 46 1.8 174 6.9 252 10.0 382 15.2 492 19.6 608 24.2

spouse present ......................... 7 053 1 204 17.1 2 770 39.3 3 477 49.3 4 060 57.6 4 701 66.6 5 055 71.7Householder........................... 2 272 343 15.1 821 36.1 1 047 46.1 1 251 55.1 1 450 63.8 1 570 69.1


Related children under 18 years.......... 3 147 756 24.0 1 636 52.0 1 968 62.5 2 199 69.9 2 485 79.0 2 606 82.8Under 6 years ....................... 1 020 388 38.0 661 64.8 753 73.8 813 79.7 900 88.2 924 90.66 to 17 years ........................ 2 127 368 17.3 975 45.8 1 215 57.1 1 386 65.2 1 585 74.5 1 683 79.1




18 years and over ...................... 100 22 22.2 54 53.7 60 60.1 67 67.6 73 73.5 79 79.4

Unrelated individuals ..................... 6 911 640 9.3 1 881 27.2 2 514 36.4 3 084 44.6 3 586 51.9 4 019 58.2Male.................................. 3 195 318 9.9 718 22.5 937 29.3 1 158 36.2 1 390 43.5 1 560 48.8

Under 65 years ...................... 2 589 297 11.5 602 23.3 745 28.8 898 34.7 1 076 41.6 1 208 46.7Living alone ....................... 1 390 93 6.7 231 16.6 293 21.1 376 27.0 448 32.3 521 37.5


Female ............................... 3 715 323 8.7 1 164 31.3 1 577 42.5 1 927 51.9 2 195 59.1 2 459 66.2Under 65 years ...................... 1 951 280 14.4 622 31.9 754 38.7 896 46.0 1 029 52.7 1 159 59.4

Living alone ....................... 1 090 85 7.8 283 26.0 358 32.9 432 39.6 504 46.2 569 52.265 years and over .................... 1 765 43 2.4 542 30.7 823 46.6 1 030 58.4 1 167 66.1 1 300 73.7

Living alone .......................


1 719 42 2.5 521 30.3 797 46.4 1 001 58.2 1 132 65.9 1 263 73.5

9



Characteristic

Total







Percentof total

NORTHEAST

Both Sexes

Total ........................... 51 429 2 696 5.2 6 445 12.5 8 502 16.5 10 835 21.1 13 067 25.4 15 357 29.9Under 18 years .......................... 13 059 1 120 8.6 2 477 19.0 3 069 23.5 3 762 28.8 4 386 33.6 4 993 38.218 to 24 years ........................... 4 480 361 8.0 727 16.2 912 20.3 1 111 24.8 1 310 29.2 1 535 34.325 to 34 years ........................... 7 985 451 5.7 936 11.7 1 230 15.4 1 545 19.4 1 839 23.0 2 229 27.935 to 44 years ........................... 8 545 305 3.6 754 8.8 1 024 12.0 1 318 15.4 1 610 18.8 1 913 22.445 to 54 years ........................... 6 356 187 2.9 450 7.1 588 9.2 742 11.7 939 14.8 1 123 17.755 to 59 years ........................... 2 302 94 4.1 219 9.5 310 13.5 363 15.8 425 18.5 501 21.760 to 64 years ........................... 1 884 51 2.7 191 10.1 256 13.6 314 16.7 391 20.8 458 24.365 years and over ........................ 6 817 127 1.9 690 10.1 1 114 16.3 1 680 24.6 2 167 31.8 2 606 38.2


Male

Total .............................. 24 928 1 221 4.9 2 769 11.1 3 638 14.6 4 667 18.7 5 653 22.7 6 746 27.1Under 18 years .......................... 6 677 590 8.8 1 295 19.4 1 595 23.9 1 916 28.7 2 225 33.3 2 555 38.318 to 24 years ........................... 2 296 156 6.8 300 13.1 386 16.8 472 20.6 559 24.4 677 29.525 to 34 years ........................... 3 992 181 4.5 360 9.0 501 12.5 664 16.6 816 20.4 992 24.835 to 44 years ........................... 4 093 133 3.2 316 7.7 431 10.5 562 13.7 690 16.9 849 20.745 to 54 years ........................... 3 113 86 2.8 195 6.3 259 8.3 344 11.0 424 13.6 522 16.855 to 59 years ........................... 1 090 25 2.3 69 6.3 102 9.4 128 11.7 149 13.7 174 15.960 to 64 years ........................... 851 13 1.5 65 7.7 85 10.0 107 12.5 135 15.9 165 19.465 years and over ........................ 2 816 37 1.3 171 6.1 278 9.9 473 16.8 653 23.2 813 28.9


Female

Total .............................. 26 501 1 475 5.6 3 676 13.9 4 865 18.4 6 168 23.3 7 414 28.0 8 610 32.5Under 18 years .......................... 6 383 530 8.3 1 182 18.5 1 474 23.1 1 845 28.9 2 161 33.9 2 438 38.218 to 24 years ........................... 2 184 205 9.4 428 19.6 525 24.1 638 29.2 750 34.4 858 39.325 to 34 years ........................... 3 992 270 6.8 575 14.4 729 18.3 881 22.1 1 023 25.6 1 237 31.035 to 44 years ........................... 4 452 172 3.9 439 9.9 593 13.3 756 17.0 920 20.7 1 064 23.945 to 54 years ........................... 3 243 101 3.1 255 7.9 329 10.1 399 12.3 515 15.9 600 18.555 to 59 years ........................... 1 212 69 5.7 151 12.4 208 17.1 235 19.4 276 22.8 327 27.060 to 64 years ........................... 1 033 38 3.7 126 12.2 171 16.5 208 20.1 256 24.7 293 28.465 years and over ........................ 4 001 90 2.3 520 13.0 836 20.9 1 207 30.2 1 514 37.8 1 793 44.8






Related children under 18 years.......... 12 876 1 031 8.0 2 357 18.3 2 935 22.8 3 620 28.1 4 238 32.9 4 837 37.6Under 6 years ....................... 4 451 459 10.3 912 20.5 1 121 25.2 1 361 30.6 1 557 35.0 1 777 39.96 to 17 years ........................ 8 424 572 6.8 1 445 17.1 1 814 21.5 2 259 26.8 2 681 31.8 3 060 36.3

Own children 18 years and over.......... 4 947 129 2.6 365 7.4 535 10.8 697 14.1 841 17.0 1 013 20.5

In married~couple families ................. 33 417 541 1.6 1 517 4.5 2 390 7.2 3 649 10.9 4 901 14.7 6 255 18.7Husbands ............................. 10 196 137 1.3 414 4.1 638 6.3 970 9.5 1 338 13.1 1 739 17.1

Under 65 years ...................... 8 266 118 1.4 339 4.1 526 6.4 763 9.2 1 018 12.3 1 303 15.865 years and over .................... 1 930 19 1.0 75 3.9 113 5.8 207 10.7 320 16.6 436 22.6

Wives ................................ 10 196 137 1.3 414 4.1 638 6.3 970 9.5 1 338 13.1 1 739 17.1Under 65 years ...................... 8 679 122 1.4 358 4.1 550 6.3 800 9.2 1 075 12.4 1 372 15.865 years and over .................... 1 517 15 1.0 56 3.7 88 5.8 170 11.2 263 17.4 367 24.2

Related children under 18 years.......... 9 271 210 2.3 574 6.2 928 10.0 1 408 15.2 1 845 19.9 2 274 24.5Under 6 years ....................... 3 298 87 2.6 215 6.5 355 10.8 528 16.0 695 21.1 875 26.56 to 17 years ........................ 5 974 123 2.1 359 6.0 572 9.6 880 14.7 1 151 19.3 1 399 23.4



3 175 42 1.3 81 2.5 138 4.3 224 7.1 289 9.1 360 11.3

spouse present ......................... 7 907 1 300 16.4 2 869 36.3 3 387 42.8 3 801 48.1 4 216 53.3 4 604 58.2Householder........................... 2 615 384 14.7 846 32.3 1 013 38.7 1 152 44.1 1 288 49.3 1 420 54.3


Related children under 18 years.......... 3 127 770 24.6 1 643 52.5 1 844 59.0 2 010 64.3 2 185 69.9 2 330 74.5Under 6 years ....................... 980 341 34.8 635 64.8 693 70.7 741 75.6 769 78.4 803 81.96 to 17 years ........................ 2 146 429 20.0 1 008 47.0 1 151 53.6 1 269 59.1 1 416 66.0 1 527 71.1




18 years and over ...................... 105 33 31.8 48 45.8 54 51.5 63 60.4 72 68.4 77 73.9


Under 65 years ...................... 2 989 302 10.1 562 18.8 669 22.4 781 26.1 922 30.9 1 061 35.5Living alone ....................... 1 599 100 6.2 227 14.2 278 17.4 343 21.5 404 25.3 459 28.7


Female ............................... 4 314 335 7.8 964 22.4 1 362 31.6 1 705 39.5 2 018 46.8 2 263 52.5Under 65 years ...................... 2 564 274 10.7 555 21.6 696 27.1 800 31.2 937 36.5 1 048 40.9

Living alone ....................... 1 446 106 7.3 294 20.4 363 25.1 398 27.6 474 32.8 525 36.365 years and over .................... 1 750 62 3.5 410 23.4 666 38.1 905 51.7 1 081 61.8 1 215 69.5

Living alone .......................


1 662 59 3.5 386 23.2 640 38.5 863 51.9 1 032 62.1 1 165 70.1

10



Characteristic

Total







Percentof total

MIDWEST

Both Sexes

Total ........................... 61 773 2 508 4.1 6 785 11.0 9 294 15.0 11 914 19.3 14 726 23.8 17 645 28.6Under 18 years .......................... 16 709 1 102 6.6 2 825 16.9 3 719 22.3 4 486 26.8 5 324 31.9 6 172 36.918 to 24 years ........................... 5 819 357 6.1 869 14.9 1 102 18.9 1 403 24.1 1 745 30.0 2 009 34.525 to 34 years ........................... 9 034 349 3.9 896 9.9 1 204 13.3 1 569 17.4 1 978 21.9 2 404 26.635 to 44 years ........................... 10 165 282 2.8 746 7.3 1 027 10.1 1 329 13.1 1 674 16.5 2 114 20.845 to 54 years ........................... 7 501 163 2.2 412 5.5 558 7.4 741 9.9 915 12.2 1 101 14.755 to 59 years ........................... 2 812 91 3.3 244 8.7 308 10.9 377 13.4 471 16.8 573 20.460 to 64 years ........................... 2 167 65 3.0 189 8.7 275 12.7 336 15.5 402 18.6 494 22.865 years and over ........................ 7 566 99 1.3 605 8.0 1 103 14.6 1 673 22.1 2 216 29.3 2 778 36.7

65 to 74 years ......................... 4 308 35 .8 277 6.4 478 11.1 743 17.2 1 014 23.5 1 284 29.875 years and over ...................... 3 258 65 2.0 328 10.1 625 19.2 930 28.6 1 202 36.9 1 494 45.9

Male

Total .............................. 30 099 1 056 3.5 2 763 9.2 3 820 12.7 5 024 16.7 6 369 21.2 7 680 25.5Under 18 years .......................... 8 545 529 6.2 1 393 16.3 1 849 21.6 2 268 26.5 2 748 32.2 3 185 37.318 to 24 years ........................... 2 849 104 3.6 290 10.2 388 13.6 530 18.6 726 25.5 826 29.025 to 34 years ........................... 4 490 103 2.3 289 6.4 429 9.6 583 13.0 772 17.2 950 21.235 to 44 years ........................... 4 982 130 2.6 315 6.3 426 8.5 578 11.6 732 14.7 956 19.245 to 54 years ........................... 3 705 80 2.2 167 4.5 228 6.1 319 8.6 412 11.1 499 13.555 to 59 years ........................... 1 341 45 3.3 91 6.8 124 9.2 152 11.3 175 13.0 219 16.360 to 64 years ........................... 1 046 35 3.3 86 8.2 109 10.5 146 14.0 166 15.9 200 19.165 years and over ........................ 3 141 31 1.0 132 4.2 267 8.5 448 14.3 637 20.3 845 26.9


Female

Total .............................. 31 674 1 452 4.6 4 022 12.7 5 475 17.3 6 890 21.8 8 357 26.4 9 964 31.5Under 18 years .......................... 8 165 573 7.0 1 433 17.5 1 870 22.9 2 218 27.2 2 576 31.6 2 987 36.618 to 24 years ........................... 2 970 253 8.5 579 19.5 714 24.0 873 29.4 1 020 34.3 1 182 39.825 to 34 years ........................... 4 544 246 5.4 607 13.3 774 17.0 985 21.7 1 205 26.5 1 454 32.035 to 44 years ........................... 5 183 151 2.9 431 8.3 601 11.6 751 14.5 942 18.2 1 157 22.345 to 54 years ........................... 3 796 83 2.2 244 6.4 330 8.7 422 11.1 503 13.2 603 15.955 to 59 years ........................... 1 471 47 3.2 152 10.4 184 12.5 226 15.3 296 20.2 354 24.160 to 64 years ........................... 1 121 30 2.7 104 9.3 165 14.8 190 16.9 236 21.0 294 26.265 years and over ........................ 4 425 69 1.5 472 10.7 836 18.9 1 225 27.7 1 579 35.7 1 933 43.7

65 to 74 years ......................... 2 344 24 1.0 192 8.2 321 13.7 492 21.0 664 28.3 811 34.675 years and over ...................... 2 081 45 2.2 280 13.5 515 24.8 733 35.2 915 44.0 1 121 53.9




Under 65 years ...................... 13 741 486 3.5 1 300 9.5 1 768 12.9 2 214 16.1 2 711 19.7 3 241 23.665 years and over .................... 2 612 16 .6 65 2.5 139 5.3 279 10.7 450 17.2 625 23.9



In married~couple families ................. 41 738 513 1.2 1 872 4.5 2 939 7.0 4 317 10.3 5 743 13.8 7 504 18.0Husbands ............................. 12 929 151 1.2 483 3.7 772 6.0 1 171 9.1 1 594 12.3 2 106 16.3

Under 65 years ...................... 10 622 135 1.3 432 4.1 660 6.2 938 8.8 1 218 11.5 1 574 14.865 years and over .................... 2 307 16 .7 51 2.2 112 4.9 233 10.1 376 16.3 532 23.0

Wives ................................ 12 929 151 1.2 483 3.7 772 6.0 1 171 9.1 1 594 12.3 2 106 16.3Under 65 years ...................... 11 115 139 1.3 450 4.1 687 6.2 966 8.7 1 274 11.5 1 669 15.065 years and over .................... 1 814 11 .6 33 1.8 85 4.7 205 11.3 319 17.6 436 24.0

Related children under 18 years.......... 12 003 187 1.6 797 6.6 1 243 10.4 1 741 14.5 2 226 18.5 2 833 23.6Under 6 years ....................... 3 820 61 1.6 305 8.0 435 11.4 561 14.7 758 19.8 942 24.66 to 17 years ........................ 8 183 125 1.5 492 6.0 808 9.9 1 180 14.4 1 468 17.9 1 892 23.1



3 384 23 .7 96 2.8 129 3.8 194 5.7 276 8.1 371 11.0


Under 65 years ...................... 2 373 314 13.2 779 32.8 975 41.1 1 103 46.5 1 287 54.2 1 406 59.265 years and over .................... 285 – – 13 4.4 21 7.5 34 11.9 64 22.6 83 29.3

Related children under 18 years.......... 3 818 779 20.4 1 788 46.8 2 155 56.4 2 366 62.0 2 667 69.8 2 835 74.3Under 6 years ....................... 1 253 372 29.7 737 58.9 823 65.7 894 71.3 993 79.3 1 047 83.66 to 17 years ........................ 2 565 407 15.9 1 051 41.0 1 331 51.9 1 473 57.4 1 674 65.2 1 788 69.7




18 years and over ...................... 124 27 21.7 48 38.4 59 47.8 71 57.2 75 60.7 83 67.1


Under 65 years ...................... 3 644 289 7.9 544 14.9 648 17.8 849 23.3 1 057 29.0 1 213 33.3Living alone ....................... 1 967 93 4.7 200 10.2 253 12.9 346 17.6 438 22.3 490 24.9


Female ............................... 5 080 384 7.6 1 118 22.0 1 557 30.7 1 968 38.7 2 317 45.6 2 706 53.3Under 65 years ...................... 3 024 327 10.8 710 23.5 856 28.3 1 016 33.6 1 175 38.8 1 368 45.2

Living alone ....................... 1 718 96 5.6 307 17.9 370 21.6 448 26.1 534 31.1 612 35.665 years and over .................... 2 056 57 2.8 408 19.8 701 34.1 952 46.3 1 142 55.6 1 339 65.1

Living alone .......................


1 952 55 2.8 386 19.8 653 33.4 894 45.8 1 082 55.4 1 258 64.4

11



Characteristic

Total







Percentof total

SOUTH

Both Sexes

Total ........................... 92 027 5 574 6.1 14 458 15.7 19 096 20.8 24 398 26.5 29 761 32.3 34 696 37.7Under 18 years .......................... 24 224 2 455 10.1 5 697 23.5 7 084 29.2 8 670 35.8 10 361 42.8 11 735 48.418 to 24 years ........................... 8 698 761 8.7 1 777 20.4 2 235 25.7 2 796 32.1 3 350 38.5 3 818 43.925 to 34 years ........................... 14 263 847 5.9 1 974 13.8 2 601 18.2 3 387 23.7 4 243 29.7 5 084 35.635 to 44 years ........................... 14 784 532 3.6 1 535 10.4 2 082 14.1 2 791 18.9 3 529 23.9 4 278 28.945 to 54 years ........................... 11 068 379 3.4 1 029 9.3 1 376 12.4 1 752 15.8 2 132 19.3 2 521 22.855 to 59 years ........................... 3 981 190 4.8 496 12.5 653 16.4 804 20.2 958 24.1 1 129 28.460 to 64 years ........................... 3 785 148 3.9 432 11.4 639 16.9 839 22.2 1 033 27.3 1 227 32.465 years and over ........................ 11 224 262 2.3 1 518 13.5 2 428 21.6 3 358 29.9 4 155 37.0 4 904 43.7


Male

Total .............................. 44 543 2 370 5.3 6 124 13.7 8 183 18.4 10 605 23.8 13 168 29.6 15 575 35.0Under 18 years .......................... 12 390 1 248 10.1 2 871 23.2 3 584 28.9 4 360 35.2 5 232 42.2 5 944 48.018 to 24 years ........................... 4 238 253 6.0 740 17.5 916 21.6 1 220 28.8 1 488 35.1 1 729 40.825 to 34 years ........................... 6 858 275 4.0 730 10.6 1 022 14.9 1 348 19.7 1 743 25.4 2 160 31.535 to 44 years ........................... 7 353 195 2.6 608 8.3 864 11.7 1 195 16.3 1 578 21.5 1 969 26.845 to 54 years ........................... 5 272 159 3.0 434 8.2 571 10.8 750 14.2 922 17.5 1 096 20.855 to 59 years ........................... 1 932 78 4.0 199 10.3 259 13.4 337 17.4 414 21.4 486 25.160 to 64 years ........................... 1 793 68 3.8 164 9.2 252 14.1 336 18.7 404 22.5 500 27.965 years and over ........................ 4 707 93 2.0 378 8.0 715 15.2 1 059 22.5 1 388 29.5 1 692 35.9


Female

Total .............................. 47 484 3 204 6.7 8 334 17.6 10 913 23.0 13 793 29.0 16 593 34.9 19 121 40.3Under 18 years .......................... 11 833 1 207 10.2 2 826 23.9 3 501 29.6 4 310 36.4 5 129 43.3 5 790 48.918 to 24 years ........................... 4 460 508 11.4 1 037 23.3 1 318 29.6 1 577 35.3 1 863 41.8 2 089 46.825 to 34 years ........................... 7 405 572 7.7 1 244 16.8 1 579 21.3 2 038 27.5 2 500 33.8 2 924 39.535 to 44 years ........................... 7 431 337 4.5 927 12.5 1 218 16.4 1 596 21.5 1 952 26.3 2 310 31.145 to 54 years ........................... 5 796 220 3.8 595 10.3 805 13.9 1 002 17.3 1 210 20.9 1 425 24.655 to 59 years ........................... 2 049 112 5.4 297 14.5 393 19.2 467 22.8 544 26.5 644 31.460 to 64 years ........................... 1 992 80 4.0 267 13.4 386 19.4 503 25.3 629 31.6 727 36.565 years and over ........................ 6 517 169 2.6 1 140 17.5 1 713 26.3 2 300 35.3 2 767 42.5 3 211 49.3





Under 65 years ...................... 20 813 1 108 5.3 2 759 13.3 3 617 17.4 4 623 22.2 5 670 27.2 6 679 32.165 years and over .................... 4 288 88 2.0 342 8.0 575 13.4 892 20.8 1 184 27.6 1 455 33.9




Under 65 years ...................... 15 612 299 1.9 1 072 6.9 1 531 9.8 2 160 13.8 2 886 18.5 3 596 23.065 years and over .................... 3 494 53 1.5 193 5.5 373 10.7 619 17.7 855 24.5 1 081 30.9

Wives ................................ 19 106 353 1.8 1 265 6.6 1 905 10.0 2 779 14.5 3 741 19.6 4 677 24.5Under 65 years ...................... 16 481 313 1.9 1 137 6.9 1 638 9.9 2 311 14.0 3 080 18.7 3 807 23.165 years and over .................... 2 625 39 1.5 128 4.9 266 10.1 468 17.8 662 25.2 870 33.1

Related children under 18 years.......... 16 542 470 2.8 1 902 11.5 2 647 16.0 3 678 22.2 4 855 29.4 5 860 35.4Under 6 years ....................... 5 724 175 3.1 699 12.2 955 16.7 1 310 22.9 1 715 30.0 2 097 36.66 to 17 years ........................ 10 818 295 2.7 1 203 11.1 1 692 15.6 2 368 21.9 3 140 29.0 3 763 34.8



4 617 72 1.6 277 6.0 432 9.4 603 13.1 815 17.6 967 20.9







18 years and over ...................... 201 59 29.4 89 44.3 117 58.0 135 67.1 144 71.4 154 76.2


Under 65 years ...................... 5 191 536 10.3 1 041 20.1 1 288 24.8 1 563 30.1 1 862 35.9 2 158 41.6Living alone ....................... 2 709 177 6.5 412 15.2 517 19.1 642 23.7 741 27.3 866 31.9



Living alone ....................... 2 486 192 7.7 491 19.8 649 26.1 789 31.8 922 37.1 1 059 42.665 years and over .................... 2 619 87 3.3 818 31.2 1 171 44.7 1 457 55.6 1 658 63.3 1 830 69.9

Living alone .......................


2 537 79 3.1 786 31.0 1 132 44.6 1 412 55.6 1 601 63.1 1 768 69.7

12



Characteristic

Total







Percentof total

WEST

Both Sexes

Total ........................... 58 503 3 114 5.3 8 736 14.9 11 868 20.3 14 817 25.3 17 857 30.5 20 909 35.7Under 18 years .......................... 16 574 1 293 7.8 3 665 22.1 4 763 28.7 5 801 35.0 6 795 41.0 7 640 46.118 to 24 years ........................... 5 846 487 8.3 1 180 20.2 1 553 26.6 1 891 32.4 2 255 38.6 2 632 45.025 to 34 years ........................... 9 637 524 5.4 1 390 14.4 1 822 18.9 2 344 24.3 2 849 29.6 3 328 34.535 to 44 years ........................... 9 583 343 3.6 1 029 10.7 1 446 15.1 1 866 19.5 2 267 23.7 2 703 28.245 to 54 years ........................... 6 658 213 3.2 579 8.7 793 11.9 949 14.2 1 133 17.0 1 377 20.755 to 59 years ........................... 2 206 66 3.0 203 9.2 295 13.4 364 16.5 413 18.7 494 22.460 to 64 years ........................... 1 948 66 3.4 184 9.5 250 12.8 308 15.8 388 19.9 487 25.065 years and over ........................ 6 052 124 2.0 506 8.4 946 15.6 1 295 21.4 1 757 29.0 2 248 37.2

65 to 74 years ......................... 3 415 49 1.4 236 6.9 433 12.7 594 17.4 835 24.4 1 077 31.575 years and over ...................... 2 636 75 2.8 269 10.2 513 19.5 701 26.6 922 35.0 1 171 44.4

Male

Total .............................. 29 282 1 444 4.9 4 026 13.7 5 444 18.6 6 906 23.6 8 438 28.8 9 962 34.0Under 18 years .......................... 8 499 665 7.8 1 792 21.1 2 343 27.6 2 907 34.2 3 397 40.0 3 879 45.618 to 24 years ........................... 3 019 196 6.5 527 17.5 699 23.2 868 28.8 1 061 35.1 1 247 41.325 to 34 years ........................... 5 050 245 4.8 651 12.9 867 17.2 1 138 22.5 1 422 28.2 1 687 33.435 to 44 years ........................... 4 845 148 3.1 458 9.5 642 13.3 839 17.3 1 063 21.9 1 272 26.345 to 54 years ........................... 3 233 108 3.3 284 8.8 404 12.5 474 14.7 571 17.7 659 20.455 to 59 years ........................... 1 150 26 2.2 86 7.4 129 11.2 165 14.3 186 16.2 228 19.860 to 64 years ........................... 890 29 3.2 87 9.8 104 11.7 137 15.3 164 18.5 215 24.265 years and over ........................ 2 597 28 1.1 142 5.5 257 9.9 380 14.6 574 22.1 774 29.8


Female

Total .............................. 29 221 1 670 5.7 4 710 16.1 6 424 22.0 7 911 27.1 9 419 32.2 10 947 37.5Under 18 years .......................... 8 074 627 7.8 1 874 23.2 2 419 30.0 2 895 35.9 3 398 42.1 3 761 46.618 to 24 years ........................... 2 827 291 10.3 652 23.1 854 30.2 1 023 36.2 1 194 42.2 1 385 49.025 to 34 years ........................... 4 587 279 6.1 740 16.1 955 20.8 1 206 26.3 1 427 31.1 1 641 35.835 to 44 years ........................... 4 739 195 4.1 570 12.0 804 17.0 1 027 21.7 1 205 25.4 1 431 30.245 to 54 years ........................... 3 425 104 3.1 295 8.6 389 11.4 474 13.9 562 16.4 718 21.055 to 59 years ........................... 1 056 40 3.8 118 11.1 166 15.7 199 18.8 227 21.5 265 25.160 to 64 years ........................... 1 058 37 3.5 97 9.2 146 13.8 171 16.2 223 21.1 271 25.665 years and over ........................ 3 455 95 2.8 364 10.5 690 20.0 915 26.5 1 182 34.2 1 474 42.7



Total .............................. 58 503 3 114 5.3 8 736 14.9 11 868 20.3 14 817 25.3 17 857 30.5 20 909 35.765 years and over ................ 6 052 124 2.0 506 8.4 946 15.6 1 295 21.4 1 757 29.0 2 248 37.2




Own children 18 years and over.......... 4 329 113 2.6 448 10.3 651 15.0 800 18.5 973 22.5 1 195 27.6

In married~couple families ................. 38 503 920 2.4 3 641 9.5 5 177 13.4 6 832 17.7 8 687 22.6 10 705 27.8Husbands ............................. 11 339 211 1.9 820 7.2 1 180 10.4 1 590 14.0 2 067 18.2 2 617 23.1

Under 65 years ...................... 9 502 195 2.0 760 8.0 1 083 11.4 1 444 15.2 1 785 18.8 2 187 23.065 years and over .................... 1 838 16 .9 60 3.3 97 5.3 146 8.0 282 15.3 430 23.4

Wives ................................ 11 339 211 1.9 820 7.2 1 180 10.4 1 590 14.0 2 067 18.2 2 617 23.1Under 65 years ...................... 9 967 203 2.0 777 7.8 1 108 11.1 1 470 14.7 1 834 18.4 2 259 22.765 years and over .................... 1 372 8 .5 43 3.2 72 5.3 120 8.7 233 17.0 358 26.1

Related children under 18 years.......... 11 995 426 3.6 1 699 14.2 2 370 19.8 3 090 25.8 3 813 31.8 4 486 37.4Under 6 years ....................... 4 573 175 3.8 717 15.7 1 010 22.1 1 315 28.8 1 623 35.5 1 862 40.76 to 17 years ........................ 7 422 251 3.4 982 13.2 1 359 18.3 1 775 23.9 2 191 29.5 2 623 35.3



2 849 38 1.3 179 6.3 264 9.3 327 11.5 431 15.1 590 20.7



Related children under 18 years.......... 3 436 653 19.0 1 588 46.2 1 926 56.1 2 158 62.8 2 356 68.6 2 480 72.2Under 6 years ....................... 1 158 317 27.4 676 58.4 778 67.2 856 73.9 901 77.8 937 80.96 to 17 years ........................ 2 278 336 14.7 912 40.0 1 148 50.4 1 302 57.2 1 456 63.9 1 543 67.8




18 years and over ...................... 201 42 20.8 85 42.3 96 47.9 115 57.2 132 65.5 142 70.4

Unrelated individuals ..................... 9 263 891 9.6 1 826 19.7 2 500 27.0 3 090 33.4 3 638 39.3 4 203 45.4Male.................................. 4 827 449 9.3 923 19.1 1 176 24.4 1 473 30.5 1 759 36.4 2 005 41.5

Under 65 years ...................... 4 306 441 10.2 856 19.9 1 045 24.3 1 275 29.6 1 522 35.3 1 730 40.2Living alone ....................... 1 729 114 6.6 258 14.9 325 18.8 403 23.3 453 26.2 554 32.0


Female ............................... 4 436 442 10.0 904 20.4 1 324 29.9 1 617 36.5 1 880 42.4 2 198 49.5Under 65 years ...................... 2 964 369 12.4 659 22.2 826 27.9 972 32.8 1 106 37.3 1 299 43.8

Living alone ....................... 1 446 87 6.0 224 15.5 297 20.6 355 24.6 424 29.3 503 34.865 years and over .................... 1 472 74 5.0 245 16.6 498 33.9 646 43.9 774 52.6 899 61.1

Living alone .......................


