Power Electronics in Hybrid Energy Networks

Johan Enslin David ElizondoJohan.Enslin@kema.com Delizondo@kema.us

KEMA Inc. T&D ConsultingRaleigh, NC

USA

2

Outline The Future of Energy

Hydrogen Economy Hybrid Hydrogen Economy Energy Web Concept and Distributed Power

Power Electronics’ role in the Future of Energy Interconnection of Large-scale PV Interconnection of Wind Energy

Energy Storage’s and FACTS role in the Future of Energy

3

Hydrogen Hope and Gamble

4

Grid-less Hydrogen Society? National National

Energy SecurityEnergy Security

DIVERSE DIVERSE DOMESTIC DOMESTIC

RESOURCESRESOURCES

Distributed GenerationDistributed Generation

Transportation

The EnvironmentThe Environment

ZERO/NEAR ZERO GHGZERO/NEAR ZERO GHGand other EMISSIONSand other EMISSIONS

Biomass

Hydro

Wind

Solar

Coal

Nuclear

Natural

Gas

Oil

Se

qu

es

tra

t io

n

Biomass

Hydro

Wind

Solar

BiomassWater

WindHydroSolar

Geothermal

Coal

Nuclear

Natural

Gas

Oil

Se

qu

es

tra

t io

n

5

Electrolyzer

- Water purification - Regulators- Gas dryer- Integrated Heating - CHP

HydrogenStorage

Hybrid AC/DC Networks

H2 Gas

+

-

V

Water Supply

H2 Trucking H2 Pipeline

O2 Gas

Peak Shaving

Fuel Cell

Power Electronics- Grid Interconnection- STATCOM / APF- Max Power Tracker- Electricity Storage- Transfer Switch

Control,Protection Comms

Local H2 Use

DP - Network - Hydrogen Hybrid System ConceptDP - Network - Hydrogen Hybrid System Concept

Electrical Interconnection

Transport

6

Energy Web Concept

Residence

FactoryCHP

Wind

Microturbine

CommercialCHP

Central Generation

Fuel Cell

Flywheel

Substation

Photovoltaic

Storage

Power & Communications LinksGas TurbinesFuel Cell Car

Flow Batteries

Pumped Storage DecentralizedDER Dispatch

Data Centers

7

Energy Web Concepts Characteristics of Energy Supply in 2010

Nuclear Generation: Upgrade and Replace Centralized Nuclear Generation and Small Scale Pebble Bed Modular Nuclear Reactors

Gas & Electrical Networks merge – Move to Hydrogen Renewable Energy Generation: Targets 10 - 20%

(Environmental) High premium on Network Reliability and Security Shift from power supply to service orientated culture

8

Energy Web Concepts--Cont

Technology Higher Efficiency for Distributed Generation Flexible and lower cost power electronic interfaces Less NOx and CO2 generation Low-cost, flexible energy storage

Interconnections and Regulations Standardization of Power and Communication Interfaces Simplified regulations for small DP Safety considerations in island operation Formation of self-sustained islanding mini grids

9

Energy Web Concepts--Cont Distributed Power has to Offer:

“Plug & Play” Functionality with enforced standards Intelligent Communicating Components – Extra services Network Reliability, Quality, Stability and Security built-

in Power Electronics Multi-fuel driven micro-turbine technologies High efficiency technologies with CHP functionality Interface Between Hybrid AC / DC / Gas / Hydrogen

Networks

10

Distributed and Renewable Power Dutch Government and Utilities promote

use of renewables with subsidies and customer programs.

Dutch generation > 35% distributed CHP Wind (10%)

Some whole suburbs are installed with roof-mounted PV arrays

Nieuwland 500 homes in total 12 000 m² PV. 1 GWh Renewable Energy

6 GW off-shore wind power is currently planned for 2020.

Amersfoortse suburb Nieuwland

11

Distributed Power Trends 2010

12

Interconnection Issues with DP Power Quality considerations on system level

Background system distortion; All indices; Network Resonances Require integrated mitigation solutions

Protective Relaying Considerations Feedback Power Islanding

Voltage and Angular Stability Distribution Networks behave like Transmission Networks Require innovative solutions – FACTS; Storage; Hybrid Networks

Interconnection Standards and Guidelines Crucial to do updates: IEEE 1547 , IEC 61400-21 , EN 50160

13

Case A: Interconnection of Large-scale PV

14 14

Interconnection Issues with DP inverters 200-500 Homes with PV panels

1-3 kW PV inverters, connected at 220 Volts feeder 1GWh is generated annually

By Measurements at the site… Voltage regulation and Flicker:

