Power Electronics & Energy Harvesting: Unleashing the ... PowerRox EH... · Freeing Ourselves From Wall Charging • Energy Harvesting (EH) •RF Near‐field •Wireless Power Transfer

Power Electronics & Energy Harvesting: Unleashing the Potential of IoT

MP Divakar, Ph.D.Founder & CEO, Stack Design Automation

[email protected] (408) 833‐7024

ALL INFORMATION SHALL BE CONSIDERED POWERROX LLC PROPERTY UNLESS OTHERWISE SUPERSEDED BY ANOTHER DOCUMENT. 1

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Brian Zahnstecher, Principal, IEEE Senior MemberChair SF Bay IEEE Power Electronics Society (PELS)

[email protected] (508) 847‐5747PowerRox™

www.powerrox.com Twitter: @PowerRoxLLC1125 S Baywood Ave., San Jose, CA 95128

Overview• What will enable the huge IoT & Wearables markets?• How will power electronics make the difference?• Freeing Ourselves From Wall Charging• Thermal Management’s Future is Bright• Conclusions


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• Billions of smart devices +Massive Networks = Awesome!• Devices + Consumer Interest/Application = Exponential Growth Market Estimates!!!

• Wait a sec, how are we enabling these transformative technologies and fantastic market projections?!?• Innovations in power electronics & energy harvesting will drive the integration and intelligent power management required for enablement.


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What will enable the huge IoT & Wearables markets?


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All we need is improved battery storage technology so we can go a really long time without having to plug‐in and recharge, right?

“There is no such thing as waste heat…just underutilized energy recycling opportunities.”

– Brian Zahnstecher

What will enable the huge IoT & Wearables markets?

How will power electronics make the difference?• Intelligent Power Management (IPM)

• Power Management Integrated Circuit (PMIC)• Power Shedding / Dynamic Power Allocation• QUIZ: What is the most efficient power conversion device on Earth?

• Integration• Shrink it, integrate it, reduce housekeeping overhead.

• Power Converter Efficiency• How much room for improvement do you think there is here?

(By the way, these are in order of priority!!!)


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How will power electronics make the difference?• Integration

• System on Chip (SoC)• Power Supply on a Chip (PwrSoC)• Power Supply in Package (PSiP)

IMAGE CREDIT: “Power Supply in a Package (PSiP) & Power Supply on a Chip (PwrSoC): Taking Stock of the Trials and Triumphs of Adoption that Lie Ahead” Arnold Alderman,

Anagenesis, IEEE APEC 2014.


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• Pushing the switching frequency• Advances in magnetics• Wide bandgap semiconductors

• SiC, GaN, AlN, Diamond, etc.

IMAGE CREDIT: “Power Supply in a Package (PSiP) & Power Supply on a Chip (PwrSoC): Taking Stock of the Trials and Triumphs of Adoption that Lie Ahead” Arnold Alderman,

Anagenesis, IEEE APEC 2014.&

Power Supply on Chip Workshop 2012


™IMAGE CREDIT: Power Gold patented embedding of bare chips into flexible film.

www.powergoldconsultant.com


• Active Flex Circuits


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How will power electronics make the difference?

IMAGE CREDIT: Samsung SDI announces Stripe & Band flexible batteries on 10/20/15. http://www.samsungsdi.com/about‐sdi/pr‐center/sdi‐news/view?mode=siteSearch&seqno=1708

IMAGE CREDIT: J.W. Lee, R. Xu, S. Lee, K.‐I. Jang, Y. Yang, A. Banks, K.J. Yu, J. Kim, S. Xu, S. Ma, S.W Jang, P. Won, Y. Li, B.H. Kim, J.Y. Cho, S. Huh, Y.H. Kwon, Y. Huang, U. Paik and J.A. Rogers, "Soft, Thin Skin‐Mounted Power Management Systems and Their Use in Wireless Thermography," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 113(22), 6131‐6136 (2016).