1 389 68 4.9 219 15.7 454 32.7 590 42.5 716 51.5 839 60.4

13



Characteristic

Total







Percentof total

PERSONS IN HOUSEHOLDS THATRECEIVED MEANS~TESTEDASSISTANCE EXCLUDINGSCHOOL LUNCHES

Both Sexes

Total ........................... 56 406 8 996 15.9 23 904 42.4 29 860 52.9 34 516 61.2 38 285 67.9 41 203 73.0Under 18 years .......................... 21 509 4 769 22.2 11 381 52.9 13 646 63.4 15 296 71.1 16 645 77.4 17 536 81.518 to 24 years ........................... 6 375 1 088 17.1 2 614 41.0 3 212 50.4 3 790 59.5 4 224 66.3 4 601 72.225 to 34 years ........................... 8 174 1 311 16.0 3 290 40.3 4 084 50.0 4 822 59.0 5 423 66.3 5 922 72.535 to 44 years ........................... 7 230 831 11.5 2 465 34.1 3 238 44.8 3 841 53.1 4 352 60.2 4 790 66.245 to 54 years ........................... 4 573 497 10.9 1 471 32.2 1 842 40.3 2 150 47.0 2 410 52.7 2 629 57.555 to 59 years ........................... 1 735 180 10.4 626 36.1 787 45.4 924 53.3 1 002 57.8 1 108 63.960 to 64 years ........................... 1 536 128 8.4 527 34.3 713 46.5 814 53.0 914 59.5 979 63.765 years and over ........................ 5 274 191 3.6 1 529 29.0 2 337 44.3 2 880 54.6 3 314 62.8 3 638 69.0

65 to 74 years ......................... 2 799 98 3.5 773 27.6 1 166 41.7 1 441 51.5 1 663 59.4 1 829 65.375 years and over ......................

Male

2 475 93 3.7 757 30.6 1 171 47.3 1 439 58.1 1 651 66.7 1 809 73.1

Total .............................. 25 612 3 736 14.6 9 978 39.0 12 589 49.2 14 819 57.9 16 637 65.0 18 043 70.4Under 18 years .......................... 10 924 2 429 22.2 5 724 52.4 6 868 62.9 7 733 70.8 8 435 77.2 8 898 81.518 to 24 years ........................... 2 664 267 10.0 887 33.3 1 142 42.9 1 410 52.9 1 608 60.4 1 792 67.325 to 34 years ........................... 3 516 366 10.4 1 088 31.0 1 438 40.9 1 785 50.8 2 080 59.2 2 314 65.835 to 44 years ........................... 3 277 287 8.8 910 27.8 1 226 37.4 1 515 46.2 1 784 54.4 2 000 61.045 to 54 years ........................... 2 089 227 10.8 617 29.5 793 38.0 944 45.2 1 068 51.1 1 172 56.155 to 59 years ........................... 785 69 8.8 224 28.6 294 37.4 376 47.9 406 51.7 454 57.860 to 64 years ........................... 591 44 7.5 179 30.3 244 41.3 275 46.5 315 53.4 347 58.865 years and over ........................ 1 766 47 2.6 349 19.8 583 33.0 781 44.2 940 53.2 1 065 60.3

65 to 74 years ......................... 1 052 34 3.2 225 21.4 354 33.6 464 44.1 549 52.2 622 59.175 years and over ......................

Female

714 13 1.8 124 17.3 229 32.1 317 44.4 390 54.7 444 62.1

Total .............................. 30 794 5 260 17.1 13 925 45.2 17 270 56.1 19 697 64.0 21 648 70.3 23 160 75.2Under 18 years .......................... 10 586 2 340 22.1 5 657 53.4 6 778 64.0 7 564 71.5 8 211 77.6 8 638 81.618 to 24 years ........................... 3 710 821 22.1 1 727 46.5 2 069 55.8 2 379 64.1 2 616 70.5 2 809 75.725 to 34 years ........................... 4 658 945 20.3 2 202 47.3 2 646 56.8 3 037 65.2 3 342 71.7 3 608 77.535 to 44 years ........................... 3 953 544 13.8 1 555 39.3 2 011 50.9 2 326 58.8 2 568 65.0 2 790 70.645 to 54 years ........................... 2 484 270 10.9 854 34.4 1 048 42.2 1 205 48.5 1 342 54.0 1 457 58.755 to 59 years ........................... 949 111 11.7 402 42.3 493 52.0 548 57.7 596 62.8 654 68.960 to 64 years ........................... 945 84 8.9 348 36.8 469 49.7 539 57.0 599 63.3 631 66.865 years and over ........................ 3 507 144 4.1 1 180 33.6 1 755 50.0 2 099 59.8 2 375 67.7 2 573 73.4

65 to 74 years ......................... 1 747 64 3.7 547 31.3 813 46.5 977 55.9 1 114 63.8 1 207 69.175 years and over ......................


1 761 80 4.6 633 35.9 942 53.5 1 122 63.7 1 260 71.6 1 366 77.5








Wives ................................ 6 281 351 5.6 1 563 24.9 2 197 35.0 2 812 44.8 3 328 53.0 3 733 59.4Under 65 years ...................... 5 680 342 6.0 1 485 26.1 2 054 36.2 2 603 45.8 3 047 53.6 3 392 59.765 years and over .................... 601 10 1.6 78 13.0 143 23.8 209 34.7 280 46.6 340 56.6




2 332 85 3.6 344 14.8 532 22.8 707 30.3 882 37.8 1 055 45.2


Under 65 years ...................... 5 188 1 497 28.9 3 178 61.3 3 733 72.0 4 062 78.3 4 301 82.9 4 470 86.265 years and over .................... 550 30 5.5 150 27.3 201 36.5 274 49.8 316 57.5 342 62.1





18 years and over ...................... 250 99 39.8 171 68.4 196 78.3 212 85.0 224 89.8 234 93.5


Under 65 years ...................... 2 608 540 20.7 1 170 44.9 1 363 52.3 1 536 58.9 1 727 66.2 1 850 70.9Living alone ....................... 887 164 18.5 478 53.9 558 62.9 633 71.3 673 75.8 703 79.2




Living alone .......................


1 754 83 4.7 820 46.8 1 213 69.2 1 379 78.6 1 510 86.1 1 579 90.0

14



Characteristic

Total







Percentof total

PERSONS IN HOUSEHOLDS THATRECEIVED MEANS~TESTEDASSISTANCE

Both Sexes

Total ........................... 71 102 9 896 13.9 26 937 37.9 34 486 48.5 41 271 58.0 47 151 66.3 51 641 72.6Under 18 years .......................... 28 954 5 264 18.2 13 038 45.0 16 164 55.8 18 962 65.5 21 393 73.9 23 071 79.718 to 24 years ........................... 7 351 1 165 15.8 2 849 38.8 3 557 48.4 4 234 57.6 4 817 65.5 5 301 72.125 to 34 years ........................... 10 389 1 434 13.8 3 705 35.7 4 737 45.6 5 826 56.1 6 735 64.8 7 476 72.035 to 44 years ........................... 9 921 965 9.7 2 934 29.6 3 955 39.9 4 949 49.9 5 837 58.8 6 587 66.445 to 54 years ........................... 5 467 534 9.8 1 637 29.9 2 091 38.2 2 493 45.6 2 884 52.7 3 184 58.255 to 59 years ........................... 1 903 196 10.3 664 34.9 845 44.4 999 52.5 1 106 58.1 1 223 64.360 to 64 years ........................... 1 662 141 8.5 546 32.9 745 44.8 857 51.6 970 58.4 1 052 63.365 years and over ........................ 5 456 197 3.6 1 564 28.7 2 392 43.8 2 950 54.1 3 410 62.5 3 745 68.6


Male

Total .............................. 32 731 4 128 12.6 11 347 34.7 14 733 45.0 17 974 54.9 20 816 63.6 23 043 70.4Under 18 years .......................... 14 735 2 668 18.1 6 529 44.3 8 124 55.1 9 571 65.0 10 842 73.6 11 736 79.618 to 24 years ........................... 3 189 300 9.4 1 005 31.5 1 331 41.7 1 648 51.7 1 911 59.9 2 164 67.925 to 34 years ........................... 4 413 406 9.2 1 234 28.0 1 678 38.0 2 168 49.1 2 593 58.7 2 913 66.035 to 44 years ........................... 4 487 341 7.6 1 094 24.4 1 503 33.5 1 963 43.7 2 385 53.2 2 779 61.945 to 54 years ........................... 2 538 243 9.6 694 27.3 914 36.0 1 112 43.8 1 308 51.5 1 452 57.255 to 59 years ........................... 879 73 8.4 240 27.3 316 35.9 408 46.4 458 52.1 513 58.460 to 64 years ........................... 633 47 7.5 182 28.7 251 39.6 285 45.0 329 52.0 365 57.765 years and over ........................ 1 855 48 2.6 369 19.9 616 33.2 819 44.2 990 53.4 1 120 60.4

65 to 74 years ......................... 1 127 35 3.1 239 21.2 379 33.6 494 43.8 591 52.5 668 59.375 years and over ...................... 728 13 1.7 130 17.9 238 32.6 326 44.7 399 54.8 452 62.1

Female

Total .............................. 38 371 5 767 15.0 15 590 40.6 19 753 51.5 23 297 60.7 26 335 68.6 28 598 74.5Under 18 years .......................... 14 218 2 595 18.3 6 510 45.8 8 039 56.5 9 391 66.0 10 551 74.2 11 336 79.718 to 24 years ........................... 4 162 865 20.8 1 844 44.3 2 226 53.5 2 586 62.1 2 907 69.8 3 137 75.425 to 34 years ........................... 5 976 1 027 17.2 2 471 41.3 3 059 51.2 3 658 61.2 4 142 69.3 4 563 76.435 to 44 years ........................... 5 434 624 11.5 1 839 33.8 2 452 45.1 2 986 55.0 3 451 63.5 3 808 70.145 to 54 years ........................... 2 929 291 9.9 943 32.2 1 177 40.2 1 381 47.2 1 575 53.8 1 732 59.155 to 59 years ........................... 1 023 122 11.9 424 41.4 529 51.7 591 57.8 648 63.3 710 69.460 to 64 years ........................... 1 028 94 9.1 364 35.4 495 48.1 572 55.6 641 62.3 687 66.865 years and over ........................ 3 601 149 4.1 1 195 33.2 1 775 49.3 2 130 59.2 2 420 67.2 2 625 72.9

65 to 74 years ......................... 1 810 65 3.6 553 30.6 824 45.5 998 55.2 1 143 63.2 1 242 68.775 years and over ......................


1 791 84 4.7 642 35.8 951 53.1 1 132 63.2 1 276 71.2 1 383 77.2












2 873 111 3.9 460 16.0 693 24.1 943 32.8 1 180 41.1 1 395 48.6







18 years and over ...................... 316 113 35.8 201 63.5 232 73.3 261 82.7 277 87.6 298 94.1


Under 65 years ...................... 2 825 583 20.6 1 237 43.8 1 432 50.7 1 613 57.1 1 819 64.4 1 970 69.7Living alone ....................... 888 164 18.5 479 53.9 559 62.9 633 71.3 673 75.8 703 79.2




Living alone .......................


1 754 83 4.7 820 46.8 1 213 69.2 1 379 78.6 1 510 86.1 1 579 90.0

15



Characteristic

Total







Percentof total

PERSONS IN HOUSEHOLDS THATRECEIVED FOOD STAMPS

Both Sexes

Total ........................... 28 040 7 109 25.4 17 807 63.5 21 104 75.3 22 997 82.0 24 348 86.8 25 387 90.5Under 18 years .......................... 12 996 4 027 31.0 9 209 70.9 10 622 81.7 11 398 87.7 11 907 91.6 12 235 94.118 to 24 years ........................... 2 981 779 26.1 1 821 61.1 2 158 72.4 2 361 79.2 2 523 84.6 2 662 89.325 to 34 years ........................... 4 222 1 042 24.7 2 497 59.1 2 965 70.2 3 290 77.9 3 516 83.3 3 721 88.135 to 44 years ........................... 3 219 622 19.3 1 794 55.7 2 229 69.2 2 480 77.0 2 674 83.1 2 844 88.445 to 54 years ........................... 1 870 364 19.5 1 027 54.9 1 222 65.4 1 351 72.3 1 478 79.1 1 555 83.255 to 59 years ........................... 709 119 16.7 393 55.5 475 67.0 544 76.7 581 82.0 616 86.860 to 64 years ........................... 556 76 13.6 300 53.9 406 73.0 435 78.2 462 83.0 481 86.565 years and over ........................ 1 487 80 5.4 766 51.6 1 027 69.1 1 139 76.6 1 208 81.2 1 274 85.7

65 to 74 years ......................... 819 49 6.0 414 50.6 559 68.3 623 76.0 654 79.8 701 85.675 years and over ......................

Male

668 31 4.7 352 52.8 468 70.1 516 77.3 554 83.0 573 85.8

Total .............................. 12 291 2 963 24.1 7 395 60.2 8 878 72.2 9 765 79.5 10 459 85.1 10 993 89.4Under 18 years .......................... 6 666 2 104 31.6 4 675 70.1 5 413 81.2 5 799 87.0 6 098 91.5 6 282 94.218 to 24 years ........................... 1 069 164 15.4 548 51.2 699 65.4 781 73.0 854 79.9 935 87.425 to 34 years ........................... 1 594 267 16.7 754 47.3 945 59.3 1 107 69.4 1 213 76.1 1 309 82.135 to 44 years ........................... 1 291 194 15.0 623 48.2 781 60.5 898 69.5 1 006 77.9 1 095 84.845 to 54 years ........................... 804 160 19.9 411 51.1 511 63.5 565 70.3 631 78.5 658 81.955 to 59 years ........................... 283 39 13.9 133 47.1 159 56.2 205 72.4 215 76.0 236 83.560 to 64 years ........................... 179 19 10.6 87 48.4 117 65.3 128 71.3 139 77.6 146 81.365 years and over ........................ 404 16 3.8 165 40.9 253 62.7 284 70.3 302 74.9 332 82.3


Female

146 5 3.8 53 36.3 90 61.7 104 71.5 112 76.7 118 81.0

Total .............................. 15 750 4 146 26.3 10 412 66.1 12 226 77.6 13 232 84.0 13 889 88.2 14 394 91.4Under 18 years .......................... 6 330 1 923 30.4 4 534 71.6 5 209 82.3 5 599 88.5 5 809 91.8 5 953 94.018 to 24 years ........................... 1 912 614 32.1 1 273 66.6 1 459 76.3 1 580 82.6 1 668 87.3 1 727 90.325 to 34 years ........................... 2 628 776 29.5 1 743 66.3 2 020 76.9 2 184 83.1 2 303 87.6 2 412 91.835 to 44 years ........................... 1 928 429 22.2 1 171 60.7 1 447 75.1 1 582 82.1 1 668 86.5 1 749 90.745 to 54 years ........................... 1 065 203 19.1 616 57.8 711 66.8 786 73.8 847 79.4 896 84.155 to 59 years ........................... 427 80 18.6 260 61.0 316 74.1 339 79.5 366 85.9 380 89.060 to 64 years ........................... 377 57 15.0 213 56.6 289 76.6 308 81.6 323 85.6 335 88.965 years and over ........................ 1 083 65 6.0 602 55.5 774 71.5 855 78.9 905 83.6 942 87.0



522 26 4.9 299 57.4 378 72.4 412 78.9 443 84.8 455 87.2







Under 65 years ...................... 2 011 241 12.0 974 48.4 1 292 64.2 1 504 74.8 1 650 82.1 1 747 86.965 years and over .................... 166 6 3.5 68 41.0 102 61.3 116 69.9 124 75.0 142 85.8





662 64 9.6 239 36.1 347 52.4 394 59.5 460 69.4 533 80.6







18 years and over ...................... 139 55 40.0 98 70.7 116 83.4 124 89.3 128 92.0 129 93.3

Unrelated individuals ..................... 3 015 688 22.8 1 962 65.1 2 269 75.2 2 431 80.6 2 592 86.0 2 694 89.4Male.................................. 1 339 309 23.1 734 54.8 843 62.9 924 69.0 1 026 76.7 1 093 81.7

Under 65 years ...................... 1 182 304 25.7 656 55.5 725 61.4 800 67.7 901 76.2 966 81.7Living alone ....................... 354 89 25.2 272 76.9 296 83.7 326 92.2 342 96.5 347 98.0


Female ............................... 1 676 379 22.6 1 228 73.2 1 426 85.1 1 507 89.9 1 566 93.4 1 601 95.5Under 65 years ...................... 1 082 345 31.9 800 73.9 889 82.2 941 87.0 988 91.3 1 022 94.5

Living alone ....................... 610 141 23.1 479 78.5 525 86.1 553 90.7 582 95.4 596 97.665 years and over .................... 595 34 5.7 428 72.0 537 90.3 566 95.2 578 97.2 578 97.2

Living alone ....................... 565 32 5.6 411 72.8 514 91.0 542 95.9 554 98.0 554 98.1


16

Table 3. Work Experience During Year by Selected Characteristics and Poverty Status in 1995of Persons 16 Years Old and Over

[Numbers in thousands. Persons as of March of the following year. For meaning of symbols, see text]

Characteristic

Worked during yearDid not work during year

All workers Worked year~round, full time Not year~round, full time

Total

Below poverty level

Total

Below poverty level

Total

Below poverty level

Total

Below poverty level




Percentof total

ALL PERSONS

Both Sexes

Total .......................... 139 723 9 484 6.8 88 173 2 418 2.7 51 551 7 066 13.7 60 999 13 593 22.316 to 17 years .......................... 3 356 316 9.4 70 5 (B) 3 286 311 9.5 4 200 1 002 23.918 to 64 years .......................... 131 391 9 043 6.9 86 565 2 407 2.8 44 826 6 637 14.8 30 117 9 398 31.2

18 to 24 years ........................ 19 602 2 556 13.0 6 919 385 5.6 12 683 2 171 17.1 5 241 1 996 38.125 to 34 years ........................ 35 047 2 839 8.1 24 148 820 3.4 10 898 2 019 18.5 5 872 2 357 40.135 to 54 years ........................ 63 369 3 123 4.9 46 658 1 050 2.2 16 711 2 073 12.4 11 293 3 411 30.255 to 64 years ........................ 13 374 525 3.9 8 840 152 1.7 4 533 373 8.2 7 711 1 633 21.2

65 years and over ...................... 4 976 125 2.5 1 538 6 .4 3 438 119 3.5 26 682 3 193 12.0

Male

Total ............................. 74 381 4 512 6.1 52 671 1 368 2.6 21 710 3 144 14.5 22 245 4 463 20.116 to 17 years .......................... 1 697 138 8.2 36 – (B) 1 661 138 8.3 2 187 505 23.118 to 64 years .......................... 69 820 4 327 6.2 51 588 1 362 2.6 18 232 2 965 16.3 9 661 3 183 32.9

18 to 24 years ........................ 10 254 1 160 11.3 4 131 238 5.8 6 124 922 15.1 2 148 696 32.425 to 34 years ........................ 18 874 1 339 7.1 14 438 471 3.3 4 436 868 19.6 1 516 691 45.635 to 54 years ........................ 33 354 1 535 4.6 27 613 556 2.0 5 740 980 17.1 3 243 1 242 38.355 to 64 years ........................ 7 338 293 4.0 5 406 98 1.8 1 932 195 10.1 2 754 554 20.1

65 years and over ...................... 2 863 47 1.6 1 047 6 .5 1 817 41 2.3 10 397 775 7.5

Female

Total ............................. 65 342 4 972 7.6 35 502 1 050 3.0 29 841 3 922 13.1 38 754 9 130 23.616 to 17 years .......................... 1 659 178 10.7 34 5 (B) 1 625 173 10.6 2 012 496 24.718 to 64 years .......................... 61 571 4 716 7.7 34 977 1 045 3.0 26 594 3 671 13.8 20 456 6 215 30.4

18 to 24 years ........................ 9 348 1 396 14.9 2 788 147 5.3 6 560 1 249 19.0 3 093 1 300 42.025 to 34 years ........................ 16 172 1 500 9.3 9 710 349 3.6 6 462 1 151 17.8 4 356 1 666 38.335 to 54 years ........................ 30 015 1 588 5.3 19 044 494 2.6 10 971 1 094 10.0 8 050 2 169 26.955 to 64 years ........................ 6 036 233 3.9 3 434 54 1.6 2 602 178 6.8 4 956 1 080 21.8

65 years and over ...................... 2 112 78 3.7 491 – – 1 622 78 4.8 16 286 2 418 14.8


Persons 16 to 64 years old....... 134 747 9 359 6.9 86 635 2 412 2.8 48 112 6 947 14.4 34 316 10 400 30.3In families.............................. 109 516 6 183 5.6 69 592 1 898 2.7 39 924 4 285 10.7 29 956 7 327 24.5

Householder .....................In families with related children under

50 272 3 768 7.5 38 677 1 392 3.6 11 594 2 375 20.5 8 006 3 141 39.2

18 years .......................... 63 476 5 204 8.2 39 075 1 669 4.3 24 401 3 536 14.5 17 544 5 499 31.3Householder .....................

In families with related children under 631 621 3 353 10.6 24 136 1 264 5.2 7 485 2 089 27.9 4 441 2 492 56.1

years............................. 27 445 3 135 11.4 17 360 994 5.7 10 085 2 141 21.2 7 890 3 098 39.3Householder ..................... 14 662 2 075 14.2 10 791 767 7.1 3 870 1 308 33.8 2 366 1 490 63.0

In married~couple families.............. 89 211 3 041 3.4 57 988 1 124 1.9 31 223 1 918 6.1 21 989 3 519 16.0Husband......................... 40 482 1 734 4.3 33 890 858 2.5 6 592 876 13.3 3 516 870 24.7Wife............................. 33 980 877 2.6 19 225 197 1.0 14 755 680 4.6 12 257 1 845 15.1Related children1

................. 13 452 345 2.6 4 168 46 1.1 9 284 298 3.2 5 555 679 12.2Other ...........................

In married~couple families with related1 296 86 6.7 704 22 3.2 592 64 10.8 661 125 19.0

children under 18 years............... 51 481 2 477 4.8 32 555 968 3.0 18 926 1 510 8.0 12 381 2 411 19.5Husband......................... 24 480 1 451 5.9 20 905 768 3.7 3 575 684 19.1 1 207 467 38.7Wife............................. 19 199 668 3.5 9 873 140 1.4 9 325 528 5.7 6 672 1 276 19.1Related children1

................. 6 896 279 4.0 1 269 38 3.0 5 627 241 4.3 4 027 572 14.2Other ...........................