Exceeding voltage limits and inverters trip Voltage fluctuations due to power fluctuations

Harmonics: Inverters individually satisfy IEC 61000-3-2 specification EN 50160 can temporarily be exceeded. Inverters trip unexpectedly

15

Interconnection Issues with DP inverters

Attention Points on Standards Effect of background supply distortion Increased distortion due to a resonance phenomenon Islanding may be a good alternative

16

Case B: Interconnection of Wind Energy

17

Wind Park

ConnectionPoints

Wind Park

ConnectionPoints

Network Interconnection of 6 GW Wind Feasibility of 6 GW Wind

Power in 2020 Total cost 10.000 M€ Stability Issues and

Reactive Power Compensation

Required 350 M€ - 650 M€ network upgrades

Conventional solution requires 100 M€ expenditure

18

Energy Storage for 6 GW Wind Farm

Possible savings of 250 M€ - 550 M€ network upgrades if storage is included

Requires 2,5 GW and 62 GWh storage for 6 GW wind farm

-3000

-2000

-1000

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

60001 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Time (DAYS)

Win

d P

ow

er

(MW

)

Off-shore wind park Power Output Storage Capacity

-3000

-2000

-1000

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

60001 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Time (DAYS)

Win

d P

ow

er

(MW

)

Off-shore wind park Power Output Storage Capacity

19

Storage Options for 6 GW Wind Farm

Based on Flow-battery technology 6,000 M€, 30 years NPV, 1x1 km size

Not feasible by factor 10 as a single solution

Dimensioning Flow-battery

Surface of Battery Plant for Wind Park (6000 MW):

• 792.000 m2 (e.g 990 x 800 m)

Power

2555 MW

Energy

62004 MWh

Electrolytic

Storage TanksFuel-Cell Stacks

VSC Inverter

and Controller

Transformer

VSC Interface

20

Integrated Storage Approach Primary Application:

Wind Power Stabilization. Secondary Applications:

Interface of Constant Speed Offshore Wind Turbines Power Balance and Reserve Power Management Power Quality and Reactive Power management Spinning Reserve Management Black-start Availability Stop-start Reduction of generating units Network security - UPS operation

21

Conclusions Hydrogen economy

Will be gradual process with DP playing a key role An excellent opportunity for power electronics –

Mobile & Stationary applications Distributed Power

Preferred option to integrate renewables at high network reliability, stability and security levels

Power electronics are key for better DP interconnections

22

Conclusions--Cont Interconnection Issues

Large-scale wind energy interface provide major network interconnection challenges – Hydrogen hybrids

Design and control of DP converters for system integration needs attention

Futuristic View… Cost effective H2 and electricity storage together with Power

Electronics.

23

Hybrid Wind Network Options

HydrogenBuffer Storage

O2 Gas

200 MW

3825 kg/hr, 25 bar

350 bar

North Dakota-Chicago: 1000 miles

170 MW$1000/kW ~75%

3060 kg (102 MWh)$100/kWh

HVDC Transmission (NDHVDC Transmission (ND--Chicago) Chicago) –– HH22 Production Production

500 MW$1000/kWutil. 40%

WaterWater275,427 gal/day275,427 gal/day

HH22 ProductionProduction91,810 kg/day91,810 kg/day

@ $8.85/kg@ $8.85/kg

HVDC Electricity Transmission Cable2/3 Overhead: $0.8 MM/mile1/3 Underground cable: $1.2 MM/mile ~85% (1000 miles)

5 MW

North Dakota - Chicago1000 miles

3 gal/kg H

2

HydrogenBuffer Storage

O2 Gas

200 MW

3825 kg/hr, 25 bar

350 bar

North Dakota-Chicago: 1000 miles

170 MW$1000/kW ~75%

3060 kg (102 MWh)$100/kWh

HVDC Transmission (NDHVDC Transmission (ND--Chicago) Chicago) –– HH22 Production Production

500 MW$1000/kWutil. 40%

WaterWater275,427 gal/day275,427 gal/day

HH22 ProductionProduction91,810 kg/day91,810 kg/day

@ $8.85/kg@ $8.85/kg

HVDC Electricity Transmission Cable2/3 Overhead: $0.8 MM/mile1/3 Underground cable: $1.2 MM/mile ~85% (1000 miles)

5 MW

North Dakota - Chicago1000 milesNorth Dakota - Chicago1000 miles

3 gal/kg H

2

24

Distributed Power: Mobile

HYPERCAR

NECAR

25

Energy Storage for Renewable and Distributed Power

CHP