IMAGE CREDIT: “Paper‐based microbial fuel cell produces 1.3μW,” EE Times, Posted 05 July 2016 = http://www.electronics‐eetimes.com/news/paper‐based‐microbial‐fuel‐cell‐produces‐13mwYeah, those are power supplies!

Yeah, that is a paper fuel cell producing >1µW!

Yeah, that is a flexible battery!

• Integration• Active Flex Circuits

Freeing Ourselves From Wall Charging

• True Freedom Comes from Self‐Reliance• Ditch the Wall Wort

• FYI – wireless power (today) is still wired power, just less efficient

• There are so many sources of energy around us to take advantage of.• Energy Harvesting!!!


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• pW nW µW mW• ICs in standby can run on nW & µW• Harvest from multiple sources with multiple methods• Combine with improved utilization and IPM to multiply the value of each µW

• Now we are approaching mW!• FYI: a bigger battery is NOT the answer

Remember this?

Freeing Ourselves From Wall Charging• Many Flavors of Energy Harvesting

• Dynamo (i.e. – kinetic EH, electrodynamic)• Photovoltaic Cell (PV)• Piezoelectric Transducer (PZ)• Fuel Cells (FC)• Thermoelectric Generator (TEG)• Radio Frequency (RF)

• Near‐field• Far‐field (again, not to be confused with wireless power transfer)

• Vibration (inc. vibroacoustic resonant membranes)• Metamaterials

• Vibroacoustic


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Freeing Ourselves From Wall Charging• Neat, but just a lab experiment, right?

• A short list of things that exist TODAY!!!• Transducers (EH type)

• Alta Devices (PV)• Murata (TEG)• Jennova (Electrodynamic)• Powercast (RF)• Cherry Electrical Products (Electrodynamic)• Fraunhofer Institute (IP only)• EnOcean Alliance (IP only)

• See how little is actually required• EXAMPLE: TI BQ25505

• IQ = 325nA• Multiple EH source & storage support• Includes power conversion/regulation!


• Vendor Power Management ICs (PMICs)• Linear Tech (LT): 25 EH‐related products• Analog Devices (ADI): ADP5090/5091• Texas Instruments (TI): 6 EH‐related products• ST Micro: 3 EH‐related products• Cypress Semi: 3 PMICs• Dialog Semi: BLE PMICs• On Semi: NCS36510 PMIC

• Development / Evaluation Kits• Würth Elektronik Gleanergy / EH Solution To Go• ADI ADP5090/5091 Eval Board• LT DC2080A Eval Board• Cypress Solar BLE Kit CYALKIT‐E02• TI CC2650 SimpleLink Eval Kit

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Freeing Ourselves From Wall Charging• What about the ecosystem?

• In addition to the many products just described, there are also a number of industry events, initiatives, and groups devoted to EH and very closely‐related topics.• Power Sources Manufacturers Association (PSMA)

• EH Committee• http://www.psma.com/technical‐forums/energy‐harvesting

• IEEE Power Electronics Society (PELS)• SF Bay Area Chapter to host full‐day EH Workshop

• https://ewh.ieee.org/r6/scv/pels/index.html• IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference (APEC)

• Annual Industry Session dedicated to EH• http://www.apec‐conf.org/

• IDTechEx• EH USA

• http://www.idtechex.com/energy‐harvesting‐usa/show/en/


IMAGE CREDIT: Alta Devices Technology Corporate Brochure "AnyLight Mobile Power" (2015)

IMAGE CREDIT: Ascent Solar EnerPlex Surfr phone charging case. http://www.goenerplex.com/products/solar‐and‐battery‐phone‐cases/surfr‐for‐iphone‐6‐6s


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Freeing Ourselves From Wall Charging• Energy Harvesting (EH)

• Photovoltaic


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• RF Near‐field• Wireless Power Transfer (already discussed)

• RF Far‐field• Lots of energy flying through the air at all kinds of frequencies• Fancy antennas• Negative impact?