In married~couple families with related906 78 8.7 508 22 4.4 398 56 14.1 474 97 20.4

children under 6 years................ 22 602 1 577 7.0 14 872 629 4.2 7 730 948 12.3 5 492 1 335 24.3Husband......................... 12 055 1 004 8.3 10 139 534 5.3 1 916 469 24.5 422 216 51.2Wife............................. 8 601 405 4.7 3 973 62 1.6 4 629 343 7.4 3 934 822 20.9Related children1

................. 1 308 101 7.7 395 10 2.5 913 91 10.0 831 219 26.4Other ...........................

In families with female householder, no637 67 10.6 365 22 6.1 272 45 16.6 305 77 25.4

spouse present ........................ 15 136 2 672 17.7 8 315 645 7.8 6 821 2 027 29.7 6 580 3 471 52.7Householder ..................... 8 176 1 855 22.7 5 235 536 10.2 2 941 1 319 44.8 2 699 1 975 73.2Other ...........................

In families with female householder, nospouse present, with related children

6 961 817 11.7 3 080 109 3.5 3 881 708 18.2 3 880 1 496 38.5

under 18 years ...................... 9 490 2 382 25.1 4 923 598 12.1 4 567 1 785 39.1 4 536 2 862 63.1Householder ..................... 6 288 1 764 28.1 3 835 512 13.3 2 453 1 253 51.1 2 202 1 792 81.4Related children1

................. 2 349 447 19.0 625 54 8.7 1 724 393 22.8 2 000 935 46.7Other ...........................


853 171 20.1 463 32 6.9 390 139 35.7 334 135 40.4

under 6 years ....................... 3 800 1 332 35.1 1 848 298 16.1 1 952 1 034 53.0 2 164 1 656 76.5Householder ..................... 2 496 978 39.2 1 312 238 18.2 1 184 739 62.4 1 270 1 137 89.5Related children1

................. 806 245 30.5 274 39 14.2 532 206 38.8 695 407 58.5Other ........................... 498 109 21.9 262 21 7.8 236 89 37.6 199 112 56.2

In unrelated subfamilies ................. 517 162 31.2 295 42 14.1 222 120 54.1 187 142 75.8

Unrelated individuals .................... 24 714 3 015 12.2 16 748 473 2.8 7 966 2 542 31.9 4 173 2 931 70.2Male ................................ 14 090 1 596 11.3 9 794 273 2.8 4 296 1 324 30.8 2 021 1 387 68.6

Householder ....................... 9 665 876 9.1 6 903 138 2.0 2 763 739 26.7 1 260 721 57.2Female .............................. 10 624 1 419 13.4 6 954 200 2.9 3 670 1 219 33.2 2 152 1 545 71.8

Householder .......................

See footnotes at end of table.

7 484 692 9.2 5 202 121 2.3 2 283 571 25.0 1 490 977 65.6

17

Table 3. Work Experience During Year by Selected Characteristics and Poverty Status in 1995of Persons 16 Years Old and Over mCon.


Characteristic



Total

Below poverty level

Total

Below poverty level

Total

Below poverty level

Total

Below poverty level




Percentof total

WHITE

Both Sexes

Total .......................... 118 723 7 016 5.9 74 796 1 827 2.4 43 927 5 189 11.8 49 799 9 220 18.516 to 17 years .......................... 2 947 220 7.5 60 4 (B) 2 887 216 7.5 2 992 574 19.218 to 64 years .......................... 111 267 6 698 6.0 73 344 1 817 2.5 37 923 4 881 12.9 22 882 6 173 27.0

18 to 24 years ........................ 16 397 1 937 11.8 5 826 319 5.5 10 571 1 618 15.3 3 454 1 219 35.325 to 34 years ........................ 29 194 2 069 7.1 20 218 622 3.1 8 976 1 447 16.1 4 293 1 533 35.735 to 54 years ........................ 53 941 2 258 4.2 39 597 753 1.9 14 344 1 505 10.5 8 674 2 238 25.855 to 64 years ........................ 11 735 435 3.7 7 703 124 1.6 4 032 311 7.7 6 460 1 183 18.3

65 years and over ...................... 4 510 98 2.2 1 392 6 .4 3 118 92 3.0 23 925 2 474 10.3

Male

Total ............................. 64 068 3 568 5.6 45 665 1 183 2.6 18 403 2 384 13.0 17 817 2 983 16.716 to 17 years .......................... 1 499 88 5.8 36 – (B) 1 463 87 6.0 1 556 283 18.218 to 64 years .......................... 59 959 3 439 5.7 44 685 1 177 2.6 15 274 2 262 14.8 6 830 2 090 30.6

18 to 24 years ........................ 8 689 933 10.7 3 529 213 6.0 5 160 720 14.0 1 346 388 28.825 to 34 years ........................ 15 985 1 072 6.7 12 379 421 3.4 3 606 651 18.1 948 442 46.635 to 54 years ........................ 28 760 1 180 4.1 23 998 458 1.9 4 762 722 15.2 2 235 832 37.255 to 64 years ........................ 6 525 253 3.9 4 779 85 1.8 1 746 168 9.6 2 301 428 18.6

65 years and over ...................... 2 610 41 1.6 944 6 .6 1 666 36 2.1 9 431 610 6.5

Female

Total ............................. 54 655 3 448 6.3 29 131 643 2.2 25 524 2 805 11.0 31 982 6 237 19.516 to 17 years .......................... 1 447 132 9.2 24 4 (B) 1 423 129 9.1 1 436 291 20.218 to 64 years .......................... 51 308 3 260 6.4 28 659 640 2.2 22 649 2 620 11.6 16 051 4 083 25.4

18 to 24 years ........................ 7 707 1 003 13.0 2 297 105 4.6 5 411 898 16.6 2 108 831 39.425 to 34 years ........................ 13 209 997 7.5 7 840 201 2.6 5 370 796 14.8 3 345 1 091 32.635 to 54 years ........................ 25 181 1 077 4.3 15 599 295 1.9 9 582 783 8.2 6 439 1 407 21.855 to 64 years ........................ 5 210 182 3.5 2 924 39 1.3 2 287 143 6.3 4 159 754 18.1

65 years and over ...................... 1 900 56 3.0 448 – – 1 452 56 3.9 14 494 1 864 12.9


Persons 16 to 64 years old....... 114 213 6 918 6.1 73 404 1 821 2.5 40 809 5 097 12.5 25 873 6 746 26.1In families.............................. 92 904 4 366 4.7 59 028 1 389 2.4 33 876 2 977 8.8 22 717 4 589 20.2


42 713 2 658 6.2 33 138 1 003 3.0 9 574 1 656 17.3 5 977 1 890 31.6

18 years .......................... 52 950 3 616 6.8 32 475 1 198 3.7 20 475 2 418 11.8 12 824 3 374 26.3Householder .....................

In families with related children under 626 250 2 321 8.8 20 291 888 4.4 5 959 1 433 24.0 3 013 1 446 48.0

years............................. 22 498 2 173 9.7 14 358 730 5.1 8 139 1 444 17.7 5 712 1 862 32.6Householder ..................... 12 081 1 440 11.9 9 024 556 6.2 3 057 884 28.9 1 560 821 52.6

In married~couple families.............. 78 873 2 567 3.3 50 947 976 1.9 27 926 1 591 5.7 18 280 2 705 14.8Husband......................... 36 080 1 479 4.1 30 309 762 2.5 5 771 717 12.4 2 914 638 21.9Wife............................. 30 086 716 2.4 16 637 153 .9 13 449 562 4.2 10 787 1 500 13.9Related children1

................. 11 681 287 2.5 3 461 39 1.1 8 220 248 3.0 4 096 456 11.1Other ...........................

In married~couple families with related1 026 86 8.4 539 22 4.1 487 63 13.0 483 111 22.9

children under 18 years............... 44 897 2 066 4.6 28 095 833 3.0 16 803 1 233 7.3 10 025 1 828 18.2Husband......................... 21 513 1 222 5.7 18 497 674 3.6 3 016 548 18.2 895 323 36.1Wife............................. 16 696 530 3.2 8 210 103 1.3 8 486 428 5.0 5 784 1 043 18.0Related children1

................. 5 982 235 3.9 1 002 33 3.3 4 980 202 4.1 2 982 375 12.6Other ...........................


children under 6 years................ 19 570 1 334 6.8 12 823 547 4.3 6 747 788 11.7 4 552 1 050 23.1Husband......................... 10 574 857 8.1 8 954 474 5.3 1 620 383 23.6 305 146 47.9Wife............................. 7 479 331 4.4 3 290 44 1.3 4 189 286 6.8 3 419 680 19.9Related children1

................. 997 80 8.0 278 6 2.1 720 74 10.3 571 153 26.8Other ...........................


spouse present ........................ 10 029 1 457 14.5 5 497 320 5.8 4 532 1 137 25.1 3 471 1 672 48.2Householder ..................... 5 522 1 051 19.0 3 540 257 7.2 1 981 795 40.1 1 520 1 031 67.8Other ...........................


4 508 406 9.0 1 957 63 3.2 2 551 343 13.4 1 951 642 32.9

under 18 years ...................... 6 097 1 291 21.2 3 127 290 9.3 2 970 1 001 33.7 2 365 1 412 59.7Householder ..................... 4 174 1 000 24.0 2 544 244 9.6 1 630 756 46.4 1 221 947 77.6Related children1

................. 1 427 212 14.8 305 23 7.7 1 122 188 16.8 964 406 42.1Other ...........................


496 79 15.9 278 22 8.0 218 57 25.9 180 60 33.3

under 6 years ....................... 2 156 675 31.3 1 053 136 12.9 1 103 539 48.9 1 012 753 74.4Householder ..................... 1 518 524 34.5 782 105 13.5 736 418 56.8 661 572 86.5Related children1

................. 368 103 28.1 116 14 12.1 252 89 35.5 245 134 54.9Other ........................... 270 48 17.7 155 17 10.7 115 31 27.2 106 46 43.5

In unrelated subfamilies ................. 436 116 26.6 256 33 13.0 180 83 46.1 136 99 72.4

Unrelated individuals .................... 20 873 2 437 11.7 14 119 399 2.8 6 754 2 038 30.2 3 020 2 059 68.2Male ................................ 11 913 1 272 10.7 8 290 237 2.9 3 623 1 036 28.6 1 443 956 66.2

Householder ....................... 8 261 701 8.5 5 906 117 2.0 2 355 584 24.8 936 519 55.5Female .............................. 8 960 1 164 13.0 5 829 162 2.8 3 131 1 002 32.0 1 578 1 103 69.9

Householder .......................


6 270 566 9.0 4 322 95 2.2 1 948 471 24.2 1 051 653 62.1

18



Characteristic



Total

Below poverty level

Total

Below poverty level

Total

Below poverty level

Total

Below poverty level




Percentof total

BLACK

Both Sexes

Total .......................... 15 155 2 009 13.3 9 641 480 5.0 5 515 1 529 27.7 8 428 3 526 41.816 to 17 years .......................... 308 73 23.6 10 1 (B) 298 71 23.9 904 352 38.918 to 64 years .......................... 14 508 1 915 13.2 9 523 479 5.0 4 985 1 436 28.8 5 385 2 567 47.7

18 to 24 years ........................ 2 330 510 21.9 849 60 7.1 1 481 450 30.4 1 325 607 45.825 to 34 years ........................ 4 203 640 15.2 2 825 165 5.8 1 379 475 34.4 1 150 664 57.835 to 54 years ........................ 6 816 698 10.2 5 062 233 4.6 1 754 464 26.5 1 944 927 47.755 to 64 years ........................ 1 158 67 5.8 787 21 2.6 371 46 12.5 966 370 38.3

65 years and over ...................... 340 22 6.4 108 – – 231 22 9.4 2 138 607 28.4

Male

Total ............................. 7 238 704 9.7 4 828 121 2.5 2 410 583 24.2 3 366 1 143 34.016 to 17 years .......................... 148 33 22.1 – – (B) 148 33 22.1 463 181 39.018 to 64 years .......................... 6 915 666 9.6 4 753 121 2.5 2 162 545 25.2 2 177 829 38.1

18 to 24 years ........................ 1 129 180 16.0 446 18 4.1 684 162 23.7 577 228 39.525 to 34 years ........................ 2 009 194 9.6 1 420 32 2.3 589 161 27.4 404 177 43.735 to 54 years ........................ 3 207 263 8.2 2 462 61 2.5 745 201 27.0 832 321 38.555 to 64 years ........................ 570 29 5.1 425 9 2.1 144 20 14.1 365 104 28.6

65 years and over ...................... 175 6 3.2 75 – (B) 100 6 5.5 725 133 18.3

Female

Total ............................. 7 917 1 305 16.5 4 812 360 7.5 3 105 946 30.5 5 062 2 383 47.116 to 17 years .......................... 160 40 24.9 10 1 (B) 150 39 25.7 441 171 38.818 to 64 years .......................... 7 593 1 249 16.5 4 769 358 7.5 2 823 891 31.6 3 208 1 738 54.2

18 to 24 years ........................ 1 201 330 27.5 403 42 10.3 798 288 36.1 748 379 50.625 to 34 years ........................ 2 195 446 20.3 1 405 133 9.5 790 313 39.7 746 488 65.435 to 54 years ........................ 3 608 435 12.1 2 599 172 6.6 1 009 263 26.1 1 112 606 54.555 to 64 years ........................ 589 38 6.4 362 12 3.3 227 26 11.4 602 265 44.1

65 years and over ...................... 164 16 9.9 33 – (B) 131 16 12.4 1 413 474 33.6


Persons 16 to 64 years old....... 14 816 1 987 13.4 9 532 480 5.0 5 283 1 507 28.5 6 289 2 919 46.4In families.............................. 11 838 1 499 12.7 7 443 410 5.5 4 394 1 089 24.8 5 346 2 196 41.1


5 531 934 16.9 3 976 322 8.1 1 554 612 39.4 1 632 1 042 63.9

18 years .......................... 7 595 1 322 17.4 4 692 384 8.2 2 903 939 32.3 3 474 1 731 49.8Householder .....................

In families with related children under 64 003 875 21.9 2 800 313 11.2 1 204 562 46.7 1 160 890 76.7

years............................. 3 566 804 22.5 2 108 223 10.6 1 458 581 39.8 1 647 1 039 63.1Householder ..................... 1 899 533 28.1 1 257 178 14.2 642 355 55.3 682 581 85.2

In married~couple families.............. 6 517 286 4.4 4 447 85 1.9 2 069 201 9.7 2 237 430 19.2Husband......................... 2 842 150 5.3 2 255 50 2.2 586 101 17.1 398 122 30.5Wife............................. 2 471 102 4.1 1 688 31 1.8 782 71 9.1 789 173 21.9Related children1

................. 1 110 34 3.0 455 4 .9 654 30 4.5 955 124 13.0Other ...........................

In married~couple families with related94 – – 49 – (B) 46 – (B) 95 12 12.3

children under 18 years............... 4 146 247 6.0 2 830 79 2.8 1 316 167 12.7 1 350 297 22.0Husband......................... 1 866 130 6.9 1 479 47 3.2 387 83 21.3 195 70 36.0Wife............................. 1 606 88 5.5 1 123 28 2.5 483 59 12.3 415 111 26.8Related children1

................. 615 30 4.8 200 4 2.1 415 25 6.1 681 108 15.8Other ...........................

In married~couple families with related59 – (B) 28 – (B) 31 – (B) 59 8 (B)

children under 6 years................ 1 880 149 7.9 1 279 53 4.2 601 95 15.9 501 151 30.0Husband......................... 915 79 8.7 713 34 4.7 202 46 22.6 77 40 52.4Wife............................. 729 49 6.8 488 15 3.2 240 34 14.1 223 69 30.8Related children1

................. 207 20 9.7 73 4 (B) 135 16 11.8 180 36 20.1Other ...........................

In families with female householder, no30 – (B) 6 – (B) 24 – (B) 21 5 (B)

spouse present ........................ 4 527 1 116 24.6 2 494 298 11.9 2 033 818 40.2 2 777 1 658 59.7Householder ..................... 2 363 739 31.3 1 515 252 16.7 848 486 57.4 1 056 867 82.2Other ...........................


2 164 377 17.4 979 45 4.6 1 185 332 28.0 1 722 790 45.9

under 18 years ...................... 3 054 1 020 33.4 1 606 286 17.8 1 448 734 50.7 1 965 1 354 68.9Householder ..................... 1 905 710 37.3 1 169 245 21.0 736 465 63.1 884 779 88.2Related children1

................. 827 220 26.6 279 31 11.0 548 189 34.5 939 506 53.9Other ...........................


322 91 28.1 158 10 6.2 164 81 49.3 142 69 48.8

under 6 years ....................... 1 494 613 41.1 714 153 21.5 780 460 59.0 1 079 848 78.5Householder ..................... 886 420 47.4 483 125 25.8 404 296 73.3 560 521 92.9Related children1

................. 405 133 32.9 142 25 17.5 263 109 41.3 434 267 61.5Other ........................... 202 59 29.4 89 4 4.4 113 56 49.1 85 60 70.6

In unrelated subfamilies ................. 61 33 (B) 31 5 (B) 30 29 (B) 37 31 (B)

Unrelated individuals .................... 2 917 455 15.6 2 058 66 3.2 858 390 45.4 907 692 76.4Male ................................ 1 644 253 15.4 1 166 32 2.7 478 221 46.3 474 358 75.5

Householder ....................... 1 047 133 12.7 765 16 2.1 282 116 41.2 259 161 62.1Female .............................. 1 273 202 15.9 892 34 3.9 381 168 44.2 433 335 77.3

Householder .......................


978 112 11.4 718 25 3.5 260 86 33.2 355 268 75.5

19



Characteristic



Total

Below poverty level

Total

Below poverty level

Total

Below poverty level

Total

Below poverty level




Percentof total

HISPANIC ORIGIN2

Both Sexes

Total .......................... 12 677 2 113 16.7 7 735 682 8.8 4 942 1 431 29.0 6 404 2 716 42.416 to 17 years .......................... 232 56 24.3 15 – (B) 216 56 26.0 718 279 38.818 to 64 years .......................... 12 264 2 046 16.7 7 656 677 8.8 4 608 1 369 29.7 4 410 2 106 47.8

18 to 24 years ........................ 2 457 565 23.0 1 021 113 11.1 1 436 452 31.5 1 134 532 46.925 to 34 years ........................ 4 205 710 16.9 2 717 250 9.2 1 488 460 30.9 1 150 616 53.535 to 54 years ........................ 4 780 681 14.2 3 360 282 8.4 1 420 398 28.1 1 456 690 47.455 to 64 years ........................ 822 91 11.1 558 32 5.8 264 59 22.3 670 268 40.0

65 years and over ...................... 182 11 5.8 64 4 (B) 118 6 5.4 1 276 331 26.0

Male

Total ............................. 7 469 1 271 17.0 4 962 496 10.0 2 508 775 30.9 2 099 846 40.316 to 17 years .......................... 126 32 25.6 13 – (B) 113 32 28.6 356 142 40.018 to 64 years .......................... 7 226 1 234 17.1 4 902 491 10.0 2 324 743 32.0 1 246 610 48.9

18 to 24 years ........................ 1 453 317 21.8 689 91 13.2 764 226 29.6 403 176 43.725 to 34 years ........................ 2 635 470 17.8 1 854 197 10.6 781 273 35.0 277 161 58.035 to 54 years ........................ 2 664 388 14.5 2 017 181 9.0 647 207 31.9 358 192 53.655 to 64 years ........................ 474 59 12.4 342 22 6.5 132 37 27.8 208 81 38.8

65 years and over ...................... 117 4 3.6 47 4 (B) 71 – (B) 496 94 18.9

Female

Total ............................. 5 208 842 16.2 2 773 186 6.7 2 434 656 27.0 4 305 1 870 43.416 to 17 years .......................... 105 24 22.7 2 – (B) 103 24 23.1 362 136 37.618 to 64 years .......................... 5 038 812 16.1 2 754 186 6.8 2 284 626 27.4 3 163 1 496 47.3

18 to 24 years ........................ 1 003 247 24.7 332 22 6.7 671 225 33.5 731 356 48.725 to 34 years ........................ 1 571 240 15.3 863 53 6.1 708 187 26.4 873 455 52.135 to 54 years ........................ 2 116 293 13.8 1 343 101 7.5 773 192 24.8 1 097 498 45.455 to 64 years ........................ 348 32 9.2 216 10 4.7 132 22 16.8 463 188 40.6

65 years and over ...................... 64 6 (B) 17 – (B) 47 6 (B) 780 238 30.5


Persons 16 to 64 years old....... 12 496 2 102 16.8 7 671 677 8.8 4 825 1 425 29.5 5 128 2 384 46.5In families.............................. 10 390 1 610 15.5 6 375 571 9.0 4 015 1 039 25.9 4 595 1 920 41.8


4 635 901 19.4 3 334 406 12.2 1 301 495 38.0 1 133 703 62.0

18 years .......................... 7 163 1 423 19.9 4 335 534 12.3 2 828 889 31.4 3 497 1 643 47.0Householder .....................

In families with related children under 63 459 816 23.6 2 454 381 15.5 1 004 435 43.3 880 623 70.9

years............................. 3 890 934 24.0 2 376 377 15.9 1 513 557 36.8 1 854 983 53.0Householder ..................... 1 921 551 28.7 1 325 265 20.0 595 286 48.1 513 377 73.5

In married~couple families.............. 7 783 1 009 13.0 4 906 415 8.5 2 877 594 20.6 3 149 1 030 32.7Husband......................... 3 527 594 16.8 2 773 338 12.2 754 256 34.0 330 154 46.8Wife............................. 2 484 195 7.9 1 358 42 3.1 1 126 153 13.6 1 680 586 34.9Related children1

................. 1 300 146 11.2 509 13 2.6 791 133 16.8 900 209 23.3Other ...........................


children under 18 years............... 5 525 894 16.2 3 458 388 11.2 2 066 506 24.5 2 416 881 36.5Husband......................... 2 668 538 20.1 2 089 317 15.2 579 220 38.0 200 110 54.8Wife............................. 1 689 159 9.4 904 37 4.1 785 122 15.5 1 279 504 39.4Related children1

................. 785 127 16.2 246 11 4.5 539 116 21.5 730 193 26.5Other ...........................


children under 6 years................ 3 071 624 20.3 1 957 293 15.0 1 114 331 29.7 1 330 578 43.4Husband......................... 1 602 408 25.5 1 235 251 20.3 367 157 42.8 93 54 58.0Wife............................. 902 105 11.6 441 19 4.3 461 86 18.6 850 363 42.7Related children1

................. 261 50 19.3 92 1 1.6 170 49 28.8 227 95 42.0Other ...........................


spouse present ........................ 1 800 488 27.1 962 125 13.0 838 362 43.3 1 192 791 66.4Householder ..................... 955 305 31.9 561 89 15.8 394 216 54.8 528 449 85.0Other ...........................


844 183 21.7 401 37 9.1 443 146 33.0 664 343 51.6

under 18 years ...................... 1 267 433 34.2 637 120 18.8 630 314 49.8 952 701 73.6Householder ..................... 767 284 37.1 429 88 20.4 338 197 58.2 479 428 89.4Related children1

................. 301 95 31.5 95 17 17.8 206 78 37.8 377 225 59.7Other ...........................


198 54 27.2 113 15 13.5 85 39 45.5 96 48 49.8

under 6 years ....................... 599 242 40.4 284 65 22.8 315 177 56.2 467 376 80.5Householder ..................... 340 154 45.3 170 42 24.9 171 112 65.7 282 260 92.2Related children1

................. 137 50 36.6 47 7 (B) 91 43 47.4 124 77 62.5Other ........................... 121 37 30.7 68 15 (B) 53 22 (B) 61 38 (B)

In unrelated subfamilies ................. 75 34 44.5 35 7 (B) 40 27 (B) 31 21 (B)

Unrelated individuals .................... 2 030 459 22.6 1 261 100 7.9 769 359 46.7 502 444 88.4Male ................................ 1 418 313 22.1 905 71 7.8 513 242 47.2 261 222 85.1

Householder ....................... 651 108 16.6 426 13 3.1 225 95 42.2 119 87 73.2Female .............................. 612 147 23.9 356 29 8.2 256 117 45.7 241 222 92.0

Householder ....................... 373 61 16.2 241 18 7.5 133 42 32.0 134 117 87.1

1Includes related children 16 and 17 years of age and own children 18 years and over.2Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.

20

Table 4. Income Deficit or Surplus of Families and Unrelated Individuals by Poverty Status:1995

[Numbers in thousands. Families and unrelated individuals as of March of the following year. For meaning of symbols, see text]

Characteristic

Total

Size of deficit or surplus Mean deficitor surplus

Median deficitor surplus

Deficit orsurplus per

family member

Under$500

$500to

$999

$1,000to

$1,999

$2,000to

$2,999

$3,000to

$3,999

$4,000to

$4,999

$5,000to

$5,999

$6,000to

$6,999

$7,000to

$7,999

$8,000or

more Value

Stand~ard

error Value

Stand~ard

error Value

Stand~ard

error

ALL RACES

Below Poverty Level

All families .........................

Number of related children under 18:

7 532 462 407 687 626 655 693 661 541 506 2 295 6 038 79 5 358 103 1 654 32

None ............................ 1 556 164 123 230 188 162 155 105 61 55 315 4 299 139 3 459 191 1 833 96One or more...................... 5 976 298 284 458 438 493 538 556 480 450 1 980 6 491 91 5 862 109 1 626 34

One ........................... 1 869 152 144 175 143 188 214 213 148 136 356 4 828 119 4 618 158 1 871 82Two or more.................... 4 106 146 140 282 295 305 323 343 332 314 1 625 7 248 116 6 656 151 1 564 37

Married~couple families ..............


2 982 219 185 285 319 281 264 276 194 160 799 5 655 129 4 767 162 1 427 46

None ............................ 1 021 106 84 129 131 97 78 85 40 42 230 4 499 176 3 627 259 2 032 134One or more...................... 1 961 113 101 156 187 184 186 191 154 118 570 6 257 169 5 274 181 1 284 48

One ........................... 474 50 29 57 37 54 68 41 36 20 83 4 635 254 4 157 263 1 347 112Two or more....................

Families with female householder, no

1 486 63 72 99 150 130 118 150 118 98 487 6 775 204 5 731 201 1 271 52

spouse present ....................


4 057 202 179 354 263 325 379 343 330 313 1 369 6 407 105 5 951 147 1 830 48

None ............................ 423 46 28 78 47 52 62 12 19 6 73 3 989 251 3 251 310 1 522 150One or more...................... 3 634 156 151 276 216 273 317 330 311 306 1 296 6 688 112 6 310 151 1 856 50

One ........................... 1 186 79 95 100 84 116 130 153 109 100 222 4 914 142 4 924 197 2 151 121Two or more.................... 2 448 78 57 176 132 157 188 177 203 206 1 074 7 548 143 7 274 187 1 779 55

All unrelated subfamilies ............. 263 16 3 17 10 28 8 30 29 32 89 6 505 335 6 652 429 2 526 277

Unrelated individuals ................ 8 247 667 896 1 567 1 071 675 552 454 583 1 781 – 3 762 47 2 927 66 3 762 113Male............................. 3 382 232 295 537 413 282 254 222 281 865 – 4 187 74 3 756 161 4 187 195Female ..........................

Above the Poverty Level

4 865 435 600 1 030 658 393 299 232 302 915 – 3 467 60 2 557 83 3 467 138

All families .........................


62 065 396 441 886 945 859 1 057 971 1 029 1 020 54 461 43 763 332 31 677 211 13 908 114

None ............................ 31 322 138 203 338 445 385 526 427 523 488 27 848 44 462 434 32 339 315 18 740 235One or more...................... 30 743 258 237 547 500 474 531 544 507 532 26 613 43 051 503 31 056 282 10 940 141

One ........................... 13 176 132 93 252 216 222 174 241 212 253 11 381 42 107 684 31 258 458 13 288 263Two or more.................... 17 567 126 144 295 283 252 357 303 295 280 15 232 43 759 715 30 918 357 9 703 175



50 588 216 253 450 550 520 691 621 735 692 45 861 48 226 393 35 847 239 15 046 137

None ............................ 26 515 92 127 233 334 298 402 319 415 390 23 906 47 429 499 35 093 367 20 289 279One or more...................... 24 073 124 126 217 216 222 290 302 320 302 21 955 49 103 616 36 568 329 11 801 166

One ........................... 9 384 53 38 73 81 77 51 102 99 125 8 687 50 035 889 39 328 623 14 571 322Two or more....................


14 689 71 88 144 135 145 239 200 221 178 13 268 48 507 834 35 059 415 10 487 201

spouse present ....................


8 458 137 168 376 308 296 280 276 238 256 6 124 21 866 384 16 449 327 7 486 174

None ............................ 3 340 30 64 80 87 69 90 80 79 66 2 695 25 949 587 21 122 592 10 117 355One or more...................... 5 118 107 104 296 221 227 190 196 159 190 3 429 19 202 499 13 771 432 6 090 197

One ........................... 2 835 59 50 153 110 131 92 113 91 102 1 933 20 476 775 14 569 570 8 115 389Two or more.................... 2 282 48 54 143 111 96 97 83 68 88 1 496 17 620 565 12 754 608 4 477 185

All unrelated subfamilies ............. 325 10 14 20 13 11 35 14 7 18 183 15 731 1 602 9 269 952 6 552 890

Unrelated individuals ................ 31 237 838 668 1 438 1 612 1 220 1 353 1 201 993 1 406 20 509 20 463 314 12 920 194 20 463 417Male............................. 15 408 272 183 531 618 543 618 486 402 577 11 177 24 363 556 16 081 212 24 363 734Female ..........................

WHITE

Below Poverty Level

15 829 566 485 906 994 677 734 715 590 829 9 331 16 665 294 10 632 172 16 665 438

All families .........................


4 994 349 293 474 495 479 453 455 345 297 1 353 5 650 96 4 896 122 1 593 40

None ............................ 1 155 125 86 165 150 133 97 87 51 43 218 4 202 157 3 383 199 1 858 115One or more...................... 3 839 224 207 309 345 345 356 368 295 254 1 134 6 086 113 5 358 132 1 547 42

One ........................... 1 261 119 104 111 111 140 139 128 88 75 245 4 693 149 4 322 199 1 829 99Two or more.................... 2 578 105 103 198 234 206 217 240 207 179 889 6 767 147 5 943 174 1 470 46



2 443 190 146 241 284 249 219 227 153 118 617 5 509 143 4 510 177 1 409 51

None ............................ 860 88 57 108 123 95 70 77 35 37 170 4 367 185 3 573 242 1 983 142One or more...................... 1 583 101 89 134 161 154 148 150 118 81 447 6 129 192 5 025 208 1 267 54

One ........................... 381 45 24 44 34 47 54 27 31 15 59 4 412 279 3 902 308 1 314 124Two or more....................


1 202 56 65 90 127 107 95 123 87 65 388 6 673 232 5 504 220 1 257 59

spouse present ....................


2 200 127 112 199 179 195 203 195 178 157 654 5 907 137 5 434 188 1 816 68

None ............................ 220 27 23 43 21 31 20 4 13 3 37 3 670 332 2 851 493 1 507 213One or more...................... 1 980 100 89 157 158 164 183 191 165 154 617 6 156 145 5 722 182 1 842 71

One ........................... 728 51 60 55 61 80 72 90 55 48 155 4 935 189 4 783 285 2 233 164Two or more.................... 1 252 48 30 102 97 84 111 101 111 106 461 6 866 194 6 474 250 1 716 78

All unrelated subfamilies ............. 191 14 3 16 10 20 8 23 19 19 60 6 187 411 6 111 532 2 391 314

Unrelated individuals ................ 6 336 545 729 1 194 827 552 436 329 405 1 318 – 3 674 53 2 846 75 3 674 127Male............................. 2 551 188 231 408 332 243 205 144 176 623 – 4 047 84 3 478 162 4 047 218Female ..........................


3 784 358 497 786 495 309 231 185 230 695 – 3 423 68 2 508 97 3 423 155

21

Table 4. Income Deficit or Surplus of Families and Unrelated Individuals by Poverty Status:1995mCon.


Characteristic

Total




family member

Under$500

$500to

$999

$1,000to

$1,999

$2,000to

$2,999

$3,000to

$3,999

$4,000to

$4,999

$5,000to

$5,999

$6,000to

$6,999

$7,000to

$7,999

$8,000or

more Value

Stand~ard

error Value

Stand~ard

error Value

Stand~ard

error

WHITEmCon.


All families .........................


53 878 288 336 674 703 659 850 788 863 866 47 851 45 061 357 32 899 240 14 584 129

None ............................ 28 004 107 165 275 370 305 448 380 455 427 25 070 45 510 465 33 154 352 19 540 261One or more...................... 25 874 181 171 398 333 354 402 408 407 439 22 780 44 576 547 32 648 328 11 392 157

One ........................... 10 907 87 61 181 148 172 125 189 168 209 9 567 44 180 793 33 231 531 14 046 309Two or more.................... 14 967 94 110 218 184 183 277 219 239 230 13 213 44 865 749 32 248 415 10 031 188



45 434 186 200 382 477 421 604 551 669 606 41 338 48 665 410 36 262 260 15 434 148

None ............................ 24 354 81 106 199 303 253 361 298 387 348 22 017 47 913 522 35 352 377 20 725 299One or more...................... 21 080 105 94 183 174 168 243 253 282 258 19 320 49 535 647 37 152 359 12 008 178

One ........................... 8 115 41 23 57 66 53 42 89 90 103 7 550 51 181 996 40 051 626 15 092 365Two or more....................


12 965 63 71 126 108 115 201 164 192 155 11 770 48 505 846 35 563 414 10 580 208

spouse present ....................


6 083 74 121 247 178 203 192 179 145 200 4 544 23 213 478 17 622 400 8 418 235

None ............................ 2 509 15 51 55 49 38 66 56 48 54 2 077 27 155 704 22 052 606 11 230 462One or more...................... 3 574 59 70 192 129 165 125 122 97 146 2 468 20 445 636 14 846 502 6 824 267

One ........................... 2 038 32 34 100 69 105 62 82 57 81 1 417 21 645 976 15 017 640 8 908 511Two or more.................... 1 536 27 36 92 60 60 64 40 40 66 1 051 18 853 712 14 587 816 5 031 252

All unrelated subfamilies ............. 286 10 7 13 13 11 35 11 7 13 167 16 327 1 777 9 594 1 289 6 777 982

Unrelated individuals ................ 27 063 702 578 1 214 1 367 1 068 1 157 1 054 865 1 208 17 849 20 881 349 13 083 212 20 881 462Male............................. 13 185 225 137 426 511 465 528 408 327 479 9 678 25 131 623 16 459 232 25 131 823Female ..........................

BLACK

Below Poverty Level

13 878 477 440 787 856 603 629 647 538 729 8 171 16 842 327 10 604 181 16 842 479

All families .........................


2 127 102 85 183 107 150 193 170 161 173 803 6 852 151 6 454 224 1 794 70

None ............................ 306 31 24 50 32 24 53 11 7 8 66 4 420 330 3 679 504 1 689 233One or more...................... 1 821 71 61 133 75 127 140 159 153 166 737 7 261 163 6 947 212 1 805 74

One ........................... 512 31 36 51 26 45 53 73 55 47 93 5 027 214 5 173 254 1 977 197Two or more.................... 1 309 40 24 82 48 81 87 86 98 118 644 8 134 198 7 912 259 1 768 81



314 26 28 28 16 17 25 28 23 23 101 6 093 403 5 611 502 1 474 165

None ............................ 105 16 18 13 5 – 7 3 5 2 37 4 990 656 4 241 2 026 2 238 567One or more...................... 209 11 10 15 11 17 17 26 18 20 63 6 645 497 5 890 509 1 307 163

One ........................... 49 5 5 6 – 5 3 11 3 – 13 (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (Two or more....................


161 6 5 9 11 12 15 15 15 20 51 7 119 583 6 405 642 1 302 179

spouse present ....................


1 701 68 53 142 80 120 157 133 136 144 670 7 079 168 6 727 238 1 863 82

None ............................ 168 13 2 30 25 19 38 9 3 3 28 4 354 413 3 773 464 1 535 274One or more...................... 1 533 55 51 112 55 101 119 125 133 141 642 7 377 177 7 116 221 1 890 86

One ........................... 418 26 32 39 20 35 49 54 52 45 65 4 916 227 5 137 302 2 029 229Two or more.................... 1 115 29 19 73 35 66 70 70 81 96 577 8 299 213 8 240 311 1 861 94

All unrelated subfamilies ............. 52 2 – 1 – 6 – 4 9 13 17 (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (

Unrelated individuals ................ 1 551 107 153 323 211 104 90 88 143 331 – 3 814 108 2 908 174 3 814 332Male............................. 678 44 56 106 70 35 37 50 91 189 – 4 480 169 4 766 506 4 480 591Female ..........................


873 64 97 217 141 69 53 38 52 141 – 3 296 135 2 411 163 3 296 390

All families .........................


5 928 82 88 179 188 139 169 157 134 128 4 665 30 205 859 21 918 655 8 721 279

None ............................ 2 409 26 27 52 62 55 59 42 53 46 1 986 30 573 862 24 305 947 11 190 518One or more...................... 3 519 56 60 126 126 83 111 114 81 82 2 679 29 952 1 322 19 944 773 7 556 371

One ........................... 1 687 35 29 64 53 31 40 46 37 37 1 314 28 266 1 096 20 325 939 8 863 503Two or more.................... 1 832 21 31 63 73 52 71 68 44 46 1 365 31 505 2 329 19 503 1 369 6 736 540



3 399 19 42 49 50 48 70 46 46 68 2 961 39 069 1 384 30 075 790 10 916 468

None ............................ 1 489 11 15 25 24 23 31 17 17 32 1 294 35 822 1 211 29 197 1 124 13 960 850One or more...................... 1 909 8 27 24 25 25 39 29 29 36 1 668 41 602 2 270 30 902 1 210 9 521 600

One ........................... 838 8 13 14 14 6 6 8 7 18 744 39 180 1 664 32 989 2 322 10 611 754Two or more....................


1 071 – 14 10 11 19 33 22 22 18 923 43 496 3 828 29 787 1 309 8 879 866

spouse present ....................


2 068 49 44 117 109 85 78 96 80 51 1 359 17 433 640 12 914 648 5 192 265

None ............................ 717 10 10 23 34 30 18 24 28 11 529 21 075 1 021 16 406 934 6 963 587One or more...................... 1 351 39 33 95 75 55 61 72 51 41 830 15 502 804 10 963 729 4 388 300

One ........................... 698 21 16 47 30 25 29 31 30 19 451 16 762 1 278 13 006 1 221 6 122 650Two or more.................... 653 18 17 48 45 30 32 41 21 22 379 14 156 942 9 680 695 3 230 288

All unrelated subfamilies ............. 32 – 7 7 – 1 – 2 – 3 13 (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (

Unrelated individuals ................ 3 205 115 79 176 185 128 160 110 110 169 1 973 15 802 476 11 379 371 15 802 1 002Male............................. 1 695 41 40 85 78 65 75 65 66 83 1 098 17 153 717 12 144 452 17 153 1 528Female ..........................


1 510 74 39 91 107 63 85 46 45 86 875 14 285 605 9 977 609 14 285 1 338

B)

B)

B)

22

Table 4. Income Deficit or Surplus of Families and Unrelated Individuals by Poverty Status:1995mCon.


Characteristic

Total




family member

Under$500

$500to

$999

$1,000to

$1,999

$2,000to

$2,999

$3,000to

$3,999

$4,000to

$4,999

$5,000to

$5,999

$6,000to

$6,999

$7,000to

$7,999

$8,000or

more Value

Stand~ard

error Value

Stand~ard

error Value

Stand~ard

error

HISPANIC ORIGIN1

Below Poverty Level

All families .........................


1 695 93 71 127 155 166 135 150 123 112 563 6 468 176 5 667 214 1 500 65

None ............................ 225 19 19 21 33 38 16 16 11 7 46 4 398 350 3 554 308 1 758 281One or more...................... 1 470 73 52 106 122 128 119 134 112 104 517 6 785 193 5 992 244 1 479 67

One ........................... 371 35 22 38 42 37 40 28 35 24 69 4 824 287 4 280 377 1 610 184Two or more.................... 1 099 38 31 68 80 92 79 106 77 81 448 7 446 231 6 728 334 1 453 73



803 47 42 62 78 98 54 81 49 54 239 6 270 267 5 265 275 1 291 84

None ............................ 147 13 10 13 24 28 8 11 7 6 28 4 317 414 3 490 344 1 883 384One or more...................... 657 34 31 49 54 71 46 70 43 48 210 6 706 307 5 616 285 1 236 86

One ........................... 139 13 11 15 14 17 19 9 15 8 19 4 624 480 4 014 520 1 227 218Two or more....................


517 21 21 34 39 54 28 61 28 40 192 7 267 358 6 024 475 1 237 93

spouse present ....................


792 36 21 59 70 61 74 56 69 55 291 6 707 244 6 274 321 1 753 118

None ............................ 57 5 5 8 6 9 8 3 4 – 9 (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B)One or more...................... 735 30 17 51 64 52 66 53 66 55 282 6 923 254 6 537 323 1 776 123

One ........................... 194 14 10 21 25 16 18 15 19 16 42 5 037 380 4 687 643 2 038 343Two or more.................... 541 17 7 30 38 36 48 38 46 39 240 7 600 305 7 242 445 1 723 132

All unrelated subfamilies ............. 46 2 – 4 4 9 – 7 – 2 19 (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B)

Unrelated individuals ................ 1 092 64 97 202 105 70 101 59 57 336 – 4 329 133 4 074 297 4 329 447Male............................. 577 28 47 100 62 48 55 27 40 170 – 4 411 179 4 066 364 4 411 630Female .......................... 515 37 50 102 43 22 46 32 17 166 – 4 237 199 4 083 551 4 237 646


All families .........................


4 591 66 74 156 160 120 151 190 148 154 3 371 26 988 948 18 091 502 7 067 271

None ............................ 1 640 19 19 42 43 34 45 63 43 46 1 288 29 514 1 209 20 694 1 162 10 925 671One or more...................... 2 951 47 55 114 117 87 106 127 106 109 2 084 25 584 1 311 16 514 840 5 762 320

One ........................... 1 185 16 29 43 52 45 24 51 35 40 851 27 071 2 148 17 474 1 284 7 803 723Two or more.................... 1 766 31 26 71 66 41 83 76 71 69 1 232 24 587 1 649 16 026 979 4 829 353



3 443 43 34 92 110 74 103 117 117 105 2 649 30 075 1 211 20 236 757 7 554 341

None ............................ 1 198 15 9 32 28 26 31 41 31 29 956 32 074 1 545 22 436 1 286 12 176 897One or more...................... 2 245 28 25 60 82 48 71 76 86 76 1 692 29 008 1 663 19 323 730 6 172 387

One ........................... 799 6 12 14 29 21 10 26 27 24 630 32 427 2 985 21 363 1 754 8 613 934Two or more....................


1 446 23 13 46 53 26 61 49 59 52 1 062 27 118 1 981 18 286 991 5 199 416

spouse present ....................


812 19 36 60 40 40 33 42 25 35 483 16 149 1 208 10 951 801 4 860 469

None ............................ 265 1 8 8 13 4 7 7 10 8 199 22 171 1 980 17 319 1 393 7 984 1 200One or more...................... 548 18 28 52 27 36 26 35 16 26 284 13 238 1 477 8 585 959 3 691 491

One ........................... 295 9 16 27 15 21 10 15 6 11 165 14 890 2 512 9 841 1 237 5 295 1 077Two or more.................... 252 9 12 25 12 15 16 20 9 15 119 11 306 1 251 7 559 1 043 2 517 370

All unrelated subfamilies ............. 38 2 – 3 1 – 9 4 1 1 16 (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B)

Unrelated individuals ................ 1 855 85 51 103 124 85 126 93 93 112 985 15 865 1 556 8 946 561 15 865 1 954Male............................. 1 223 32 21 53 78 54 97 67 67 80 674 17 382 2 258 9 536 680 17 382 2 776Female .......................... 633 53 30 50 46 31 30 26 26 31 311 12 934 1 313 7 822 765 12 934 2 140


23

Table 5. Percent of Persons in Poverty by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics:1995

(Persons as of March of the following year. For meaning of symbols, see text)

Characteristic

Total(1,000)

Money incomem Before taxes After taxes

Excludingcapitalgains

(currentofficial

measure)

Definition 1 less taxesplus capital gains (losses) Money incomem

Definition 3plus healthinsurance

supplementsto wage or

salaryincome

Definition 4less

SocialSecurity

payroll taxes

Definition 5less

Federalincome

taxes

Definition 6plus

EarnedIncome

TaxCredit

WithoutEITC With EITC

Definition 1less

governmenttransfers

Definition 2plus

capitalgains

(losses)

1 1a 1b 2 3 4 5 6

ALL RACES

Total ..............................

Age

263 733 13.8 14.8 13.4 21.9 21.8 21.1 22.0 22.1 20.9

Under 18 years ......................... 70 566 20.8 22.1 19.4 24.2 24.1 22.9 24.1 24.2 21.9Related children ...................... 69 425 20.2 21.5 18.8 23.6 23.5 22.3 23.5 23.6 21.3

Under 6 years ...................... 23 943 23.7 25.1 22.1 26.5 26.4 25.1 26.4 26.4 23.918 to 24 years .......................... 24 843 18.3 20.0 18.3 21.6 21.6 20.9 22.1 22.4 21.125 to 44 years .......................... 83 996 11.0 12.2 10.7 14.0 14.0 13.2 14.1 14.4 13.145 to 64 years .......................... 52 668 8.8 9.4 8.9 14.4 14.4 14.0 14.6 14.8 14.365 years and over ...................... 31 658 10.5 10.5 10.4 49.9 49.9 49.5 50.0 50.1 50.0

65 to 74 years ........................ 18 270 8.6 8.7 8.6 42.5 42.5 42.1 42.6 42.8 42.775 years and over ....................

Family Relationship

13 388 13.0 13.1 13.0 60.0 60.0 59.7 60.0 60.2 60.0

In families1............................. 222 792 12.3 13.3 11.6 19.0 19.0 18.2 19.0 19.2 17.7

Married~couple families ................ 173 966 6.8 7.6 6.4 12.9 12.9 12.2 13.0 13.1 12.1With related children under 18 ........

Female householder, no husband109 721 8.7 9.9 8.1 11.0 11.0 10.2 11.1 11.2 9.6

present ............................. 38 908 36.5 37.8 34.0 45.7 45.5 44.0 45.4 45.6 42.5With related children under 18 ........ 29 233 44.8 46.2 41.4 51.7 51.5 49.6 51.1 51.4 47.4

Unrelated individuals .................... 39 484 20.9 22.4 22.4 36.7 36.7 36.4 37.3 37.9 37.6Living alone .......................... 24 946 18.0 19.0 18.9 40.0 40.1 39.9 40.5 40.8 40.7

65 years and over ..................

Type of Residence

9 847 21.2 21.1 21.1 69.7 70.0 69.8 70.0 70.1 70.1

Inside metropolitan areas ................ 212 014 13.4 14.3 12.9 20.7 20.6 19.9 20.7 20.9 19.8Inside central cities.................... 79 002 20.6 21.8 20.0 28.7 28.6 27.7 28.7 29.0 27.4Outside central cities .................. 133 012 9.1 9.8 8.8 15.9 15.9 15.3 16.0 16.1 15.2

Outside metropolitan areas ..............

Region

51 718 15.6 17.1 15.1 26.6 26.6 25.6 27.0 27.1 25.4

Northeast .............................. 51 429 12.5 13.6 12.4 21.1 21.1 20.4 21.1 21.2 20.2Midwest ............................... 61 773 11.0 12.0 10.5 18.8 18.8 18.0 18.8 18.9 17.9South ................................. 92 027 15.7 16.7 15.1 24.0 23.9 23.2 24.3 24.4 22.9West ..................................

WHITE

58 503 14.9 16.0 14.5 22.4 22.3 21.5 22.5 22.7 21.3

Total ..............................

Age

218 028 11.2 12.1 10.8 19.4 19.3 18.7 19.5 19.7 18.6




Family Relationship

12 129 11.3 11.4 11.3 59.4 59.4 59.0 59.4 59.5 59.4

In families1............................. 183 450 9.6 10.4 8.9 16.3 16.2 15.5 16.3 16.4 15.1





65 years and over ..................

Type of Residence

8 861 18.8 18.7 18.7 68.5 68.8 68.6 68.9 68.9 68.9



Region

45 544 13.2 14.6 12.7 24.0 23.9 23.1 24.4 24.5 23.0



49 123 13.8 14.8 13.2 21.2 21.1 20.3 21.4 21.6 20.1

7

24

Table 5. Percent of Persons in Poverty by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics:1995mCon.


Characteristic

After taxesmcon.

Definition 7less

Stateincome

taxes

Definition 8plus

nonmeans~tested

governmentcash

transfers

Definition 9plus

medicare

Definition 10plus

regular~priceschool

lunches

Definition 11plus

means~testedgovernment

cashtransfers

Definition 12plus

medicaid

Definition 13 plus othermeans~tested governmentm Definition 14

plusnet

imputedreturn

on equityin own home

Noncashtransfers

Noncashtransfers

less medicalprograms

8 9 10 11 12 13 14 14a 15

ALL RACES

Total .............................

Age

21.0 14.1 13.7 13.7 12.5 11.7 10.3 11.1 9.4

Under 18 years ........................ 22.1 20.3 20.1 20.1 18.3 16.8 14.2 15.5 13.8Related children ..................... 21.5 19.6 19.5 19.5 17.7 16.2 13.6 14.9 13.2

Under 6 years ..................... 24.0 22.6 22.5 22.4 20.9 19.1 16.5 18.1 16.318 to 24 years ......................... 21.2 18.9 18.7 18.7 17.6 16.5 15.3 16.2 14.925 to 44 years ......................... 13.3 11.1 10.9 10.9 10.1 9.4 8.2 8.9 7.945 to 64 years ......................... 14.5 9.8 9.3 9.3 8.3 7.9 7.1 7.7 6.065 years and over ..................... 50.2 11.7 10.3 10.3 9.3 9.1 8.5 8.9 5.2

65 to 74 years ....................... 42.9 9.8 8.6 8.6 7.7 7.5 6.9 7.2 4.375 years and over ...................

Family Relationship

60.1 14.2 12.6 12.6 11.4 11.3 10.7 11.1 6.5

In families1............................ 17.9 12.3 12.1 12.1 10.9 10.0 8.6 9.4 8.0

Married~couple families ............... 12.2 6.7 6.5 6.5 5.9 5.4 4.8 5.2 4.3With related children under 18 .......

Female householder, no husband9.8 8.2 8.1 8.1 7.4 6.7 5.7 6.4 5.4

present ............................ 42.6 37.1 36.4 36.4 32.7 30.1 25.3 27.2 24.3With related children under 18 ....... 47.5 44.6 44.3 44.3 39.9 36.7 30.5 32.9 29.9

Unrelated individuals ................... 38.1 22.9 21.8 21.8 20.9 20.2 19.1 19.9 16.4Living alone ......................... 41.0 19.8 18.7 18.7 17.5 17.1 15.6 15.9 11.7

65 years and over .................

Type of Residence

70.3 23.1 20.8 20.8 19.1 18.7 17.4 17.4 10.0

Inside metropolitan areas ............... 19.9 13.7 13.3 13.3 12.1 11.4 9.9 10.7 9.1Inside central cities................... 27.6 21.1 20.6 20.5 18.8 17.6 15.3 16.5 14.4Outside central cities ................. 15.3 9.2 9.0 9.0 8.2 7.6 6.8 7.3 6.0

Outside metropolitan areas .............

Region

25.7 15.9 15.5 15.5 14.2 13.1 11.8 12.6 10.6

Northeast ............................. 20.4 13.2 12.7 12.7 11.5 10.6 8.8 9.8 8.1Midwest .............................. 18.1 11.3 11.0 11.0 9.9 9.4 8.3 8.9 7.6South ................................ 23.1 15.7 15.3 15.3 14.3 13.4 12.0 12.8 10.8West .................................

WHITE

21.4 15.4 15.1 15.1 13.5 12.5 11.1 12.1 10.3

Total .............................

Age

18.7 11.3 11.0 11.0 10.2 9.5 8.5 9.1 7.6




Family Relationship

59.5 12.3 10.9 10.9 10.0 9.9 9.4 9.8 5.9

In families1............................ 15.2 9.4 9.2 9.2 8.4 7.7 6.7 7.3 6.1





65 years and over .................