IMAGE CREDIT: David Schneider "Shape‐shifting Liquid‐Metal Antennas," IEEE Spectrum, Posted 21 Aug 2015. = http://spectrum.ieee.org/video/telecom/wireless/shapeshifting‐liquidmetal‐antennas


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• Energy Harvesting (EH)• Thermoelectric Generators (TEG)


‐ That 18.9kJ iPhone4 battery is merely ~4.5kcal‐ The ASHRAE pocket guide gives the approximate electrical

power a person generates while seated as 110 watts/hr, and during heavy work it is 550 watts/hr.

‐ Anyone remember the movie “The Matrix”?

REFERENCES: ‐ Benjamin J. Hansen, Ying Liu, Rusen Yang, and Zhong Lin Wang, "Hybrid Nanogenerator for Concurrently Harvesting Biomechanical and

Biochemical Energy", ACS Nano, 4 (2010) 3647‐3652.‐ Will your body be the battery of the future? = http://www.extremetech.com/extreme/135481‐will‐your‐body‐be‐the‐battery‐of‐the‐future‐ ASHRAE Pocket Guide for Air‐Conditioning, Heating, Ventilation, Refrigeration, 8th Ed.‐ Yu Zhou; Paul, S.; Bhunia, S., "Harvesting Wasted Heat in a Microprocessor Using Thermoelectric Generators: Modeling, Analysis and

Measurement," in Design, Automation and Test in Europe, 2008. DATE '08 , vol., no., pp.98‐103, 10‐14 March 2008

Table taken from: Yu Zhou; Paul, S.; Bhunia, S., "Harvesting Wasted Heat in a Microprocessor Using Thermoelectric Generators: Modeling, Analysis and Measurement," in Design, Automation and Test in Europe, 2008. DATE '08 , vol., no., pp.98‐103, 10‐14 March 2008


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• Thermoelectric Generators (TEG)• Work by exploiting the temperature differences between any heat source and

the cooler ambient (Seebeck effect).• Telluride semiconductors are the most

efficient among TEG materials, ~15‐20%efficiency. Bismuth Telluride (Bi2Te3) has thehighest figure of merit (ZT) > 2.2.

• In the above, S is Seebeck coefficient (ΔV/ΔT),λ is thermal conductivity, σ is electrical conductivity& T is temperature in K.

• Where as Bismuth Tellurides are ideal for room temperature operation, Lead Tellurides are ideal for higher temperatures.


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• Thermoelectric Generators (TEG)• TEGs are already used in power plants to convert waste heat into additional

electrical power and in automobiles as automotive thermoelectric generators (ATG) to increase fuel efficiency.

• Max ΔT helps maximize the harvested output of TEGs since the current magnitude is proportional to the temperature difference.

• Irrespective of scale, energy harvesting TEG systems need to be carefully designed balancing max ΔT on one end to large thermally induced stresses and deformations on the other for long periods of time. They also are subject to mechanical fatigue caused by large number of thermal cycles.

• In IoT applications, this could pose quite a challenge –most consumer devices are made with standard material sets for “indoor” use whereas outdoor deployment will need more reliable material sets and design topologies.

Thermal Management’s Future is Bright


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• Thermal management solutions will be a major enabler for IoT devices, especially for wearables.

• Thermal management of IoTs of which wearables is a subset is increasingly becoming the main design criterion for their operation and reliability. Products’ design (& partitioning if needed) is most often based on thermal considerations.

• We also learned that we can take advantage of it with a Seebeck generator! Therefore a thermal management system in IoT must balance harvesting waste heat while keeping the electronics cool!

• The sheer magnitude of forecast billions of IoT devices tells us one thing: energy harvesting is NOT an option, it is a MUST!



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• Thermal management of IoTs/Wearables with energy harvesting is quite challenging. The max “ambient” temperature now depends on where the IoT/Wearable is deployed:• Gateways/Edge Compute, Tags, Motes, etc.: max surface temperature limited by duration of touch (see following slides); typically 550C to 750C.