Type of Residence

69.1 20.5 18.5 18.5 17.0 16.7 15.7 15.7 9.1



Region

23.2 13.2 12.8 12.8 11.9 11.1 10.0 10.8 8.9



20.2 13.9 13.6 13.6 12.3 11.5 10.2 11.2 9.5

25



Characteristic

Total(1,000)

Money incomem Before taxes After taxes

Excludingcapitalgains

(currentofficial

measure)

Definition 1 less taxesplus capital gains (losses) Money incomem

Definition 3plus healthinsurance

supplementsto wage or

salaryincome

Definition 4less

SocialSecurity

payroll taxes

Definition 5less

Federalincome

taxes

Definition 6plus

EarnedIncome

TaxCredit

WithoutEITC With EITC

Definition 1less

governmenttransfers

Definition 2plus

capitalgains

(losses)

1 1a 1b 2 3 4 5 6

BLACK

Total ..............................

Age

33 740 29.3 30.6 28.2 37.2 37.2 35.9 37.2 37.5 35.5




Family Relationship

996 32.9 33.1 32.6 71.5 71.5 71.3 71.3 71.3 71.3

In families1............................. 28 777 28.5 29.7 26.9 35.8 35.8 34.3 35.7 35.9 33.7





65 years and over ..................

Type of Residence

854 43.2 43.5 43.5 81.6 81.4 81.4 81.4 81.6 81.6



Region

4 732 34.8 37.2 34.1 47.2 47.5 45.4 47.5 47.9 45.1


HISPANIC ORIGIN2

2 989 28.0 28.5 28.0 39.0 38.9 38.4 39.2 39.3 37.6

Total ..............................

Age

28 344 30.3 32.2 29.1 36.6 36.6 35.1 36.9 37.2 34.4



65 to 74 years ........................ 983 21.7 21.9 21.6 58.0 57.9 57.1 57.8 58.2 57.575 years and over ....................

Family Relationship

475 27.1 27.4 26.8 65.7 65.3 64.4 65.6 66.0 66.0

In families1............................. 25 165 29.2 31.2 27.7 35.2 35.2 33.6 35.4 35.7 32.7





65 years and over ..................

Type of Residence

368 45.6 45.6 45.6 89.1 89.1 89.1 89.1 89.1 89.1



Region

2 583 30.1 32.6 28.9 37.1 37.3 35.4 39.0 39.1 33.7

Northeast .............................. 4 339 36.5 38.1 35.3 43.4 43.8 42.4 43.9 44.3 41.8Midwest ............................... 1 894 21.3 24.2 21.5 28.9 29.1 26.3 27.2 27.3 25.7South ................................. 9 325 30.4 32.1 29.3 36.2 36.2 35.0 37.0 37.2 34.2West .................................. 12 785 29.4 31.6 28.0 35.8 35.6 34.1 35.8 36.3 33.4


7

26



Characteristic

After taxesmcon.

Definition 7less

Stateincome

taxes

Definition 8plus

nonmeans~tested

governmentcash

transfers

Definition 9plus

medicare

Definition 10plus

regular~priceschool

lunches

Definition 11plus

means~testedgovernment

cashtransfers

Definition 12plus

medicaid

Definition 13 plus othermeans~tested governmentm Definition 14

plusnet

imputedreturn

on equityin own home

Noncashtransfers

Noncashtransfers

less medicalprograms

8 9 10 11 12 13 14 14a 15

BLACK

Total .............................

Age

35.7 30.4 29.6 29.5 26.5 24.7 20.9 22.6 19.6




Family Relationship

71.6 36.4 32.0 32.0 28.6 28.0 25.6 26.2 13.4

In families1............................ 33.8 29.3 28.7 28.7 25.4 23.4 19.7 21.3 18.8





65 years and over .................

Type of Residence

82.0 46.5 41.4 41.4 38.6 37.1 33.1 33.4 16.9



Region

45.7 37.8 37.0 37.0 32.1 29.5 26.6 28.0 24.9


HISPANIC ORIGIN2

37.8 32.8 30.6 30.6 25.3 22.1 19.7 20.1 18.0

Total .............................

Age

34.6 30.2 29.7 29.7 27.6 25.4 22.3 24.2 21.2




Family Relationship

66.0 30.9 27.4 27.4 22.6 22.6 18.8 20.4 13.7

In families1............................ 32.7 28.7 28.3 28.3 26.2 24.0 20.7 22.7 19.8





65 years and over .................

Type of Residence

89.1 55.9 45.5 45.5 37.0 35.0 29.2 29.2 18.5



Region

33.8 28.3 27.9 27.9 27.2 25.3 20.7 22.7 19.8

Northeast ............................. 42.3 38.3 37.5 37.5 33.9 30.6 23.6 26.4 23.7Midwest .............................. 26.2 21.3 20.4 20.4 19.1 17.9 16.6 17.6 15.3South ................................ 34.3 29.7 29.1 29.1 28.0 25.5 22.6 24.5 21.0West ................................. 33.4 29.2 28.9 28.9 26.4 24.6 22.3 24.3 21.3

1Includes male householder, no wife present, not shown separately.2Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.

27

Table 6. Number and Percent of Persons in Poverty by Definition of Income: 1995(Poverty Thresholds Based on CPI-U-X1)

[Total number of persons was 263,733,000 in 1995]

Definition of income

Numberbelow

poverty(1,000)

Povertyrate

IN POVERTY

Income before taxes:

1. Money income excluding capital gains (current measure) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1a. Money income less taxes without EITC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1b. Money income less taxes with EITC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2. Definition 1 less government cash transfers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3. Definition 2 plus capital gains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4. Definition 3 plus health insurance supplements to wage or salary income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Income after taxes:

5. Definition 4 less Social Security payroll taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6. Definition 5 less Federal income taxes (excluding the EITC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7. Definition 6 plus the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8. Definition 7 less State income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9. Definition 8 plus nonmeans-tested government cash transfers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10. Definition 9 plus the value of Medicare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11. Definition 10 plus the value of regular-price school lunches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12. Definition 11 plus means-tested government cash transfers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13. Definition 12 plus the value of Medicaid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14. Definition 13 plus the value of other means-tested government noncash transfers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14a. Definition 13 plus the value of other means-tested government noncash transfers less medical programs. . . .15. Definition 14 plus net imputed return on equity in own home . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

32,47435,03831,43654,28954,10552,513

54,71355,06851,62451,86433,79033,00432,99629,73127,79123,73624,98221,476

12.313.311.920.620.519.9

20.720.919.619.712.812.512.511.310.59.09.58.1

For explanation of definitions see appendix B.


28

Appendix A.Definitions and Explanations

Family. The term ‘‘family’’ refers to a group of two or A household includes the related family members andmore persons related by birth, marriage, or adoption all the unrelated persons, if any, such as lodgers, fosterwho reside together; all such persons are considered as children, wards, or employees who share the housingmembers of one family. For example, if the son of the unit. A person living alone in a housing unit or a group ofperson who maintains the household and the son’s wife unrelated persons sharing a housing unit as partners isare members of the household, they are treated as also counted as a household. The count of householdsmembers of the parent’s family. Every family must excludes group quarters.include a reference person (see definition of house-

Income. For each person in the CPS sample 15 yearsholder for primary families). Two or more people living inold and over, questions were asked on the amount ofthe same household who are related to one another, butmoney income received in the preceding calendar yearare not related to the householder, form an ‘‘unrelatedfrom each of the following sources:subfamily.’’ Beginning with the 1980 Current Population

Survey (CPS), unrelated subfamilies were excluded 1. Earnings from longest job (or self-employment)from the count of families and unrelated subfamily

2. Earnings from jobs other than longest jobmembers were excluded from the count of family mem-bers. 3. Unemployment compensation

Family households. Family households are house- 4. Workers’ compensationholds maintained by a family (as defined above). Mem-

5. Social Securitybers of family households include any unrelated persons(unrelated subfamily members and/or secondary indi- 6. Supplemental Security Incomeviduals) who may be residing there. The number of

7. Public assistancefamily households will not equal the number of familiessince families living in group quarters are included in the 8. Veterans’ paymentscount of families. In addition, the count of family house-

9. Survivor benefitshold members differs from the count of family membersin that the family household members include all per- 10. Disability benefitssons living in the household; whereas, family membersinclude only householders and their relatives. (See the 11. Pension or retirement income

definition of family.) 12. Interest

Householder. 13. DividendsA householder is the person (or one ofthe persons) in whose name the home is owned or 14. Rents, royalties, and estates and trustsrented. If the house is owned jointly by a married couple,either the husband or the wife may be listed first, thereby 15. Educational assistancebecoming the reference person, or householder, to 16. Alimonywhom the relationship of the other household membersis recorded. One person in each household is desig- 17. Child supportnated as the ‘‘householder.’’ The number of household- 18. Financial assistance from outside of the household,ers, therefore, is equal to the number of households. and other periodic incomeHouseholds. Households consist of all persons who Capital gains and lump-sum or one-time payments areoccupy a housing unit. A house, an apartment or other excluded. For definitions of alternative measures ofgroup of rooms, or a single room is regarded as a income (definitions 1 through 15 shown in tables 5 andhousing unit when it is occupied or intended for occu- 6), see appendix B.pancy as separate living quarters: the occupants do notlive and eat with any other persons in the structure and It should be noted that although the income statisticsthere is direct access from the outside or through a refer to receipts during the preceding calendar year, thecommon hall. demographic characteristics such as age, labor force

A-1

status, and family or household composition are as ofthe survey date. The income of the family/householddoes not include amounts received by persons whowere members during all or part of the income year ifthese persons no longer resided in the family/householdat the time of interview. However, income data arecollected for persons who are current residents but didnot reside in the household during the income year.

Data on consumer income collected in the CPS bythe Bureau of the Census cover money income received(exclusive of certain money receipts such as capitalgains) before payments for personal income taxes,Social Security, union dues, medicare deductions, etc.Therefore, money income does not reflect the fact thatsome families receive part of their income in the form ofnoncash benefits such as food stamps, health benefits,noncash benefits in the form of rent-free housing andgoods produced and consumed on the farm. In addition,money income does not reflect the fact that noncashbenefits are also received by some nonfarm residentswhich often take the form of the use of businesstransportation and facilities, full or partial payments bybusiness for retirement programs, medical and educa-tional expenses, etc. These elements should be consid-ered when comparing income levels. Moreover, readersshould be aware that for many different reasons there isa tendency in household surveys for respondents tounderreport their income. From an analysis of indepen-dently derived income estimates, it has been determinedthat income earned from wages or salaries is muchbetter reported than other sources of income and isnearly equal to independent estimates of aggregateincome.

Income deficit. Income deficit is the difference betweenthe total income of families and unrelated individualsbelow the poverty level and their respective povertythresholds. In computing the income deficit, familiesreporting a net income loss are assigned zero dollars,and for such cases, the deficit is equal to the povertythreshold. The income deficit is a measure of the degreeof impoverishment of a family or unrelated individual.

Periods of Recession

Peak month Year Trough month Year

November . . . . . . . 1948 October . . . . . . . . . 1949July. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1953 May. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1954August . . . . . . . . . . . 1957 April . . . . . . . . . . . . 1958April . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1960 February . . . . . . . . 1961December . . . . . . . . 1969 November . . . . . . . 1970November . . . . . . . . 1973 March . . . . . . . . . . . 1975January . . . . . . . . . . 1980 July . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1980July. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1981 November . . . . . . . 1982July. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1990 March . . . . . . . . . . . 1991

Source: National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc., 1050 Mas-sachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138.

Population coverage. This report includes the civiliannoninstitutional population of the United States and

members of the Armed Forces in the United States livingoff post or with their families on post, but excludes allother members of the Armed Forces. The poverty dataalso exclude unrelated individuals under 15 years ofage.

The information on the Hispanic population shown inthis report was collected in the 50 States and the Districtof Columbia and, therefore, does not include residentsof outlying areas or U.S. territories such as Guam,Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands.

Poverty definition. Poverty statistics presented in thisreport are based on a definition developed by MollieOrshansky of the Social Security Administration (SSA) in19641 and revised in 1969 and 1981 by interagencycommittees. This definition was established as the offi-cial definition of poverty for statistical use in all Execu-tive departments by the Bureau of the Budget (BoB) in1969 (in Circular No. A-46); after BoB became Office ofManagement and Budget, this was reconfirmed in Sta-tistical Policy Directive No. 14.

The original poverty definition provided a range ofincome cutoffs or thresholds adjusted by such factors asfamily size, sex of the family head, number of childrenunder 18 years old, and farm-nonfarm residence. At thecore of this definition of poverty was the economy foodplan, the least costly of four nutritionally adequate foodplans designed by the Department of Agriculture. It wasdetermined from the Department of Agriculture’s 1955Household Food Consumption Survey that families ofthree or more persons spent approximately one-third oftheir after-tax money income on food; accordingly, pov-erty thresholds for families of three or more personswere set at three times the cost of the economy foodplan. Different procedures were used to calculate pov-erty thresholds for two-person families and personsliving alone in order to compensate for the relativelylarger fixed expenses of these smaller units. For two-person families, the cost of the economy food plan wasmultiplied by a factor of 3.7 (also derived from the 1955survey). For unrelated individuals (one-person units), nomultiplier was used; poverty thresholds were insteadcalculated as a fixed proportion of the correspondingthresholds for two-person units. Annual updates of theseSSA poverty thresholds were based on price changes ofthe items in the economy food plan.

1For a detailed discussion of the original SSA poverty thresholds,see Mollie Orshansky, Counting the Poor: Another Look at the PovertyProfile, Social Security Bulletin, vol. 28, no. 1, January 1965, pp. 3-29(reprinted in Social Security Bulletin, vol. 51, no. 10, October 1988, pp.25-51); and Who’s Who Among the Poor: A Demographic View ofPoverty, Social Security Bulletin, vol. 28, no. 7, July 1965, pp. 3-32.

A-2

As a result of deliberations of a Federal interagencycommittee in 1969, the following two modifications to theoriginal SSA definition of poverty were adopted:2

1. The SSA thresholds for nonfarm families wereretained for the base year 1963, but annual adjust-ments in the levels were based on changes in theConsumer Price Index (CPI) rather than on changesin the cost of foods in the economy food plan.

2. The farm thresholds were raised from 70 to 85percent of the corresponding nonfarm levels. Thecombined impact of these two modifications resultedin an increase in the tabulated totals for 1967 of360,000 poor families and 1.6 million poor persons.

In 1981, three additional modifications in the povertydefinition recommended by another interagency commit-tee were adopted for implementation in the March 1982CPS as well as the 1980 census:

1. Elimination of separate thresholds for farm families

2. Elimination (by averaging) of separate thresholdsfor female-householder families and ‘‘all other’’ fami-lies (earlier termed ‘‘male-headed’’ families)

3. Extension of the detailed poverty threshold matrix tomake the largest family size category ‘‘nine personsor more’’

For further details, see the section, ‘‘Changes in theDefinition of Poverty,’’ in Current Population Reports,Series P-60, No. 133.

The poverty thresholds are increased each year bythe same percentage as the annual average ConsumerPrice Index (CPI). Table A-1 shows the CPI and thecorresponding thresholds for a family of four for the1959-95 period. The poverty thresholds are currentlyadjusted using the annual average CPI-U (1982-84 =100). This base year has been used since 1988. From1980 through 1987, the thresholds were adjusted usingthe CPI-U (1967 = 100). The CPI (1963 = 100) was usedto adjust thresholds prior to 1980. Table A-2 shows thefull poverty threshold matrix for 1995.

For further information on how the poverty thresholdswere developed and subsequent changes in them, seeGordon M. Fisher, ‘‘The Development and History of thePoverty Thresholds,’’ Social Security Bulletin, vol. 55,no. 4, Winter 1992, pp. 3-14.

2Poverty thresholds for 1959-1967 were recalculated on this basis,and revised poverty population figures for those years were tabulatedusing the revised thresholds. These revised 1959-1967 poverty popu-lation figures have been published in Census Bureau reports issuedsince August 1969 (including the present report). Because of thisrevision, poverty statistics from documents dated before August 1969are not comparable with current poverty statistics.

Table A-1. Average Poverty Threshold for a Family ofFour and the Consumer Price Indexes(CPI-U and CPI-U-X1): 1947 Through 1995

(1982-84 = 100)

Year

Averagethreshold

for a family of1four persons

(dollars) CPI-U CPI-U-X12

1995. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1991 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1989 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1987 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1986 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1985 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1984 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1983 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1982 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1981 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1979 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1977 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1976 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1975 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1974 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1973 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1972 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1971 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1970 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1969 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1968 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1967 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1966 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1965 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1964 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1963 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1962 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1961 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1960 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1959 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1958 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1957 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1956 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1955 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1954 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1953 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1952 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1951 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1950 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1949 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1948 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1947 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15,56915,14114,76314,33513,92413,359

12,67412,09211,61111,20310,98910,60910,1789,8629,2878,414

7,4126,6626,1915,8155,5005,0384,5404,2754,1373,968

3,7433,5533,4103,3173,2233,1693,1283,0893,0543,022

2,973(NA)(NA)(NA)(NA)(NA)(NA)(NA)(NA)(NA)

(NA)(NA)(NA)

152.4148.2144.5140.3136.2130.7

124.0118.3113.6109.6107.6103.999.696.590.982.4

72.665.260.656.953.849.344.441.840.538.8

36.734.833.432.431.531.030.630.229.929.6

29.128.928.127.226.826.926.726.526.024.1

23.824.122.3

152.4148.2144.5140.3136.2130.7

124.0118.3113.6109.6107.6103.999.695.690.182.3

74.067.563.259.456.251.947.244.443.141.3

39.437.736.335.234.233.733.332.832.532.2

31.631.430.529.629.129.229.028.828.326.2

25.926.224.2

1For years prior to 1981, average threshold for a nonfarm family of fouris shown.

2Factors prior to 1967 are extrapolated.

A-3

Ratio of income to poverty level. Because the poverty x Constitute a one-person householddefinition does not meet all the needs of the analysts ofthe data, a few of the tables in the report present x Be part of a household including one or more othervariations of the poverty level expressed as a ratio of families or unrelated individualsincome to the family’s (or unrelated individual’s) appro-priate poverty threshold. Ratios below 1.00 are below or

the official definition while a ratio of 1.00 or greaterindicates income above the poverty level. A ratio between x Reside in group quarters, such as a rooming house1.00 and 1.25 indicates, for example, that a family’sincome was above their poverty threshold but below 125

Thus, a widow living by herself or with one or more otherpercent of their poverty threshold. If a family’s povertypersons not related to her, a lodger not related to thethreshold was $10,000 a ratio of 1.00 to 1.25 would

mean their income was between $10,000 and $12,500. householder or to anyone else in the household, and aservant living in an employer’s household with no rela-

Rounding. Percentages are rounded to the nearest tives are examples of unrelated individuals. The povertytenth of a percent; therefore, the percentages in a status of unrelated individuals is determined indepen-distribution do not always add to exactly 100.0 percent. dently of other household members’ income.

Symbols. The following abbreviations and symbols areWork experience. A person with work experience isused in this publication:one who, during the preceding calendar year, did anywork for pay or profit or worked without pay on a- represents zero or rounds to zero.

B The base for the derived figure is less than family-operated farm or business at any time during the

75,000. year, on a part-time or full-time basis. A year-roundNA Not available. worker is one who worked for 50 weeks or more duringr Revised. the preceding calendar year. A persons is classified as

having worked full time if he or she worked 35 hours orUnrelated individuals. The term ‘‘unrelated individu- more per week during a majority of the weeks worked. Aals’’ refers to persons 15 years and over (other than year-round, full-time worker is a person who worked fullinmates of institutions) who are not living with any time, 35 or more hours per week and 50 or more weeksrelatives. An unrelated individual may either: during the previous calendar year.

Table A-2. Poverty Thresholds in 1995 by Size of Family and Number of Related Children Under 18 Years(Dollars)

Size of family unitWeightedaverage

thresholds

Related children under 18 years

None One Two Three Four Five Six SevenEight or

more

One person (unrelated individual) . .Under 65 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Two persons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Householder under 65 years . . . .Householder 65 years and over .

Three persons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Four persons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Five persons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Six persons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Seven persons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Eight persons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Nine persons or more . . . . . . . . . . . .

7,7637,9297,309

9,93310,2599,219

12,15815,56918,40820,80423,55226,23731,280

7,9297,309

10,2059,212

11,92115,71918,95621,80325,08828,05833,752

10,50410,465

12,26715,97619,23221,89025,24428,30633,916

12,27815,45518,64321,43924,70427,79733,465

15,50918,18721,00624,32827,35033,086

17,90920,36423,62726,71732,464

19,98322,80925,91331,609

21,91125,07630,835

24,86330,644 29,463

A-4

Appendix B.Description of Methods Used to Value Taxesand Noncash Benefits

DESCRIPTION OF CUMULATIVE INCOME nonmeans-tested Veteran’s payments, U.S. Rail-DEFINITIONS: road Retirement, Black Lung payments, Pell Grants,

and other government educational assistance. (Pell1. Money income excluding capital gains before Grants are income-tested but are included here

taxes. This is the official definition used in Census because they are very different from the assistanceBureau reports. programs that are included in the means-testeda. Money income after taxes without Earned category.)

Income Tax Credit (EITC). This definition also10. Definition 9 plus the value of Medicare. Thesimulated net capital gains.

income value of Medicare benefits are counted as ab. Money income after taxes, including EITC.fungible value1 (see description of valuation methodThis is definition 1a plus the EITC.below).

2. Definition 1 less government cash transfers. 11. Definition 10 plus the value of regular-priceGovernment cash transfers include nonmeans-tested school lunches. Dollar amounts are simulated.transfers such as Social Security payments, unem-

12. Definition 11 plusmeans-tested government cashployment compensation, and government educa-transfers. Means-tested government cash trans-tion assistance (e.g. Pell Grants) as well as means-fers include AFDC, SSI, and other public assistancetested transfers such as AFDC and SSI. (For aprograms, and means-tested Veteran’s payments.complete listing of transfer income, see definitions 9

and 12.) 13. Definition 12 plus the value of Medicaid. Theincome value of Medicaid benefits are counted as a

3. Definition 2 plus realized capital gains. Realized fungible value, similar to Medicare benefits.capital gains and losses are simulated as part of the

14.Census Bureau’s tax estimation procedure (described Definition 13 plus the value of other means-

below). tested government noncash transfers. Theseinclude food stamps, rent subsidies, and free and

4. Definition 3 plus health insurance supplements reduced-price school lunches. Valuation of Methodsto wage or salary income. Employer’s payments are described below.for health insurance coverage are treated as part of

a. Definition 13 plus the value of other means-total worker compensation. Dollar amounts are simu-

tested government noncash transfers lessmedi-lated.

cal programs. This is cash income plus all5. Definition 4 less payroll taxes. Payroll taxes noncash income except imputed income from

include payments for Social Security Old Age, Sur- owner-occupied housing, minus the fungiblevivors, Disability, and Hospital Insurance (Medicare) values of Medicaid and Medicare.and are simulated. 15. Definition 14 plus net imputed return on equity

in owner occupied housing. This definition includes6. Definition 5 less Federal income taxes. Thecalculated annual benefits of converting one’s homesimulated effect of subtracting federal income taxes,equity into an annuity, net of property taxes.without the EITC.

7. Definition 6 plus the EITC. Illustrates the effect of Description of Methods Used to Estimatethe EITC separately. Taxes and Capital Gains

8. Definition 7 less State income taxes. State income In all, four types of taxes were simulated: Federaltaxes are simulated as part of the Census Bureaus individual income taxes, State individual income taxes,tax estimation procedure. property taxes on owner-occupied housing, and payroll

taxes.9. Definition 8 plus nonmeans-tested government

cash transfers. Nonmeans-tested government cash1The fungible approach for valuing medical coverage assignstransfer include Social Security payments, unem- income to the extent that it would free up resources that would have

ployment compensation, worker’s compensation, been spent on medical care.

B-1

One major element in the simulation system was 4. Computation of Earned Income Tax Credit. Thestatistical summaries of individual income tax returns earned income tax credit was simulated. Since thecompiled by the Internal Revenue Service. These sta- earned income tax credit can be larger than Federaltistics are made available in the IRS publication series, tax liability, the net effect of Federal income taxesStatistics of Income (SOI). Some unpublished statistical (definition 7) in table 1 of this report can be nega-summaries from the IRS were also used to develop tive.these procedures.

A second element was the 1991 American Housing State Individual Income TaxesSurvey microdata file. This element was used to assignproperty taxes paid to the March CPS sample house- For the purpose of this model, the definitions of taxholds residing in owner-occupied housing. filing units and AGI used for the estimation of Federal

income taxes were also used for the simulation of Stateincome taxes for those states requiring payments. TheFederal Income Taxes amounts of State individual income taxes paid werecomputed by developing a model of each State’s income

Simulation of Federal income taxes required up to tax regulations.four separate operations:

1. Formation and classification of Federal income Property Taxes on Owner-Occupied Housingtax filing unit. A Federal tax filing ‘‘unit’’ wasdefined as any individual (or married couple) with In order to simulate property taxes for owner-occupiedincome levels that either corresponded to tax laws housing units, the March CPS simulation file was statis-or helped bring the estimated number of filing units tically matched to the American Housing Survey (AHS).on the CPS in line with IRS Statistics of Income(SOI) data. An algorithm for assigning dependency Payroll Taxesfor each tax unit was used.

The Social Security payroll tax (FICA) was simulated2. Computation of adjusted gross income and capi-using occupation of longest job and earnings datatal gains. Adjusted gross income (AGI) for eachreported on the CPS. Social Security payroll taxes weresimulated tax filing unit was calculated by summingcalculated directly from the reported CPS earnings usingthe income amounts from all taxable sources andthe Social Security payroll tax formula.an imputed amount for capital gains.

Capital gains were imputed to tax filing unitsbased on data obtained from a Statistics of Income Employer Contributions to Health Insurance(SOI) public use file and reports summarizing infor-

Data from the 1977 National Medical Care Expendi-mation reported on Federal tax returns.ture Survey (NMCES) were used to estimate a model ofA portion of Social Security income was includedemployer contributions. The model was applied to theif the sum of AGI and half of the total Social SecurityMarch 1996 CPS file to obtain estimates of the amountamount exceeded levels proscribed in the tax code.of employer contributions for eachworker whose employerPayments to Individual Retirement Accounts (IRS’s)paid all or part of the cost of his or her health plan.were simulated for the tax model. The May 1983

CPS pension supplement (updated to reflect changesin IRA regulations) was used to estimate probabili- Medicare and Medicaidties of tax-filing units contributing to IRA’s and the

The income value of benefits from Medicare andaverage amounts contributed.Medicaid was defined as the fungible value of the

3. Computation of taxable income and taxes paid. benefits. The principle that was followed in determiningTaxable income was computed by subtracting the fungible value can be summarized as follows: Medicareestimated allowable deductions from AGI. This was and Medicaid benefits are counted as income to theaccomplished using data from the American Hous- extent that they free up resources that could have beening Survey (AHS) data files, the 1979 Income spent on medical care. Data on mean outlays perSurvey Development Program (ISDP) panel and enrollee were used in the valuation process.SOI data.The dependent child care credit was simulated Value of School lunches

Federal tax model and subtracted from the total taxliability. Data from the June 1982 CPS supplement The income value of the school lunch program forwere used to estimate probabilities of tax filers each participant family was calculated by determiningpaying for child care. These estimates are updated the annual subsidy based on information on subsidiesannually from SOI data. per meal obtained from the Department of Agriculture.

B-2

Value of Food Stamps measured the effect of certain housing characteristicson gross rent. The estimated subsidies are the 1985

The income value of food stamps was set equal to estimates updated to reflect changes in shelter costs.their face value, reported in the March supplement.

Net Imputed Return on Equity in Own HomeHousing Subsidies

The valuation method was implemented by preparingThe basis for the calculation of the value of housing an enhanced CPS file that used information on the 1987

subsidies was the 1985 American Housing Survey. The American Housing Survey (AHS) file to assign values ofcalculation of actual rent was taken directly from survey home equity and amounts of property taxes to CPSresponses. The calculation of the rent the family would households. The file was created by statistically match-have expected to pay if the unit was not subsidized ing each CPS household to an AHS household withrequired the development of a statistical model that similar characteristics.

B-3

Appendix C.Time Series Estimates of Poverty

Included in this appendix are time series estimates of poverty status. These are shown using both the CPI-Upoverty. The time series data are shown for persons by and the CPI-U-X1. An earlier time series was publishedfamily relationship, age, type of family, and presence of in the Current Population Report, P60-186RD, Measur-related children. These data also are shown by race and ing the Effect of Benefits and Taxes on Income andHispanic origin. Poverty: 1992.

In addition, time series data for the 18 alternativedefinitions of income are shown for all persons by

C-1

Table C-1. Poverty Status of Persons by Family Relationship, Race, and Hispanic Origin:1959 to 1995

[Numbers in thousands. Persons as of March of the following year]

All persons Persons in families Unrelated individuals

Families with femaleAll families householder, no husband

Below poverty present Below povertyYear and characteristic level level

Below poverty Below povertylevel level

Total Number Percent Total Number Percent Total Number Percent Total Number Percent

ALL RACES

1995. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263,733 36,425 13.8 222,792 27,501 12.3 38,908 14,205 36.5 39,484 8,247 20.91994. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261,616 38,059 14.5 221,430 28,985 13.1 37,253 14,380 38.6 38,538 8,287 21.51993. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259,278 39,265 15.1 219,489 29,927 13.6 37,861 14,636 38.7 38,038 8,388 22.11992r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256,549 38,014 14.8 217,936 28,961 13.3 36,446 14,205 39.0 36,842 8,075 21.91991. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251,179 35,708 14.2 212,716 27,143 12.8 34,790 13,824 39.7 36,839 7,773 21.1

1990. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248,644 33,585 13.5 210,967 25,232 12.0 33,795 12,578 37.2 36,056 7,446 20.71989. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245,992 31,528 12.8 209,515 24,066 11.5 32,525 11,668 35.9 35,185 6,760 19.21988r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243,530 31,745 13.0 208,056 24,048 11.6 32,164 11,972 37.2 34,340 7,070 20.61987r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240,982 32,221 13.4 206,877 24,725 12.0 31,893 12,148 38.1 32,992 6,857 20.81986. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238,554 32,370 13.6 205,459 24,754 12.0 31,152 11,944 38.3 31,679 6,846 21.6

1985. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236,594 33,064 14.0 203,963 25,729 12.6 30,878 11,600 37.6 31,351 6,725 21.51984. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233,816 33,700 14.4 202,288 26,458 13.1 30,844 11,831 38.4 30,268 6,609 21.81983. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231,700 35,303 15.2 201,338 27,933 13.9 30,049 12,072 40.2 29,158 6,740 23.11982. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229,412 34,398 15.0 200,385 27,349 13.6 28,834 11,701 40.6 27,908 6,458 23.11981. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227,157 31,822 14.0 198,541 24,850 12.5 28,587 11,051 38.7 27,714 6,490 23.4

1980. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225,027 29,272 13.0 196,963 22,601 11.5 27,565 10,120 36.7 27,133 6,227 22.91979. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222,903 26,072 11.7 195,860 19,964 10.2 26,927 9,400 34.9 26,170 5,743 21.91978. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215,656 24,497 11.4 191,071 19,062 10.0 26,032 9,269 35.6 24,585 5,435 22.11977. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213,867 24,720 11.6 190,757 19,505 10.2 25,404 9,205 36.2 23,110 5,216 22.61976. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212,303 24,975 11.8 190,844 19,632 10.3 24,204 9,029 37.3 21,459 5,344 24.9

1975. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210,864 25,877 12.3 190,630 20,789 10.9 23,580 8,846 37.5 20,234 5,088 25.11974. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209,362 23,370 11.2 190,436 18,817 9.9 23,165 8,462 36.5 18,926 4,553 24.11973. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207,621 22,973 11.1 189,361 18,299 9.7 21,823 8,178 37.5 18,260 4,674 25.61972. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206,004 24,460 11.9 189,193 19,577 10.3 21,264 8,114 38.2 16,811 4,883 29.01971. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204,554 25,559 12.5 188,242 20,405 10.8 20,153 7,797 38.7 16,311 5,154 31.6

1970. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202,183 25,420 12.6 186,692 20,330 10.9 19,673 7,503 38.1 15,491 5,090 32.91969. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199,517 24,147 12.1 184,891 19,175 10.4 17,995 6,879 38.2 14,626 4,972 34.01968. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197,628 25,389 12.8 183,825 20,695 11.3 18,048 6,990 38.7 13,803 4,694 34.01967. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195,672 27,769 14.2 182,558 22,771 12.5 17,788 6,898 38.8 13,114 4,998 38.11966. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193,388 28,510 14.7 181,117 23,809 13.1 17,240 6,861 39.8 12,271 4,701 38.3

1965. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191,413 33,185 17.3 179,281 28,358 15.8 16,371 7,524 46.0 12,132 4,827 39.81964. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189,710 36,055 19.0 177,653 30,912 17.4 (NA) 7,297 44.4 12,057 5,143 42.71963. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187,258 36,436 19.5 176,076 31,498 17.9 (NA) 7,646 47.7 11,182 4,938 44.21962. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184,276 38,625 21.0 173,263 33,623 19.4 (NA) 7,781 50.3 11,013 5,002 45.41961. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181,277 39,628 21.9 170,131 34,509 20.3 (NA) 7,252 48.1 11,146 5,119 45.9

1960. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179,503 39,851 22.2 168,615 34,925 20.7 (NA) 7,247 48.9 10,888 4,926 45.21959. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176,557 39,490 22.4 165,858 34,562 20.8 (NA) 7,014 49.4 10,699 4,928 46.1

WHITE

1995. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218,028 24,423 11.2 183,450 17,593 9.6 23,732 7,047 29.7 33,399 6,336 19.01994. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216,460 25,379 11.7 182,546 18,474 10.1 22,713 7,228 31.8 32,569 6,292 19.31993. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214,899 26,226 12.2 181,330 18,968 10.5 23,224 7,199 31.0 32,112 6,443 20.11992r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213,060 25,259 11.9 180,409 18,294 10.1 22,453 6,907 30.8 31,170 6,147 19.71991. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210,121 23,747 11.3 177,613 17,268 9.7 21,604 6,806 31.5 31,201 5,872 18.8

1990. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208,611 22,326 10.7 176,504 15,916 9.0 20,845 6,210 29.8 30,833 5,739 18.61989. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206,853 20,785 10.0 175,857 15,179 8.6 20,362 5,723 28.1 29,993 5,063 16.91988r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205,235 20,715 10.1 175,111 15,001 8.6 20,396 5,950 29.2 29,315 5,314 18.11987r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203,605 21,195 10.4 174,488 15,593 8.9 20,244 5,989 29.6 28,290 5,174 18.31986. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202,282 22,183 11.0 174,024 16,393 9.4 20,163 6,171 30.6 27,143 5,198 19.2


C-2

Table C-1. Poverty Status of Persons by Family Relationship, Race, and Hispanic Origin:1959 to 1995—Con.







WHITE—Con.

1985. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200,918 22,860 11.4 172,863 17,125 9.9 20,105 5,990 29.8 27,067 5,299 19.61984. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198,941 22,955 11.5 171,839 17,299 10.1 19,727 5,866 29.7 26,094 5,181 19.91983. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197,496 23,984 12.1 171,407 18,377 10.7 19,256 6,017 31.2 25,206 5,189 20.61982. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195,919 23,517 12.0 170,748 18,015 10.6 18,374 5,686 30.9 24,300 5,041 20.71981. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194,504 21,553 11.1 169,868 16,127 9.5 18,795 5,600 29.8 23,913 5,061 21.2

1980. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192,912 19,699 10.2 168,756 14,587 8.6 17,642 4,940 28.0 23,370 4,760 20.41979. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191,742 17,214 9.0 168,461 12,495 7.4 17,349 4,375 25.2 22,587 4,452 19.71978. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186,450 16,259 8.7 165,193 12,050 7.3 16,877 4,371 25.9 21,257 4,209 19.81977. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185,254 16,416 8.9 165,385 12,364 7.5 16,721 4,474 26.8 19,869 4,051 20.41976. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184,165 16,713 9.1 165,571 12,500 7.5 15,941 4,463 28.0 18,594 4,213 22.7

1975. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183,164 17,770 9.7 165,661 13,799 8.3 15,577 4,577 29.4 17,503 3,972 22.71974. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182,376 15,736 8.6 166,081 12,181 7.3 15,433 4,278 27.7 16,295 3,555 21.81973. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181,185 15,142 8.4 165,424 11,412 6.9 14,303 4,003 28.0 15,761 3,730 23.71972. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180,125 16,203 9.0 165,630 12,268 7.4 13,739 3,770 27.4 14,495 3,935 27.11971. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179,398 17,780 9.9 165,184 13,566 8.2 13,502 4,099 30.4 14,214 4,214 29.6

1970. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177,376 17,484 9.9 163,875 13,323 8.1 13,226 3,761 28.4 13,500 4,161 30.81969. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175,349 16,659 9.5 162,779 12,623 7.8 12,285 3,577 29.1 12,570 4,036 32.11968. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173,732 17,395 10.0 161,777 13,546 8.4 12,190 3,551 29.1 11,955 3,849 32.21967. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172,038 18,983 11.0 160,720 14,851 9.2 12,131 3,453 28.5 11,318 4,132 36.51966. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170,247 19,290 11.3 159,561 15,430 9.7 12,261 3,646 29.7 10,686 3,860 36.1

1965. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168,732 22,496 13.3 158,255 18,508 11.7 11,573 4,092 35.4 10,477 3,988 38.11964. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167,313 24,957 14.9 156,898 20,716 13.2 (NA) 3,911 33.4 10,415 4,241 40.71963. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165,309 25,238 15.3 155,584 21,149 13.6 (NA) 4,051 35.6 9,725 4,089 42.01962. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162,842 26,672 16.4 153,348 22,613 14.7 (NA) 4,089 37.9 9,494 4,059 42.71961. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160,306 27,890 17.4 150,717 23,747 15.8 (NA) 4,062 37.6 9,589 4,143 43.21960. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158,863 28,309 17.8 149,458 24,262 16.2 (NA) 4,296 39.0 9,405 4,047 43.01959. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156,956 28,484 18.1 147,802 24,443 16.5 (NA) 4,232 40.2 9,154 4,041 44.1

BLACK

1995. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33,740 9,872 29.3 28,777 8,189 28.5 13,604 6,553 48.2 4,756 1,551 32.61994. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33,353 10,196 30.6 28,499 8,447 29.6 12,926 6,489 50.2 4,649 1,617 34.81993. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32,910 10,877 33.1 28,106 9,242 32.9 13,132 6,955 53.0 4,608 1,541 33.41992r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32,411 10,827 33.4 27,790 9,134 32.9 12,591 6,799 54.0 4,410 1,569 35.61991. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31,312 10,242 32.7 26,564 8,504 32.0 11,959 6,557 54.8 4,505 1,590 35.3

1990. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30,806 9,837 31.9 26,296 8,160 31.0 11,866 6,005 50.6 4,244 1,491 35.11989. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30,332 9,302 30.7 25,931 7,704 29.7 11,190 5,530 49.4 4,180 1,471 35.21988r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29,849 9,356 31.3 25,484 7,650 30.0 10,794 5,601 51.9 4,095 1,509 36.81987r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29,362 9,520 32.4 25,128 7,848 31.2 10,701 5,789 54.1 3,977 1,471 37.01986. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28,871 8,983 31.1 24,910 7,410 29.7 10,175 5,473 53.8 3,714 1,431 38.5

1985. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28,485 8,926 31.3 24,620 7,504 30.5 10,041 5,342 53.2 3,641 1,264 34.71984. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28,087 9,490 33.8 24,387 8,104 33.2 10,384 5,666 54.6 3,501 1,255 35.81983. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27,678 9,882 35.7 24,138 8,376 34.7 10,059 5,736 57.0 3,287 1,338 40.71982. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27,216 9,697 35.6 23,948 8,355 34.9 9,699 5,698 58.8 3,051 1,229 40.31981. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26,834 9,173 34.2 23,423 7,780 33.2 9,214 5,222 56.7 3,277 1,296 39.6

1980. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26,408 8,579 32.5 23,084 7,190 31.1 9,338 4,984 53.4 3,208 1,314 41.01979. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25,944 8,050 31.0 22,666 6,800 30.0 9,065 4,816 53.1 3,127 1,168 37.31978. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24,956 7,625 30.6 22,027 6,493 29.5 8,689 4,712 54.2 2,929 1,132 38.61977. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24,710 7,726 31.3 21,850 6,667 30.5 8,315 4,595 55.3 2,860 1,059 37.01976. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24,399 7,595 31.1 21,840 6,576 30.1 7,926 4,415 55.7 2,559 1,019 39.8

1975. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24,089 7,545 31.3 21,687 6,533 30.1 7,679 4,168 54.3 2,402 1,011 42.11974. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23,699 7,182 30.3 21,341 6,255 29.3 7,483 4,116 55.0 2,359 927 39.3


C-3

Table C-1. Poverty Status of Persons by Family Relationship, Race, and Hispanic Origin:1959 to 1995—Con.







BLACK—Con.

1973. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23,512 7,388 31.4 21,328 6,560 30.8 7,188 4,064 56.5 2,183 828 37.91972. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23,144 7,710 33.3 21,116 6,841 32.4 7,125 4,139 58.1 2,028 870 42.91971. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,784 7,396 32.5 20,900 6,530 31.2 6,398 3,587 56.1 1,884 866 46.01970. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,515 7,548 33.5 20,724 6,683 32.2 6,225 3,656 58.7 1,791 865 48.31969. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,011 7,095 32.2 20,192 6,245 30.9 5,537 3,225 58.2 1,819 850 46.7

1968. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,944 7,616 34.7 (NA) 6,839 33.7 (NA) 3,312 58.9 (NA) 777 46.31967. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,590 8,486 39.3 (NA) 7,677 38.4 (NA) 3,362 61.6 (NA) 809 49.31966. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,206 8,867 41.8 (NA) 8,090 40.9 (NA) 3,160 65.3 (NA) 777 54.41959. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,013 9,927 55.1 (NA) 9,112 54.9 (NA) 2,416 70.6 1,430 815 57.0

HISPANIC ORIGIN1

1995. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28,344 8,574 30.3 25,165 7,341 29.2 5,785 3,053 52.8 2,947 1,092 37.01994. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27,442 8,416 30.7 24,390 7,357 30.2 5,328 2,920 54.8 2,798 926 33.11993. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26,559 8,126 30.6 23,439 6,876 29.3 5,333 2,837 53.2 2,717 972 35.81992r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25,646 7,592 29.6 22,695 6,455 28.4 4,806 2,474 51.5 2,577 881 34.21991. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,068 6,339 28.7 19,657 5,541 28.2 4,326 2,282 52.7 2,145 667 31.1

1990. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,405 6,006 28.1 18,912 5,091 26.9 3,993 2,115 53.0 2,254 774 34.31989. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,746 5,430 26.2 18,488 4,659 25.2 3,763 1,902 50.6 2,045 634 31.01988r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,064 5,357 26.7 18,102 4,700 26.0 3,734 2,052 55.0 1,864 597 32.01987r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,395 5,422 28.0 17,342 4,761 27.5 3,678 2,045 55.6 1,933 598 31.01986. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,758 5,117 27.3 16,880 4,469 26.5 3,631 1,921 52.9 1,685 553 32.8

1985. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,075 5,236 29.0 16,276 4,605 28.3 3,561 1,983 55.7 1,602 532 33.21984. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,916 4,806 28.4 15,293 4,192 27.4 3,139 1,764 56.2 1,481 545 36.81983. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,544 4,633 28.0 15,075 4,113 27.3 3,032 1,670 55.1 1,364 457 33.51982. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,385 4,301 29.9 13,242 3,865 29.2 2,664 1,601 60.1 1,018 358 35.11981. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,021 3,713 26.5 12,922 3,349 25.9 2,622 1,465 55.9 1,005 313 31.1

1980. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,600 3,491 25.7 12,547 3,143 25.1 2,421 1,319 54.5 970 312 32.21979. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,371 2,921 21.8 12,291 2,599 21.1 2,058 1,053 51.2 991 286 28.81978. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,079 2,607 21.6 11,193 2,343 20.9 1,817 1,024 56.4 886 264 29.81977. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,046 2,700 22.4 11,249 2,463 21.9 1,901 1,077 56.7 797 237 29.81976. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,269 2,783 24.7 10,552 2,516 23.8 1,766 1,000 56.6 716 266 37.2

1975. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,117 2,991 26.9 10,472 2,755 26.3 1,842 1,053 57.2 645 236 36.61974. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,201 2,575 23.0 10,584 2,374 22.4 1,723 915 53.1 617 201 32.61973. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,795 2,366 21.9 10,269 2,209 21.5 1,534 881 57.4 526 157 29.91972. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,588 2,414 22.8 10,099 2,252 22.3 1,370 733 53.5 488 162 33.2

ASIAN AND PACIFICISLANDER

1995. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,644 1,411 14.6 8,582 1,112 13.0 919 266 28.9 1,013 260 25.61994. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,654 974 14.6 5,915 776 13.1 582 137 23.6 696 179 25.71993. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,434 1,134 15.3 6,609 898 13.6 725 126 17.4 791 228 28.81992r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,779 985 12.7 6,922 787 11.4 729 183 25.0 828 193 23.31991. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,192 996 13.8 6,367 773 12.1 721 177 24.6 785 209 26.6

1990. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,014 858 12.2 6,300 712 11.3 638 132 20.7 668 124 18.51989. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,673 939 14.1 5,917 779 13.2 614 212 34.6 712 144 20.21988r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,447 1,117 17.3 5,767 942 16.3 650 263 40.5 651 160 24.51987r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,322 1,021 16.1 5,785 875 15.1 584 187 32.0 516 138 26.8

rFor 1992, figures are based on 1990 census population controls. For 1987 and 1988, figures are based on new processing procedures and arealso revised to reflect corrections to the files after publication of the 1988 advance report, Money Income and Poverty Status in the United States:1988, P60, No. 166.

1Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.(NA) Not available.

Note: Prior to 1979 person in unrelated subfamilies were included in persons in families. Beginning in 1979 persons in unrelated subfamilies areincluded in all persons but are excluded from persons in families.

C-4

Table C-2. Poverty Status of Persons by Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 1959 to 1995


Year and characteristic

Under 18 years 18 to 64 years 65 years and over

All persons Related children infamilies

Below povertylevel

Below povertylevelBelow poverty Below poverty

level level


ALL RACES

1995. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1992r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1991 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1989 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1988r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1987r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1986 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1985 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1984 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1983 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1982 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1981 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1979 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1977 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1976 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1975 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1974 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1973 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1972 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1971 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1970 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1969 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1968 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1967 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1966 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1965 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1964 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1963 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1962 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1961 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1960 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1959 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

WHITE

1995. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1992r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1991 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1989 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1988r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1987r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1986 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .


70,56670,02069,29268,44065,918

65,04964,14463,74763,29462,948

62,87662,44762,33462,34562,449

62,91463,37562,31163,13764,028

65,07966,13466,95967,93068,816

69,15969,09070,38570,40870,218

69,98669,71169,18167,72266,121

65,60164,315

55,44455,18654,63954,11052,523

51,92951,40051,20351,01251,111

14,66515,28915,72715,29414,341

13,43112,59012,45512,84312,876

13,01013,42013,91113,64712,505

11,54310,3779,93110,28810,273

11,10410,1569,64210,28410,551

10,4409,69110,95411,65612,389

14,67616,05116,00516,96316,909

17,63417,552

8,9819,3469,7529,3998,848

8,2327,5997,4357,7888,209

20.821.822.722.321.8

20.619.619.520.320.5

20.721.522.321.920.0

18.316.415.916.216.0

17.115.414.415.115.3

15.114.015.616.617.6

21.023.023.125.025.6

26.927.3

16.216.917.817.416.8

15.914.814.515.316.1

69,42568,81968,04067,25664,800

63,90863,22562,90662,42362,009

62,01961,68161,57861,56561,756

62,16862,64661,98762,82363,729

64,75065,80266,62667,59268,474

68,81568,74670,03570,05869,869

69,63869,36468,83767,38565,792

65,27563,995

54,53254,22153,61453,11051,627

51,02850,70450,59050,36050,356

13,99914,61014,96114,52113,658

12,71512,00111,93512,27512,257

12,48312,92913,42713,13912,068

11,1149,9939,72210,02810,081

10,8829,9679,45310,08210,344

10,2359,50110,73911,42712,146

14,38815,73615,69116,63016,577

17,28817,208

8,4748,8269,1238,7528,316

7,6967,1647,0957,3987,714

20.2 161,50821.2 160,32922.0 159,20821.6 157,68021.1 154,671

19.9 153,50219.0 152,28219.0 150,76119.7 149,20119.8 147,631

20.1 146,39621.0 144,55121.8 143,05221.3 141,32819.5 139,477

17.9 137,42816.0 135,33315.7 130,16916.0 128,26215.8 126,175

16.8 124,12215.1 122,10114.2 120,06014.9 117,95715.1 115,911

14.9 113,55413.8 111,52815.3 108,68416.3 107,02417.4 105,241

20.7 (NA)22.7 (NA)22.8 (NA)24.7 (NA)25.2 (NA)

26.5 (NA)26.9 96,685

15.5 134,14916.3 133,28917.0 132,68016.5 131,69416.1 130,300

15.1 129,78414.1 128,97414.0 128,03114.7 126,99115.3 125,998

18,44219,10719,78118,79317,585

16,49615,57515,80915,81516,017

16,59816,95217,76717,00015,464

13,85812,01411,33211,31611,389

11,45610,1329,97710,43810,735

10,1879,6699,80310,72511,007

(NA)(NA)(NA)(NA)(NA)

(NA)16,457

12,86913,18713,53512,87112,098

11,38710,64710,68710,70311,285

11.411.912.411.911.4

10.710.210.510.610.8

11.311.712.412.011.1

10.18.98.78.89.0

9.28.38.38.89.3

9.08.79.010.010.5


(NA)17.0

9.69.910.29.89.3

8.88.38.38.49.0

31,65831,26730,77930,43030,590

30,09329,56629,02228,48727,975

27,32226,81826,31325,73825,231

24,68624,19423,17522,46822,100

21,66221,12720,60220,11719,827

19,47018,89918,55918,24017,929


(NA)15,557

28,43627,98527,58027,25627,297

26,89826,47926,00125,60225,173

3,3183,6633,7553,9283,781

3,6583,3633,4813,5633,477

3,4563,3303,6253,7513,853

3,8713,6823,2333,1773,313

3,3173,0853,3543,7384,273

4,7934,7874,6325,3885,114


(NA)5,481

2,5722,8462,9392,9892,802

2,7072,5392,5932,7042,689

10.511.712.212.912.4

12.211.412.012.512.4

12.612.413.814.615.3

15.715.214.014.115.0

15.314.616.318.621.6

24.625.325.029.528.5


(NA)35.2

20.010.210.711.010.3

10.19.610.010.610.7

C-5

Table C-2. Poverty Status of Persons by Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 1959 to 1995—Con.





Below povertylevel

Below povertylevelBelow poverty Below poverty

level level


WHITE—Con.

1985. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1984 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1983 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1982 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1981 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1979 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1977 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1976 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1975 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1974 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1973 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1972 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1971 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1970 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1969 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1968 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1967 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1966 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1965 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1960 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1959 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

BLACK

1995. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1992r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1991 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1989 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1988r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1987r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1986 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1985 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1984 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1983 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1982 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1981 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1979 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1977 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1976 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1975 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1974 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1973 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1972 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1971 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .


51,03150,81450,72650,92051,140

51,65352,26251,66952,56353,428

54,40555,590(NA)(NA)(NA)


(NA)(NA)(NA)

11,36911,21111,12710,95610,350

10,16210,0129,8659,7309,629

9,5459,4809,4179,4009,374

9,3689,3079,2299,2969,322

9,4219,439(NA)(NA)(NA)

8,2538,4728,8628,6787,785

7,1816,1935,8316,0976,189

6,9276,223(NA)(NA)(NA)


(NA)(NA)(NA)

4,7614,9065,1255,1064,755

4,5504,3754,2964,3854,148

4,1574,4134,3984,4724,237

3,9613,8333,8303,8883,787

3,9253,755(NA)(NA)(NA)

16.216.717.517.015.2

13.911.811.311.611.6

12.711.2(NA)(NA)(NA)


(NA)(NA)(NA)

41.943.846.146.645.9

44.843.743.545.143.1

43.646.646.747.645.2

42.341.241.541.840.6

41.739.8(NA)(NA)(NA)

50,35850,19250,18350,30550,553

51,00251,68751,40952,29953,167

54,12655,32056,21157,18158,119

58,47258,578(NA)(NA)(NA)

(NA)(NA)(NA)

11,19811,04410,96910,82310,178

9,9809,8479,6819,5469,467

9,4059,3569,2459,2699,291

9,2879,1729,1689,2539,291

9,3749,3849,4059,4269,414

7,8388,0868,5348,2827,429

6,8175,9095,6745,9436,034

6,7486,0795,4625,7846,341

6,1385,6676,3736,7297,204

8,59511,22911,386

4,6444,7875,0305,0154,637

4,4124,2574,1484,2344,037

4,0574,3204,2734,3884,170

3,9063,7453,7813,8503,758

3,8843,7133,8224,0253,836

15.6 125,25816.1 123,92217.0 123,01416.5 121,76614.7 120,574

13.4 118,93511.4 117,58311.0 113,83211.4 112,37411.3 110,717

12.5 109,10511.0 107,5799.7 (NA)10.1 (NA)10.9 (NA)

10.5 (NA)9.7 (NA)10.7 (NA)11.3 (NA)12.1 (NA)

14.4 (NA)20.0 (NA)20.6 (NA)

41.5 19,89243.3 19,58545.9 19,27246.3 18,95245.6 18,355

44.2 18,09743.2 17,83342.8 17,54844.4 17,24542.7 16,911

43.1 16,66746.2 16,36946.2 16,06547.3 15,69244.9 15,358

42.1 14,98740.8 14,59641.2 13,77441.6 13,48340.4 13,224

41.4 12,87239.6 12,53940.6 (NA)42.7 (NA)40.4 (NA)

11,90911,90412,34711,97110,790

9,4788,1107,8977,8937,890

8,2107,053(NA)(NA)(NA)


(NA)(NA)(NA)

4,4834,5905,0494,8844,607

4,4274,1644,2754,3614,113

4,0524,3684,6944,4154,117

3,8353,4783,1333,1373,163

2,9682,836(NA)(NA)(NA)

9.59.610.09.88.9

8.06.96.97.07.1

7.56.6

(NA)(NA)(NA)


(NA)(NA)(NA)

22.523.426.225.825.1

24.523.324.425.324.3

24.326.729.228.126.8

25.623.822.723.323.9

23.122.6(NA)(NA)(NA)

24,62924,20623,75423,23422,791

22,32521,89820,95020,31620,020

19,65419,206(NA)(NA)(NA)

(NA)(NA)

17,06216,79116,514

(NA)(NA)(NA)

2,4782,5572,5102,5042,606

2,5472,4872,4362,3872,331

2,2732,2382,1972,1242,102

2,0542,0401,9541,9301,852

1,7951,7211,6721,6031,584

2,6982,5792,7762,8702,978

3,0422,9112,5302,4262,633

2,6342,4602,6983,0723,605

4,0114,0523,9394,6464,357

(NA)(NA)4,744

629700702838880

860763785774722

717710791811820

783740662701644

652591620640623

11.010.711.712.413.1

13.613.312.111.913.2

13.412.814.416.819.9

22.623.323.127.726.4

(NA)(NA)33.1

25.427.428.033.533.8

33.830.732.232.431.0

31.531.736.038.239.0

38.136.233.936.334.8

36.334.337.139.939.3

C-6

Table C-2. Poverty Status of Persons by Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 1959 to 1995—Con.




Year and characteristic Below poverty Below povertyBelow poverty Below poverty level level

level level


BLACK—Con.

1970. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (NA) (NA) (NA) 9,448 3,922 41.5 (NA) (NA) (NA) 1,422 683 48.01969. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (NA) (NA) (NA) 9,290 3,677 39.6 (NA) (NA) (NA) 1,373 689 50.21968. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) 4,188 43.1 (NA) (NA) (NA) 1,374 655 47.71967. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) 4,558 47.4 (NA) (NA) (NA) 1,341 715 53.3

1966. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) 4,774 50.6 (NA) (NA) (NA) 1,311 722 55.11959. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) 5,022 65.6 (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) 711 62.5

HISPANIC ORIGIN1

1995. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,213 4,080 40.0 10,011 3,938 39.3 16,673 4,153 24.9 1,458 342 23.51994. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,822 4,075 41.5 9,621 3,956 41.1 16,192 4,018 24.8 1,428 323 22.61993. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,462 3,873 40.9 9,188 3,666 39.9 15,708 3,956 25.2 1,390 297 21.41992r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,081 3,637 40.0 8,829 3,440 39.0 15,268 3,668 24.0 1,298 287 22.11991. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,648 3,094 40.4 7,473 2,977 39.8 13,279 3,009 22.7 1,143 237 20.8

1990. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,457 2,865 38.4 7,300 2,750 37.7 12,857 2,896 22.5 1,091 245 22.51989. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,186 2,603 36.2 7,040 2,496 35.5 12,536 2,616 20.9 1,024 211 20.61988r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,003 2,631 37.6 6,908 2,576 37.3 12,056 2,501 20.7 1,005 225 22.41987r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,792 2,670 39.3 6,692 2,606 38.9 11,718 2,509 21.4 885 243 27.51986. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,646 2,507 37.7 6,511 2,413 37.1 11,206 2,406 21.5 906 204 22.5

1985. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,475 2,606 40.3 6,346 2,512 39.6 10,685 2,411 22.6 915 219 23.91984. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,068 2,376 39.2 5,982 2,317 38.7 10,029 2,254 22.5 819 176 21.51983. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,066 2,312 38.1 5,977 2,251 37.7 9,697 2,148 22.5 782 173 22.11982. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,527 2,181 39.5 5,436 2,117 38.9 8,262 1,963 23.8 596 159 26.61981. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,369 1,925 35.9 5,291 1,874 35.4 8,084 1,642 20.3 568 146 25.7

1980. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,276 1,749 33.2 5,211 1,718 33.0 7,740 1,563 20.2 582 179 30.81979. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,483 1,535 28.0 5,426 1,505 27.7 7,314 1,232 16.8 574 154 26.81978. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,012 1,384 27.6 4,972 1,354 27.2 6,527 1,098 16.8 539 125 23.21977. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,028 1,422 28.3 5,000 1,402 28.0 6,500 1,164 17.9 518 113 21.91976. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,771 1,443 30.2 4,736 1,424 30.1 6,034 1,212 20.1 464 128 27.7

1975. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (NA) (NA) (NA) 4,896 1,619 33.1 (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) 137 32.61974. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (NA) (NA) (NA) 4,939 1,414 28.6 (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) 117 28.91973. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (NA) (NA) (NA) 4,910 1,364 27.8 (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) 95 24.9

ASIAN AND PACIFICISLANDER

1995. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,900 564 19.5 2,858 532 18.6 6,123 757 12.4 622 89 14.31994. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,739 318 18.3 1,719 308 17.9 4,401 589 13.4 513 67 13.01993. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,061 375 18.2 2,029 358 17.6 4,871 680 14.0 503 79 15.61992r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,218 363 16.4 2,199 352 16.0 5,067 568 11.2 494 53 10.81991. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,056 360 17.5 2,036 348 17.1 4,583 566 12.3 555 70 12.7

1990. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,126 374 17.6 2,098 356 17.0 4,375 422 9.6 514 62 12.11989. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,983 392 19.8 1,945 368 18.9 4,225 512 12.1 465 34 7.41988r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,970 474 24.1 1,949 458 23.5 4,035 583 14.4 442 60 13.51987r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,937 455 23.5 1,908 432 22.7 4,010 510 12.7 375 56 15.0

rFor 1992, figures are based on 1990 census population controls. For 1987 and 1988, figures are based on new processing procedures and arealso revised to reflect corrections to the files after publication of the 1988 advance report, Money Income and Poverty Status in the United States:1988, P-60, No. 166.

(NA) Not available.1Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.

C-7

Table C-3. Poverty Status of Families by Type of Family, Presence of Related Children, Race, and HispanicOrigin: 1959 to 1995

[Number in thousands. Families as of March of the following year]


All families Married-couple familiesMale householder,no wife present

Female householder,no husband present

Below povertylevel

Below povertylevel

Below povertylevel

Below povertylevel


ALL RACES

With and Without ChildrenUnder 18 Years

1995. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69,5971994. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69,3131993. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68,5061992r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68,2161991. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67,173

1990. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66,3221989. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66,0901988r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65,8371987r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65,2041986. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64,491

1985. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63,5581984. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62,7061983. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62,0151982. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61,3931981. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61,019

1980. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60,3091979. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59,5501978. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57,8041977. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57,2151976. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56,710

1975. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56,2451974. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55,6981973. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55,0531972. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54,3731971. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53,296

1970. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52,2271969. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51,5861968. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50,5111967. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49,8351966. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48,921

1965. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48,2781964. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47,8361963. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47,4361962. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46,9981961. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46,341

1960. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45,4351959. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45,054

With Children Under 18Years

1995. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36,7191994. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36,7821993. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36,4561992r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35,8511991. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34,861


7,5328,0538,3938,1447,712

7,0986,7846,8747,0057,023

7,2237,2777,6477,5126,851

6,2175,4615,2805,3115,311

5,4504,9224,8285,0755,303

5,2605,0085,0475,6675,784

6,7217,1607,5548,0778,391

8,2438,320

5,9766,4086,7516,4576,170

10.811.612.311.911.5

10.710.310.410.710.9

11.411.612.312.211.2

10.39.29.19.39.4

9.78.88.89.310.0

10.19.710.011.411.8

13.915.015.917.218.1

18.118.5

16.317.418.518.017.7

53,57053,86553,18153,09052,457

52,14752,13752,10051,67551,537

50,93350,35050,08149,90849,630

49,29449,11247,69247,38547,497

47,31847,06946,81246,31445,752

44,73944,43643,84243,29242,553

42,10741,64841,31140,92340,405

39,62439,335

26,03426,36726,12125,90725,357

2,9823,2723,4813,3853,158

2,9812,9312,8973,0113,123

3,4383,4883,8153,7893,394

3,0322,6402,4742,5242,606

2,9042,4742,482(NA)(NA)



(NA)(NA)

1,9612,1972,3632,2372,106

5.66.16.56.46.0

5.75.65.65.86.1

6.76.97.67.66.8

6.25.45.25.35.5

6.15.35.3

(NA)(NA)



(NA)(NA)

7.58.39.08.68.3

3,5133,2282,9143,0653,024

2,9072,8842,8472,8332,510

2,4142,2282,0382,0161,986

1,9331,7331,6541,5941,500

1,4451,3991,4381,4521,353

1,4871,5591,2281,2101,197

1,1791,1821,2431,3341,293

1,2021,226

1,9341,7501,5771,5691,513

493549488484393

349348336340287

311292268290205

213176152177162

116125154(NA)(NA)



(NA)(NA)

381395354353297

14.017.016.815.813.0

12.012.111.812.011.4

12.913.113.214.410.3

11.010.29.211.110.8

8.08.910.7(NA)(NA)



(NA)(NA)

19.722.622.522.519.6

12,51412,22012,41112,06111,692

11,26810,89010,89010,69610,445

10,21110,1299,8969,4699,403

9,0828,7058,4588,2367,713

7,4827,2306,8046,6076,191

6,0015,5915,4415,3335,171

4,9925,0064,8824,7414,643

4,6094,493

8,7518,6658,7588,3757,991

4,0574,2324,4244,2754,161

3,7683,5043,6423,6543,613

3,4743,4983,5643,4343,252

2,9722,6452,6542,6102,543

2,4302,3242,1932,1582,100

1,9521,8271,7551,7741,721

1,9161,8221,9722,0341,954

1,9551,916

3,6343,8164,0343,8673,767

32.434.635.635.435.6

33.432.233.434.234.6

34.034.536.036.334.6

32.730.431.431.733.0

32.532.132.232.733.9

32.532.732.333.333.1

38.436.440.442.942.1

42.442.6

41.544.046.146.247.1

C-8

Table C-3. Poverty Status of Families by Type of Family, Presence of Related Children, Race, and HispanicOrigin: 1959 to 1995—Con.





Below povertylevel

Below povertylevel

Below povertylevel

Below povertylevel


ALL RACES—Con.

With Children Under 18Years—Con.

1990. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34,5031989. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34,2791988r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34,2511987r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33,9961986. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33,801

1985. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33,5361984. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32,9421983. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32,7871982. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32,5651981. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32,587

1980. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32,7731979. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32,3971978. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31,7351977. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31,6371976. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31,434

1975. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31,3771974. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31,3191973. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30,9771972. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30,8071971. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30,725

1970. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30,0701969. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29,8271968. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29,3251967. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29,0321966. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28,592

1965. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28,1001964. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28,2771963. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28,3171962. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28,1741961. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27,600

1960. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27,1021959. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26,992

WHITE


1995. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58,8721994. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58,4441993. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57,8811992r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57,6691991. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57,224

1990. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56,8031989. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56,5901988r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56,4921987r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56,0861986. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55,676


5,6765,3085,3735,4655,516

5,5865,6625,8715,7125,191

4,8224,0814,0604,0814,060

4,1723,7893,5203,6213,683

3,4913,2263,3473,5863,734

4,3794,7714,9915,4605,500

5,3285,443

4,9945,3125,4525,2555,022

4,6224,4094,4714,5674,811

16.415.515.716.116.3

16.717.217.917.515.9

14.712.612.812.912.9

13.312.111.411.812.0

11.610.811.412.413.4

15.616.917.619.419.9

19.720.3

8.59.19.49.18.8

8.17.87.98.18.6

25,41025,47625,59825,46425,571

25,49625,03825,21625,27625,278

25,67125,61525,19925,28425,515

25,70425,85725,98326,08526,201

25,78926,08325,68425,48225,197

24,82925,01725,08424,99024,509

24,16424,099

47,87747,90547,45247,38347,124

47,01446,98146,87746,51046,410

1,9901,8721,8471,9632,050

2,2582,3442,5572,4702,199

1,9741,5731,4951,6021,623

1,8551,558(NA)(NA)(NA)



(NA)(NA)

2,4432,6292,7572,6772,573

2,3862,3292,2942,3822,591

7.87.37.27.78.0

8.99.410.19.88.7

7.76.15.96.36.4

7.26.0

(NA)(NA)(NA)



(NA)(NA)

5.15.55.85.75.5

5.15.04.95.15.6

1,3861,3581,2921,3161,136

1,1471,072949892822

802747699644609

554545397401447

444360372360436

398367400483404

319349

2,7112,5082,2982,4182,374

2,2772,3032,2742,2792,038

260246232221202

197194192184115

1441161039594

6584

(NA)(NA)(NA)



(NA)(NA)

351354319333257

226223231224179

18.818.118.016.817.8

17.118.120.220.614.0

18.015.514.714.815.4

11.715.4(NA)(NA)(NA)



(NA)(NA)

12.914.113.913.810.8

9.99.710.29.88.8

7,7077,4457,3617,2167,094

6,8926,8326,6226,3976,488

6,2996,0355,8375,7095,310

5,1194,9174,5974,3214,077

3,8373,3843,2693,1902,959

2,8732,8932,8332,7012,687

2,6192,544

8,2848,0318,1317,8687,726

7,5127,3067,3427,2977,227

3,4263,1903,2943,2813,264

3,1313,1243,1223,0592,877

2,7032,3922,4622,3842,343

2,2522,1471,9871,9251,830

1,6801,5191,4591,4181,410

1,4991,4391,5781,6131,505

1,4761,525

2,2002,3292,3762,2452,192

2,0101,8581,9451,9612,041

44.542.844.745.546.0

45.445.747.147.844.3

42.939.642.241.844.1

44.043.743.244.544.9

43.844.944.644.547.1

52.249.755.759.756.0

56.359.9

26.629.029.228.528.4

26.825.426.526.928.2

C-9






Below povertylevel

Below povertylevel

Below povertylevel

Below povertylevel


WHITE—Con.

With and Without ChildrenUnder 18 Years—Con.

1985. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54,9911984. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54,4001983. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53,8901982. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53,4071981. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53,269

1980. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52,7101979. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52,2431978. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50,9101977. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50,5301976. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50,083

1975. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49,8731974. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49,4401973. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48,9191972. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48,4771971. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47,641

1970. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46,6011969. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46,2611968. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45,4371967. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44,8131966. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44,016

1965. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43,4961964. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43,0811963. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42,6631962. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42,4371961. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41,888

1960. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41,1041959. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40,820

With Children Under18 Years

1995. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29,7131994. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29,5481993. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29,2341992r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28,7901991. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28,368

1990. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28,1171989. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27,9771988r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27,9991987r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27,9301986. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27,929

1985. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27,7951984. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27,3801983. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27,3031982. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27,1181981. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27,223

1980. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27,4161979. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27,3291978. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26,907


4,9834,9255,2205,1184,670

4,1953,5813,5233,5403,560

3,8383,3523,2193,4413,751

3,7083,5743,6164,0564,106

4,8245,2585,4665,8876,205

6,1156,185

3,8394,0254,2264,0203,880

3,5533,2903,3213,4333,637

3,6953,6793,8593,7093,362

3,0782,5092,513

9.19.19.79.68.8

8.06.96.97.07.1

7.76.86.67.17.9

8.07.78.09.19.3

11.112.212.813.914.8

14.915.2

12.913.614.514.013.7

12.611.811.912.313.0

13.313.414.113.712.4

11.29.29.3

45,92445,64345,47045,25245,007

44,86044,75143,63643,42343,397

43,31143,04943,80542,58542,039

41,09240,80240,35539,82139,007

38,63238,17137,79937,65737,185

36,40036,217

22,66322,83922,67022,44022,213

22,28922,27122,43522,33622,466

22,39922,18122,36122,39022,334

22,79322,87822,601

2,8152,8583,1253,1042,712

2,4372,0992,0332,0282,071

2,3631,9772,306(NA)(NA)



(NA)(NA)

1,5831,7081,8681,7531,715

1,5721,4571,4341,5381,692

1,8271,8792,0602,0051,723

1,5441,2161,185

6.16.36.96.96.0

5.44.74.74.74.8

5.54.65.3

(NA)(NA)



(NA)(NA)

7.07.58.27.87.7

7.16.56.46.97.5

8.28.59.29.07.7

6.85.35.2

1,9561,8161,6241,6481,642

1,5841,4411,3561,2791,219

1,1821,182(NA)1,2201,113

1,1011,2941,029984999

1,0041,0281,0671,1531,095

1,0311,056

1,4961,3191,2031,2511,188

1,0421,0791,0111,046911

926862732692652

628584526

218189168201145

14913299112110

8186

(NA)(NA)(NA)



(NA)(NA)

276253235246196

167162147153132

13811712312075

1008260

11.210.410.412.28.8

9.49.27.38.89.0

6.97.3

(NA)(NA)(NA)



(NA)(NA)

18.419.219.519.716.5

16.015.014.514.614.5

14.913.616.817.411.6

16.014.111.4

7,1116,9416,7966,5076,620

6,2666,0525,9185,8285,467

5,3805,2084,8534,6724,489

4,4084,1654,0534,0084,010

3,8603,8823,7973,6273,608

3,6733,547

5,5545,3905,3615,0994,967

4,7864,6274,5534,5484,552

4,4704,3374,2104,0374,237

3,9953,8663,780

1,9501,8781,9261,8131,814

1,6091,3501,3911,4001,379

1,3941,2891,1901,1351,191

1,1021,0691,0211,0371,036

1,1961,1251,1911,2301,208

1,2521,233

1,9802,0642,1232,0211,969

1,8141,6711,7401,7421,812

1,7301,6821,6761,5841,564

1,4331,2111,268

27.427.128.327.927.4

25.722.323.524.025.2

25.924.824.524.326.5

25.025.725.225.925.7

31.029.031.433.933.5

34.034.8

35.638.339.639.639.6

37.936.138.238.339.8

38.738.839.839.336.9

35.931.333.5

C-10






Below povertylevel

Below povertylevel

Below povertylevel

Below povertylevel


WHITE—Con.

With Children Under18 Years—Con.

1977. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26,9241976. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26,8121975. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26,9751974. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26,8901973. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26,694

1972. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26,7631971. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26,7451970. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26,2561969. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26,3071968. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25,803

1967. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25,5311966. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (NA)1965. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (NA)1964. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (NA)1963. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25,056

1962. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (NA)1961. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (NA)1960. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (NA)1959. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24,146

BLACK


1995. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,0551994. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,0931993. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,9931992r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,9821991. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,716

1990. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,4711989. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,4701988r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,4091987r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,2021986. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,096

1985. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,9211984. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,7781983. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,6811982. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,5301981. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,413

1980. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,3171979. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,1841978. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,9061977. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,8061976. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,804

1975. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,5861974. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,4911973. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,4401972. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,2651971. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,157


2,5722,5662,7762,4302,177

2,2382,3722,2192,0892,176

2,2762,4002,8583,2053,328

3,6733,7853,6903,812

2,1272,2122,4992,4842,343

2,1932,0772,0892,1171,987

1,9832,0942,1612,1581,972

1,8261,7221,6221,6371,617

1,5131,4791,5271,5291,484

9.69.610.39.08.2

8.48.98.57.98.4

8.99.511.512.813.3

14.715.415.315.8

26.427.331.331.130.4

29.327.828.229.428.0

28.730.932.333.030.8

28.927.827.528.227.9

27.126.928.129.028.8

22,70322,87223,134(NA)(NA)



(NA)(NA)(NA)(NA)

3,7133,8423,7153,7773,631

3,5693,7503,7223,6813,742

3,6803,4693,4543,4863,535

3,3923,4333,2443,2603,406

3,3523,3573,3603,2333,289

1,2561,2421,456(NA)(NA)



(NA)(NA)(NA)(NA)

314336458490399

448443421439403

447479535543543

474453366429450

479435(NA)(NA)(NA)

5.55.46.3

(NA)(NA)



(NA)(NA)(NA)(NA)

8.58.712.313.011.0

12.611.811.311.910.8

12.213.815.515.615.4

14.013.211.313.113.2

14.313.0(NA)(NA)(NA)

486484435(NA)(NA)



(NA)(NA)(NA)(NA)

573535450467503

472446464432386

368344355309273

291256272269247

230200231210226

556448

(NA)(NA)



(NA)(NA)(NA)(NA)

112161133116110

971108810196

8482857952

5235484645

3035

(NA)(NA)(NA)

11.313.211.0(NA)(NA)



(NA)(NA)(NA)(NA)

19.530.129.624.821.9

20.624.718.923.424.9

22.923.824.025.619.1

17.713.717.617.118.2

13.017.4(NA)(NA)(NA)

3,7353,4563,4063,2442,988

2,7482,664(NA)(NA)(NA)


(NA)(NA)(NA)(NA)

3,7693,7163,8283,7383,582

3,4303,2753,2233,0892,967

2,8742,9642,8712,7342,605

2,6342,4952,3902,2772,151

2,0041,9341,8491,8221,642

1,2611,2601,2721,1801,053

970982(NA)(NA)792

748803867814882

908892905948

1,7011,7151,9081,8781,834

1,6481,5241,5791,5771,488

1,4521,5331,5411,5351,377

1,3011,2341,2081,1621,122

1,0041,010974972879

33.836.437.336.435.2

35.336.9(NA)(NA)36.0

34.938.443.240.345.0

49.246.447.151.7

45.146.249.950.251.2

48.146.549.051.150.1

50.551.753.756.252.9

49.449.450.651.052.2

50.152.252.753.353.5

C-11






Below povertylevel

Below povertylevel

Below povertylevel

Below povertylevel


BLACK—Con.

With and Without ChildrenUnder 18 Year—Con.

1970. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1969 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1968 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1967 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

With Children Under18 Years

1995. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1992r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1991 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1989 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1988r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1987r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1986 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1985 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1984 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1983 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1982 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1981 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1979 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1977 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1976 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1975 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1974 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1973 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1972 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1971 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1970 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1969 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1968 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1967 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

HISPANIC ORIGIN1


1995. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1992r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1991 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1989 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1988r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1987r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1986 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .


5,0274,8874,6464,589

5,3405,4395,5255,4485,1435,069

5,0315,0104,8804,8064,636

4,5124,4824,4704,4554,465

4,2974,1594,1074,0473,878

3,9153,8313,6503,6603,470

3,3863,2183,200

6,2876,2025,9465,7335,177

4,9814,8404,8234,576

4,403

1,4811,3651,3661,555

1,8211,9542,1712,1322,0161,887

1,7831,8021,7881,6991,670

1,7581,7891,8191,6521,583

1,4411,4311,4061,3821,314

1,2931,2801,3031,2611,212

1,0951,1141,261

1,6951,7241,6251,5291,372

1,2441,1331,1411,168

1,085

29.527.929.433.9

34.135.939.339.139.237.2

35.436.036.635.436.0

39.039.940.737.135.5

33.534.434.234.233.9

33.033.435.734.534.9

32.334.639.4

27.027.827.326.726.5

25.023.423.725.5

24.7

3,3013,3233,1413,118

2,1192,1472,1472,2292,1292,104

2,1792,1812,2052,2362,185

2,0012,0522,0932,2022,154

2,0952,0562,0882,1462,119

2,187(NA)(NA)(NA)(NA)

(NA)(NA)(NA)

4,2474,2364,0383,9403,532

3,4543,3953,3983,196

3,118

(NA)(NA)(NA)(NA)

209245298343263301

291272290257281

331369360357333

286247295311349

317(NA)(NA)(NA)(NA)

(NA)(NA)(NA)

803827770743674

605549547556

518

(NA)(NA)(NA)(NA)

9.911.413.915.412.414.3

13.312.513.211.512.9

16.618.017.216.215.5

13.712.014.114.516.5

14.5(NA)(NA)(NA)(NA)

(NA)(NA)(NA)

18.919.519.118.819.1

17.516.216.117.4

16.6

191180178199

337341294248243267

228246222185182

175186178135140

139157141120108

105(NA)(NA)(NA)(NA)

(NA)(NA)(NA)

436481410445384

341329314298

253

(NA)(NA)(NA)(NA)

7911893837773

7778615853

6258583434

2640302816

27(NA)(NA)(NA)(NA)

(NA)(NA)(NA)

1001248312271

66544847

39

(NA)(NA)(NA)(NA)

23.434.631.633.531.727.3

33.831.727.531.529.0

35.531.132.725.024.0

18.425.521.323.314.8

26.2(NA)(NA)(NA)(NA)

(NA)(NA)(NA)

22.925.820.227.418.5

19.416.315.215.8

15.5

1,5351,3841,3271,272

2,8842,9513,0842,9712,7712,698

2,6242,5832,4532,3862,269

2,3352,2442,1992,1182,171

2,0631,9461,8781,7811,651

1,6231,5381,4941,369(NA)

(NA)(NA)(NA)

1,6041,4851,4981,3481,261

1,1861,1161,1121,082

1,032

834737706716

1,5331,5911,7801,7061,6761,513

1,4151,4521,4371,3841,336

1,3641,3621,4011,2611,217

1,1291,1441,0811,043949

949905912821(NA)

(NA)(NA)(NA)

792773772664627

573530546565

528

54.353.353.256.3

53.253.957.757.460.556.1

53.956.258.658.058.9

58.460.763.759.556.0

54.758.457.558.657.5

58.558.861.060.0(NA)

(NA)(NA)(NA)

49.452.151.649.349.7

48.347.549.152.2

51.2

C-12






Below povertylevel

Below povertylevel

Below povertylevel

Below povertylevel


HISPANIC ORIGIN1—Con.