• Wearables in contact with skin have much lower surface temperature limits, owing to human skin’s response to hot temperatures; typically 400C to 450C.

• A normal human body temperature ranges between 350C to 380C.• Therefore, most people feel uncomfortable wearing gadgets whose temperatures exceed 450C; ~50C rise over body temp is the max we can tolerate!

• Designers of IoTs/Wearables therefore have to contend with balancing max junction temperatures (read: max performance!) vs. max surface temperatures and find efficient means to dissipate waste heat.



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• ASTM C1055 provides a guideline for injury types vs. tissue temperature and the process thereof.



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• EH for Wearables: Body Heat• Our bodies are a source of constant heat generation, 100W on average. How ever, only a small fraction of it can be used for energy harvesting, that too in a small area touching the wearable.

• Realistically, we can expect to harvest few 10’s of mW, typically in the range of 1‐10mW/cm2 (which also depends on the ambient temperature). The forehead produces the max thermal dissipation.

• Max ΔT at colder temperatures helps but the body’s thermal resistance increases at colder temperature.



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• Examples of Flat TEG with Thermopiles• Example of a Wearable test vehicle harvesting thermal energy from various individuals. Notice people to people variation / distribution!

Figures below from: Wearable Monitoring Systems by Bonfiglio & De Rossi, Springer, 2011.



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• Examples of Wearables with TEG

Figures above from: Wearable Monitoring Systems by Bonfiglio & De Rossi, Springer, 2011.

Conclusions• Power electronics & EH are absolutely essential to making a reality out of all those fantastic market projections.

• If wearable/IoT products are to have useful lives in application, then they need to operate for very long times (i.e. – forever) without a recharge from the wall or even a battery change.

• Reducing power demand yields far more benefits than simply a bigger battery.

• EH is no longer a lab experiment. The ecosystem, while nascent, exists now!• This is just the start of EH getting into the mainstream with a lot more to come.

• Being more efficient with power means being more efficient with thermals.


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Q&A

Thanks a lot for your time and attention!

Any questions and/or comments?


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References


• “Power Supply in a Package (PSiP) & Power Supply on a Chip (PwrSoC): Taking Stock of the Trials and Triumphs of Adoption that Lie Ahead” Arnold Alderman, Anagenesis, IEEE APEC 2014.

• Power Supply on Chip Workshop 2012

• Flex Lighting TechnologyTM Film Electronics, Power Gold LLC, www.powergoldconsultant.com

• J.W. Lee, R. Xu, S. Lee, K.‐I. Jang, Y. Yang, A. Banks, K.J. Yu, J. Kim, S. Xu, S. Ma, S.W Jang, P. Won, Y. Li, B.H. Kim, J.Y. Cho, S. Huh, Y.H. Kwon, Y. Huang, U. Paik and J.A. Rogers, "Soft, Thin Skin‐Mounted Power Management Systems and Their Use in Wireless Thermography," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 113(22), 6131‐6136 (2016).

• “Paper‐based microbial fuel cell produces 1.3μW,” EE Times, Posted 05 July 2016 = http://www.electronics‐eetimes.com/news/paper‐based‐microbial‐fuel‐cell‐produces‐13mw

• “Samsung SDI’s Next‐Gen Wearable Battery Unpack…Showing Next‐Generation Battery at InterBattery 2015,” Samsung SDI News, Posted 20 Oct 2015 = http://www.samsungsdi.com/about‐sdi/pr‐center/sdi‐news/view?mode=siteSearch&seqno=1708

• Cherry Energy Harvesting RF Switches = http://cherryswitches.com/us/energy‐harvesting/

• Alta Devices Technology Overview = http://www.altadevices.com/technology‐overview/

• Murata ‐ Power Generation Characteristics of Multilayer Oxide‐Metal Composite Thermoelectric Modules and Applications in Energy Harvesting = http://www.murata.com/en‐us/about/newsroom/techmag/metamorphosis16/paper/02‐02