With and Without ChildrenUnder 18 Years—Con

1985. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1984 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1983 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1982 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1981 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1979 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1977 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1976 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1975 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1974 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1973 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1972 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

With Children Under 18Years

1995. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1992r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1991 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1989 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1988r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1987r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1986 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1985 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1984 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1983 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1982 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1981 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1979 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1977 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1976 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1975 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1974 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1973 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1972 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4,2063,9393,7883,3693,305

3,2353,0292,7412,7642,583

2,4992,4752,3652,312

4,4224,3774,1533,9623,621

3,4973,3143,3253,2013,080

2,9732,7892,6972,4582,428

2,4092,2092,0022,0571,899

1,8911,8341,7261,700

1,074991981916792

751614559591598

627526468477

1,4701,4971,4241,3021,219

1,085986988

1,022949

955872867802692

655544483520517

550462410416

25.525.225.927.224.0

23.220.320.421.423.1

25.121.219.820.6

33.234.234.332.933.7

31.029.829.731.930.8

32.131.321.132.628.5

27.224.624.125.327.2

29.125.223.824.5

2,9622,8242,7522,4482,414

2,3652,2822,0892,1041,978

1,8961,9261,876(NA)

2,9022,9232,7472,6922,445

2,4052,3092,3392,197(NA)



(NA)(NA)(NA)(NA)

505469437465366

363298248280312

335278239(NA)

657698652615575

501453445460(NA)



(NA)(NA)(NA)(NA)

17.016.617.719.015.1

15.313.111.913.315.8

17.714.412.7(NA)

22.623.923.722.923.5

20.819.619.020.9(NA)



(NA)(NA)(NA)(NA)

264210177153142

1641381109988

818778

(NA)

237272239233204

171157125139(NA)



(NA)(NA)(NA)(NA)

4839402627

2616231011

131918

(NA)

7899668960

48423335

(NA)



(NA)(NA)(NA)(NA)

18.418.422.617.019.2

16.011.820.910.112.5

16.021.623.1(NA)

32.936.427.638.229.4

28.126.826.425.2(NA)



(NA)(NA)(NA)(NA)

980905860767750

706610542561517

522462411(NA)

1,2831,1821,1671,037972

921848861865822

771711660613622

(NA)502(NA)(NA)(NA)

(NA)(NA)(NA)(NA)

521483454425399

362300288301275

279229211(NA)

735700706598584

536491510527489

493447418391374

(NA)288(NA)(NA)(NA)

(NA)(NA)(NA)(NA)

53.153.452.855.453.2

51.349.253.153.653.1

53.649.651.4(NA)

57.359.260.557.760.1

58.257.959.260.959.5

64.062.863.463.860.0

(NA)57.3(NA)(NA)(NA)

(NA)(NA)(NA)(NA)

rFor 1992, figures are based on 1990 census population controls. For 1987 and 1988, figures are based on new processing procedures and arealso revised to reflect corrections to the files after publication of the 1988 advance report, Money Income and Poverty Status in the United States:1988, P-60, No. 166.

(NA)Not available.1Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.

Note: Prior to 1979 unrelated subfamiles were included in all families. Beginning in 1979 unrelated subfamilies are excluded from all families.

C-13

Table C-4. Percent of Persons in Poverty by Definition of Income: 1979 to 1995(Poverty Thresholds Based on CPI-U)

[Persons as of March of the following year]

Year

Total(1,000)

Money income— Before taxes After taxes

Definition 1 lesstaxes plus capitalgains (losses)

Excluding

Money income—Definition

3 plushealth

insurancesupple-

ments towage orsalaryincome

4

Definition4 lessSocial

Securitypayrolltaxes

5

Definition5 less

Federalincometaxes

6

Definition6 plusEarnedIncome

TaxCredit

capitalgains

(currentofficial Without

measure) EITC With EITC

1 1a 1b

Definition Definition1 less 2 plus

govern- capitalment gains

transfers (losses)

2 3

1995. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1992r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1991 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1989 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1987 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1986 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1985 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1984 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1983 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1982 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1981 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1979 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

263,733261,616259,278256,549251,179

248,644245,992243,530240,982238,554

236,594233,816231,700229,412227,157

225,027222,903

13.814.515.114.814.2

13.512.813.013.413.6

14.014.415.215.014.0

13.011.7

14.815.816.316.2(NA)



(NA)(NA)

13.414.615.515.2(NA)



(NA)(NA)

21.922.823.422.821.8

20.520.020.220.420.8

21.321.823.023.022.0

20.819.5

21.822.723.322.721.8

20.419.920.220.220.4

20.921.422.522.721.8

20.719.3

21.122.022.622.121.1

19.919.419.719.719.9

20.420.821.822.021.1

20.118.8

22.023.023.623.222.0

20.920.320.620.520.7

21.321.622.622.922.0

20.819.4

22.123.223.823.422.3

21.120.520.720.721.1

21.622.023.023.322.5

21.119.6

20.922.023.122.621.6

20.620.120.320.420.9

21.521.922.823.122.3

20.819.2

Year

After taxes–Con.

Definition 7less State

incometaxes

Definition 8plus

nonmeans-tested

govern-ment cashtransfers

Definition 9plus

medicare

DefinitionDefinition 11 plus10 plus means-regular- tested

price govern-school ment cashlunches transfers

Definition12 plus

medicaid

Definition 13 plus othermeans-testedgovernment—

Definition 14plus netimputedreturn onequity in

own home

Noncashtransfers

lessNoncash medicaltransfers programs

8 9 10 11 12 13 14 14a 15

1995. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1992r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1991 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1989 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1987 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1986 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1985 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1984 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1983 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1982 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1981 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1979 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21.022.223.222.821.8

20.820.320.520.621.0

21.722.022.923.322.4

20.919.3

14.115.116.115.815.1

14.714.014.114.314.7

15.215.516.116.015.3

14.112.7

13.714.815.615.414.7

14.213.513.613.814.2

14.815.115.715.514.8

13.712.4

13.714.715.615.414.6

14.213.513.613.814.2

14.815.115.715.514.8

13.612.4

12.513.514.514.313.6

13.212.512.713.013.3

13.814.214.814.613.7

12.511.2

11.712.613.513.312.9

12.411.712.112.412.8

13.213.514.214.013.0

11.710.4

10.311.112.111.911.4

10.910.410.811.011.3

11.712.012.712.311.5

10.18.9

11.112.013.112.8(NA)



(NA)(NA)

9.410.011.210.710.3

9.89.19.49.710.1

9.99.910.49.98.7

8.27.5

r Revised.

(NA) Not available.

7

C-14

Table C-5. Percent of Persons in Poverty by Definition of Income: 1979 to 1995(Poverty Thresholds Based on CPI-U-X1)

[Persons as of March of the following year]

Year

Total(1,000)

Money income— Before taxes After taxes

Definition 1 lesstaxes plus capitalgains (losses)

Excluding

Money income—Definition

3 plushealth

insurancesupple-

ments towage orsalaryincome

4

Definition4 lessSocial

Securitypayrolltaxes

5

Definition5 less

Federalincometaxes

6

Definition6 plusEarnedIncome

Tax Credit

capitalgains

(currentofficial Without

measure) EITC With EITC

1 1a 1b

Definition Definition1 less 2 plus

govern- capitalment gains

transfers (losses)

2 3

1995. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1992r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1991 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1989 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1987 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1986 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1985 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1984 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1983 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1982 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1981 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1979 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

263,733261,616259,278256,549251,179

248,644245,992243,530240,962238,554

236,594233,816231,700229,412227,157

225,027222,903

12.313.213.713.412.7

12.111.411.712.012.2

12.512.813.713.212.2

11.510.6

13.314.014.614.313.7



(NA)(NA)

11.912.913.913.512.9



(NA)(NA)

20.621.622.121.420.4

19.318.819.119.219.6

20.020.321.521.420.4

19.618.6

20.521.522.021.420.4

19.318.719.019.119.2

19.620.021.121.220.3

19.418.4

19.920.821.420.920.0

18.818.318.618.718.7

19.119.520.620.619.8

19.017.8

20.721.622.221.720.9

19.619.119.419.319.4

19.920.321.321.320.5

19.618.5

20.921.722.421.921.0

19.719.319.519.519.6

20.220.621.621.620.8

19.818.6

19.620.621.721.220.4

19.318.719.019.119.4

20.020.421.421.420.5

19.518.2

Year

After taxes–Con.

Definition 7less State

incometaxes

Definition 8plus

nonmeans-tested

govern-ment cashtransfers

Definition 9plus

medicare

DefinitionDefinition 11 plus10 plus means-regular- tested

price govern-school ment cashlunches transfers

Definition12 plus

medicaid

Definition 13 plus othermeans-testedgovernment—

Definition 14plus netimputedreturn onequity in

own home

Noncashtransfers

lessNoncash medicaltransfers programs

8 9 10 11 12 13 14 14a 15

1995. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1992r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1991 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1989 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1987 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1986 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1985 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1984 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1983 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1982 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1981 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1979 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

19.720.721.821.320.5

19.418.819.119.319.6

20.120.521.521.520.6

19.618.2

12.813.714.814.413.8

13.212.612.813.013.3

13.714.014.614.213.5

12.611.6

12.513.514.514.113.5

12.912.212.412.612.9

13.413.714.313.913.2

12.311.4

12.513.514.514.113.5

12.912.212.412.612.9

13.413.714.313.913.2

12.311.3

11.312.213.112.812.3

11.811.111.411.711.9

12.312.713.412.911.9

11.010.1

10.511.412.312.111.6

11.110.410.911.011.4

11.712.012.612.211.2

10.39.4

9.09.810.710.59.9

9.58.99.59.59.8

10.110.411.010.69.8

8.67.9

9.510.211.311.110.5



(NA)(NA)

8.18.89.89.58.9

8.57.78.28.38.6

8.68.69.08.57.3

7.06.7

r Revised.

(NA) Not available.

7

C-15

Appendix D.Source and Accuracy of Estimates

SOURCES OF DATA to estimate public and subsidized housing values, pleasesee appendix B of Current Population Reports, Series

Most estimates in this report come from data obtained P60-186RD, Measuring the Effect of Benefits and Taxesin March of years 1968 through 1996 in the Current on Income and Poverty: 1992.Population Survey (CPS). The U.S. Census Bureauconducts the survey every month, although this report Income Survey Development Program. The ISDPuses only March data for its estimates. The March was the research and development phase for the Surveysurvey uses two sets of questions, the basic CPS and of Income and Program Participation (SIPP). The ISDPthe supplement. was used to examine and resolve design, operational,

Data from various sources were used in developing and technical issues for SIPP. The household sample for

alternative measures of income and poverty for 1995. the 1979 ISDP was a nationwide multiple frame sample.

Specifically, data from the American Housing Survey The majority of sample households in the ISDP came

(AHS), the Income Survey Development Program (ISDP), from addresses contacted in the 1976 Survey of Income

and the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) were combined and Education. The remainder of sample households

with CPS data to create simulations of taxes paid, were selected from a reserve file of sample cases

number of tax filing units, adjusted gross income, and maintained by the U.S. Census Bureau. For a more

other tax characteristics for the March 1996 CPS. detailed description of this sample design, see the reportWage and Salary Data From the Income Survey Devel-In addition, this report uses the State Tax Handbookopment Program: 1979 (Preliminary Data From Inter-from Commerce Clearing House as information sourcesview Period One), Current Population Reports, Specialfor tax data. For noncash valuation estimates, this reportStudies, Series P-23, No. 118.uses data from the U.S. Department of Agriculture

(USDA), theHealth Care FinancingAdministration (HCFA),Internal Revenue Service data. Much of the IRS dataand the Department of Housing and Urban Developmentin this report come from the Statistics of Income (SOI)(HUD).series, in particular the SOI Bulletin Individual Income

A description of sources of data from which theseTax Returns, Preliminary Data: 1994, Spring 1996. This

estimates were derived follows. Except for the CPS,report, based on a sample drawn from all tax returns

these descriptions are brief. See Current Populationfiled in 1995, presents information on taxpayers’ incomes,

Reports, Series P60-186RD, Measuring the Effect ofexemptions, deductions, credits, and taxes.

Benefits and Taxes on Income and Poverty: 1992, andpublications on the appropriate surveys for more details. Data from other sources. Information on State tax

systems is published in State Tax Handbook, October 1,American Housing Survey. The U. S. Census Bureau 1991, from Commerce Clearing House, and has beencollects housing data for the Department of Housing and updated to reflect changes in State income tax rates.Urban Development. The population covered by the Much of the data on cash and noncash benefits aresample for the AHS, which was called the Annual from administrative records. Values of school lunchesHousing Survey before 1984, includes all housing units and food stamps are from USDA unpublished data.in the United States. A structure must meet specific Medicaid and medicare data come from HCFA unpub-criteria developed by the U.S. Census Bureau before it lished records. Also, USDA and HUD data are used tois termed a housing unit. For a more detailed description computemedicaid andmedicare values. For more details,of the sample design, see the report Current Housing see appendix B of Current Population Reports, SeriesReports, Series H150-89, The American Housing Sur- P60-186RD, Measuring the Effect of Benefits and Taxesvey for the United States in 1989, U.S. Department of on Income and Poverty: 1992.Commerce.

The AHS is no longer conducted in even-numbered Basic CPS. The basic CPS collects primarily laboryears, so property tax estimates in this report are based force data about the civilian noninstitutional population.on the 1993 AHS. Also, for the noncash estimates, 1985 Field representatives ask questions concerning laborAHS data were used in a model to estimate the value of force participation about each member 15 years old andpublic housing. For more details on the AHS model used over in every sample household.

D-1

The CPS sample includes coverage in all 50 Statesand the District of Columbia. The sample is continuallyupdated to account for new residential construction. TheUnited States was divided into 2,007 geographic areas.In most States, a geographic area consisted of a countyor several contiguous counties. In some areas of NewEngland and Hawaii, minor civil divisions are usedinstead of counties. A total of 754 geographic areas wereselected for sample. About 50,000 occupied householdsare eligible for interview every month. Field representa-tives are unable to obtain interviews at about 3,200 ofthese units. This occurs when the occupants are notfound at home after repeated calls or are unavailable forsome other reason.

Since the introduction of the CPS, the U.S. CensusBureau has redesigned the CPS sample several times.These redesigns have improved the quality and accu-racy of the data and have satisfied changing data needs.The most recent changes due to the redesign werecompletely implemented in July 1995.

Table D-1 summarizes changes in the CPS designsfor the years for which data appear in this report.

CPS March supplement. In addition to the basic CPSquestions, field representatives asked supplementaryquestions in March about money income received theprevious calendar year.

To obtain more reliable data for the Hispanic-originpopulation, the March CPS sample was increased byabout 2,500 eligible housing units, interviewed the pre-vious November, that contained at least one sampleperson of Hispanic origin.1 In addition, the sampleincluded persons in the Armed Forces living off post orwith their families on post.

1The information on the Hispanic population shown in this reportwas collected in the 50 States and the District of Columbia, andtherefore, does not include residents of Puerto Rico.

CPS estimation procedure. This survey’s estimationprocedure inflates weighted sample results to indepen-dent estimates of the civilian noninstitutional populationof the United States by state, age, sex, race, andHispanic/non-Hispanic categories.

The independent estimates were based on:

x The 1990 Census of Population and Housing.

x An adjustment for undercoverage in the 1990 census.

x Statistics on births, deaths, immigration, and emigra-tion.

x Statistics on the size of the Armed Forces.

The independent population estimates used for 1996(1995 for income estimates) were based on updates tocontrols established by the 1990 decennial census. Dataprevious to 1994 were based on independent populationestimates from the latest available decennial censusdata. The estimation procedure for the March supple-ment included a further adjustment so husband and wifeof a household received the same weight.

The estimates in this report for 1983 (from March1984 CPS) and later also employ a revised surveyweighting procedure for persons of Hispanic origin. Inprevious years, weighted sample results were inflated toindependent estimates of the noninstitutional populationby age, sex, and race. There was no specific control ofthe survey estimates for the Hispanic population. Sincethen, the Census Bureau developed independent popu-lation controls for the Hispanic population by sex anddetailed age groups. Revised weighting proceduresincorporate these new controls. The independent popu-lation estimates include some, but not all, undocu-mented immigrants.

ACCURACY OF ESTIMATES

Since the CPS estimates come from a sample, theymay differ from figures from a complete census using thesame questionnaires, instructions, and enumerators. Asample survey estimate has two possible types of error:nonsampling and sampling. The accuracy of an estimatedepends on both types of error, but the full extent of thenonsampling error is unknown. Consequently, one shouldbe particularly careful when interpreting results basedon a relatively small number of cases or on smalldifferences between estimates. The standard errors forCPS estimates primarily indicate the magnitude of sam-pling error. They also partially measure the effect ofsome nonsampling errors in responses and enumera-tion, but do not measure systematic biases in the data.(Bias is the average over all possible samples of thedifferences between the sample estimates and the desiredvalue.)

Table D-1. Description of the March CurrentPopulation Survey

Time periodNumber of

sampleareas

Housing units eligible1

NotInterviewed interviewed

1996. . . . . . . . . . . . .1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . .1990 to 1994 . . . . .1989 . . . . . . . . . . . . .1986 to 1988 . . . . .1985 . . . . . . . . . . . . .1982 to 1984 . . . . .1980 to 1981 . . . . .1977 to 1979 . . . . .1973 to 1976 . . . . .1972 . . . . . . . . . . . . .1968 to 1971 . . . . .

754792729729729

2629/729629629614461449449

46,80056,70057,40053,60057,00057,00059,00065,50055,00046,50045,00048,000

3,2003,3002,6002,5002,5002,5002,5003,0003,0002,5002,0002,000

1Excludes about 2,500 Hispanic households added from the pre-vious November sample. (See ‘‘CPS March Supplement.’’)

2The CPS was redesigned following the 1980 Census of Popula-tion and Housing. During phase-in of the new design, housing unitsfrom the new and old designs were in the sample.

D-2

Nonsampling variability. Nonsampling errors can be groups for a recent month. The CPS coverage ratios canattributed to several sources including the following: exhibit some variability from month to month, but these

are a typical set of coverage ratios.x Inability to obtain information about all cases in the Answers to questions about money income oftensample. depend on the memory or knowledge of one person in a

household. Recall problems can cause underestimatesx Definitional difficulties.of income in survey data, because it is easy to forget

x Differences in the interpretation of questions. minor or irregular sources of income. Respondents mayalso misunderstand what the Census Bureau considers

x Respondents’ inability or unwillingness to provide money income or may simply be unwilling to answercorrect information. these questions correctly because the questions are

considered too personal. See appendix C, Current Popu-x Respondents’ inability to recall information.lation Reports, Series P60-184, Money Income of House-

x Errors made in data collection such as in recording or holds, Families, and Persons in the United States: 1992coding the data. for more details.

For additional information on nonsampling error includ-x Errors made in processing the data. ing the possible impact on CPS data when known, refer

to Statistical Policy Working Paper 3, An Error Profile:x Errors made in estimating values for missing data.Employment as Measured by the Current Population

x Failure to represent all units with the sample (under- Survey, Office of Federal Statistical Policy and Stan-coverage). dards, U.S. Department of Commerce, 1978 and Tech-

nical Paper 40, The Current Population Survey: Designand Methodology, U.S. Census Bureau, U.S. Depart-

CPS undercoverage results from missed housing ment of Commerce.units and missed persons within sample households.Compared with the level of the 1990 decennial census, Comparability of data. Data obtained from the CPSoverall CPS undercoverage is about 8 percent. Under- and other sources are not entirely comparable. Thiscoverage varies with age, sex, and race. Generally, results from differences in field representative trainingundercoverage is larger for males than for females and and experience and in differing survey processes. Thislarger for Blacks and other races combined than for is an example of nonsampling variability not reflected inWhites. As described previously, ratio estimation to the standard errors. Use caution when comparing resultsindependent age-sex-race-Hispanic population controls from different sources.partially corrects for the bias due to undercoverage. A number of changes were made in data collectionHowever, biases exist in the estimates to the extent that and estimation procedures beginning with the Januarymissed persons in missed households or missed per- 1994 CPS. The major change was the use of a newsons in interviewed households have different charac- questionnaire. The questionnaire was redesigned toteristics from those of interviewed persons in the same measure the official labor force concepts more precisely,age-sex-race-Hispanic group. to expand the amount of data available, to implement

A common measure of survey coverage is the cover- several definitional changes, and to adapt to a computer-age ratio, the estimated population before ratio adjust- assisted interviewing environment. The March supple-ment divided by the independent population control. mental income questions were also modified for adap-Table D-2 shows CPS coverage ratios for age-sex-race tation to computer-assisted interviewing, although there

Table D-2. March CPS Coverage Ratios

AgeNon-Black Black All persons

Male Female Male Female Male Female Total

0 to 14 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15 to 19 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20 to 24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25 to 29 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30 to 34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35 to 44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45 to 54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55 to 64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65 to 74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

75 years and older . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15 years and older . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 years and older . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

0.9420.8640.8230.8630.8800.8990.9380.9320.932

1.0190.9020.911

0.9510.9100.8770.9190.9500.9400.9610.9530.977

1.0080.9450.946

0.8800.8850.7070.7550.6710.6840.7780.8340.939

0.9100.7670.802

0.9040.7510.7570.8100.8330.8630.9530.9290.958

0.9610.8580.871

0.9320.8670.8080.8500.8550.8750.9230.9230.932

1.0110.8870.898

0.9430.8840.8590.9030.9340.9300.9600.9510.975

1.0040.9340.936

0.9370.8760.8340.8770.8950.9030.9420.9380.956

1.0070.9120.917

Note: These coverage ratios are for March 1994.

D-3

were no changes in definitions and concepts. Becauseof these and other changes, one should use cautionwhen comparing estimates from data collected in 1994or later years with estimates from earlier years.

Caution should also be used when comparing CPSestimates in this report, which reflect 1990 census-based population controls, with estimates for 1991 (from

March 1992 CPS) and earlier years, which reflect 1980census-based population controls. This change in popu-lation controls had relatively little impact on summarymeasures such as means, medians, and percentagedistributions, but did have a significant impact on levels.For example, use of 1990-based population controlsresults in about a 1-percent increase in the civilian

Table D-3. CPS Standard Error Parameters for Poverty, Income, and Nonincome Characteristics: 1995

CharacteristicsTotal or White Black Hispanic

a b a b a

BELOW POVERTY LEVEL

Persons

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Age

Under 15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Under 18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15 and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15 to 24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25 to 44 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45 to 64 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65 and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Households, Families, and UnrelatedIndividuals

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

ALL INCOME LEVELS

Persons

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Age

15 to 24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25 to 44 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45 to 64 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65 and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .


Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Households with children under 18 . . . . . . . . . .

NONINCOME CHARACTERISTICS

Persons

Employment status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Educational attainment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Health insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Total, Marital Status, Other

Some household members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .All household members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .


Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

-0.000039-0.000081-0.000077

-0.000134-0.000105-0.000051-0.000098-0.000050-0.000073-0.000127

+0.000102

-0.000012-0.000026-0.000024

-0.000061-0.000031-0.000046-0.000079

-0.000013-0.000013

-0.000018-0.000017-0.000023

-0.000019-0.000023

-0.000012

10,38010,38010,380

8,0028,00210,3803,9273,9273,9273,927

2,442

2,4542,4542,454

2,4542,4542,4542,454

2,2412,241

2,9852,7576,332

5,2116,332

2,068

-0.000307-0.000660-0.000575

-0.000827-0.000695-0.000430-0.000718-0.000371-0.000719-0.001512

+0.000102

-0.000120-0.000267-0.000217

-0.000513-0.000266-0.000514-0.001082

-0.000119-0.000119

-0.000125-0.000200-0.000326

-0.000221-0.000326

-0.000077

10,38010,38010,380

8,0028,00210,3803,9273,9273,9273,927

2,442

2,8102,8102,810

2,8102,8102,8102,810

2,2472,247

3,1393,73611,039

7,48611,039

1,871

-0.000366-0.000702-0.000764

-0.000904-0.000845-0.000532-0.000841-0.000450-0.001127-0.002795

+0.000102

-0.000148-0.000295-0.000295

-0.000378-0.000214-0.000347-0.000706

-0.000210-0.000210

-0.000165-0.000196-0.000388

-0.000263-0.000388

-0.000155

10,38010,38010,380

8,0028,00210,3803,9273,9273,9273,927

2,442

2,8102,8102,810

2,8102,8102,8102,810

2,2472,247

3,1393,73611,039

7,48611,039

1,871

NOTE: To determine parameters prior to 1995, multiply by the appropriate factor in table D-4. The a and b parameters should be multiplied by1.5 for nonmetropolitan residence categories. For foreign-born characteristics, the a and b parameters for Total and White should be multiplied by1.3. No adjustment is necessary for Blacks and Hispanics.

b

D-4

Page

Text

Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V

Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VPoverty in the United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V

Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VIRace and Hispanic Origin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VINativity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VIIIFamilies, Family Composition, and Unrelated Individuals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VIIIWork Experience. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VIIIRegions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VIIIMetropolitan/Nonmetropolitan Residence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VIIIState Poverty Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VIIIRatio of Income to Poverty Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XAverage Income Deficit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X

Alternative Definitions of Poverty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIAlternative Price Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIII

Notes and Users’ Comments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIII

TEXT TABLES

A. Persons and Families in Poverty by Selected Characteristics: 1994 and 1995 . . . . . . . VIIB. Percent of Persons in Poverty by State: 1993, 1994, and 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IXC. Ratio of Family Income to Poverty Level for Persons by Selected Characteristics:

1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XD. Income Deficit or Surplus of Families and Unrelated Individuals by Poverty Status:

1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIE. The Cumulative Effect of Taxes and Transfers on Poverty Estimates: 1994-1995 . . . . XIIF. The Marginal Effect of Taxes and Transfers on Poverty Estimates: 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIII

FIGURES

1. Poverty: 1959 to 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VI2. Poverty Rates by Definition of Income and Type of Deflator: 1959 to 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . XIV

DETAILED TABLES

1. Poverty Thresholds by Size of Family and Number of Related Children: 1995......... . . 12. Age, Sex, Household Relationship, Race, and Hispanic Origin by Ratio of Income

to Poverty Level: 1995. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

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Contents