• Jennova Energy Harvesting = http://jennova.com/index.php/products/energy‐harvester

• Powercast Powerharvester receivers = http://www.powercastco.com/products/powerharvester‐receivers/

• Fraunhofer Institute Energy Harvesting = http://www.iws.fraunhofer.de/de/veranstaltungen/flexteg_2016.html

• EnOcean Alliance Energy Harvesting Wireless Technology for Home and Building Automation = https://www.enocean‐alliance.org/en/enocean_technology/

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References


• Würth Elektronik Gleanergy = http://www.we‐online.com/web/en/electronic_components/produkte_pb/demoboards/gleanergy/gleanergy.php

• Würth Elektronik EH Solution To Go = http://www.we‐online.com/web/en/electronic_components/produkte_pb/demoboards/energy_harvesting/energy_harvesting.php

• Analog Devices Battery Charger IC = http://www.analog.com/en/products/power‐management/battery‐management/battery‐charger‐ic.html

• Linear Technologies Energy Harvesting = http://www.linear.com/parametric/energy_harvesting

• TI Overview for Energy Harvesting & Solar Charging = http://www.ti.com/lsds/ti/power‐management/energy‐harvesting‐and‐solar‐charging‐overview.page

• ST Micro Renewable Energy Generation and Harvesting = http://www.st.com/content/st_com/en/applications/energy‐generation‐and‐distribution/renewable‐energy‐generation‐and‐harvesting.html

• Cypress S6SAE10xA Solar‐Optimized Energy Harvesting PMICs = http://www.cypress.com/products/s6sae10xa‐solar‐optimized‐energy‐harvesting‐pmics

• Dialog Semi = http://www.dialog‐semiconductor.com/bluetooth‐low‐energy

• ON Semi NCS36510: Low Power System‐on‐Chip For 2.4 GHz IEEE 802.15.4‐2006 Applications = http://www.onsemi.com/PowerSolutions/product.do?id=NCS36510

• TI BQ25505 Spec Sheet = http://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/bq25505.pdf

• CYALKIT‐E02 Solar‐Powered BLE Sensor Beacon Reference Design Kit (RDK) = http://www.cypress.com/documentation/development‐kitsboards/cyalkit‐e02‐solar‐powered‐ble‐sensor‐beacon‐reference‐design

• Ascent Solar EnerPlex Surfr phone charging case. http://www.goenerplex.com/products/solar‐and‐battery‐phone‐cases/surfr‐for‐iphone‐6‐6s

• Alta Devices Technology Corporate Brochure "AnyLight Mobile Power" (2015)

• David Schneider "Shape‐shifting Liquid‐Metal Antennas," IEEE Spectrum, Posted 21 Aug 2015. = http://spectrum.ieee.org/video/telecom/wireless/shapeshifting‐liquidmetal‐antennas

• AirFuel = http://airfuel.org/

References• Qi = http://www.wirelesspowerconsortium.com/

• A4WP / PMA = http://a4wppmamerge.com/

• Energy‐harvesting rubber sheets could power pacemakers, mobile phones = http://phys.org/news/2010‐01‐energy‐harvesting‐rubber‐sheets‐power‐pacemakers.html

• Laptops of the future could be powered by typing, cameras by shooting = http://www.extremetech.com/extreme/88126‐laptops‐powered‐by‐typing‐piezo

• Mobile devices powered just by tapping your finger = http://www.materialstoday.com/electronic‐properties/news/mobile‐devices‐powered‐just‐by‐tapping‐your‐finger/

• Piezoelectric Ribbons Printed onto Rubber for Flexible Energy Conversion = http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/nl903377u

• IMEC reports 40 microwatt from micromachined piezoelectric energy harvester = http://phys.org/news/2007‐06‐imec‐microwatt‐micromachined‐piezoelectric‐energy.html

• Researchers demonstrate new technique for generating electricity = http://phys.org/news/2014‐11‐technique‐electricity.html

• Fraunhofer develops economical process for micro energy harvesting = http://phys.org/news/2014‐10‐fraunhofer‐economical‐micro‐energy‐harvesting.html

• Hybrid Nanogenerator for Concurrently Harvesting Biomechanical and Biochemical Energy = http://www.nanoscience.gatech.edu/research/index.php

• One Year of Text Messages, Analyzed = http://drafts.jsvine.com/one‐year‐of‐text‐messages/

• Can You Charge Your Phone by Typing? = http://www.wired.com/2011/07/can‐you‐charge‐your‐phone‐by‐typing/

• Will your body be the battery of the future? = http://www.extremetech.com/extreme/135481‐will‐your‐body‐be‐the‐battery‐of‐the‐future

• ASHRAE Pocket Guide for Air‐Conditioning, Heating, Ventilation, Refrigeration, 8th Ed.

• Yu Zhou; Paul, S.; Bhunia, S., "Harvesting Wasted Heat in a Microprocessor Using Thermoelectric Generators: Modeling, Analysis and Measurement," in Design, Automation and Test in Europe, 2008. DATE '08 , vol., no., pp.98‐103, 10‐14 March 2008


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References• Nanowire Structured Hybrid Cell for Concurrently Scavenging Solar and Mechanical Energies = http://www.nanoscience.gatech.edu/research/index.php Byung

Yang Lee, Jinxing Zhang, Chris Zueger, Woo‐Jae Chung, So Young Yoo, Eddie Wang, Joel Meyer, Ramamoorthy Ramesh, Seung‐Wuk Lee. Virus‐based piezoelectric energy generation. Nature Nanotechnology, 2012; DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2012.69

• Benjamin J. Hansen, Ying Liu, Rusen Yang, and Zhong Lin Wang, "Hybrid Nanogenerator for Concurrently Harvesting Biomechanical and Biochemical Energy", ACS Nano, 4 (2010) 3647‐3652.

• Abiral Tamang, Sujoy Kumar Ghosh, Samiran Garain, Md. Mehebub Alam, Jörg Haeberle, Karsten Henkel, Dieter Schmeisser, and Dipankar Mandal. DNA‐Assisted BETA‐phase Nucleation and Alignment of Molecular Dipoles in PVDF Film: A Realization of Self‐Poled Bioinspired Flexible Polymer Nanogenerator for Portable Electronic Devices. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 2015 7 (30), 16143‐16147. DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b04161

• Bhaskaran, M., Sriram, S., Ruffell, S. and Mitchell, A. (2011), Nanoscale Characterization of Energy Generation from Piezoelectric Thin Films. Adv. Funct. Mater.,21: 2251–2257. doi: 10.1002/adfm.201002663

• Yi Qi, Noah T. Jafferis, Kenneth Lyons, Jr., Christine M. Lee, Habib Ahmad, and Michael C. McAlpine. Nano Letters 2010 10 (2), 524‐528. DOI: 10.1021/nl903377u

• "Harvesting Vibrational Energy Using Material Work Functions". Scientific Reports 4, Article number: 6799 DOI: 10.1038/srep06799

• Chen Xu, Xudong Wang and Zhong Lin Wang, "Nanowire Structured Hybrid Cell for Concurrently Scavenging Solar and Mechanical Energies", J. Am. Chem. Soc., 131(2009) 5866‐5872.

• Benjamin J. Hansen, Ying Liu, Rusen Yang, and Zhong Lin Wang, "Hybrid Nanogenerator for Concurrently Harvesting Biomechanical and Biochemical Energy", ACS Nano, 4 (2010) 3647‐3652.

• Aaron Smith, "Americans and text messaging," Pew Research, 19 September 2011


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Power Electronics & Energy Harvesting: Unleashing the ... PowerRox EH... · Freeing Ourselves From Wall Charging • Energy Harvesting (EH) •RF Near‐field •Wireless Power Transfer