HYDRO POWER IN INDIA

TOTAL HYDRO POTENTIAL - 84,000 MW AT 60% LOAD FACTOR EQUIVALENT TO AN ANNUAL ENERGY GENERATION OF 450 TWH.

TOTAL DEVELOPED HYDRO POTENTIAL ABOUT 22,439 MW

SHARE OF HYDROPOWER REDUCED TO ONLY 25% IN TOTAL INSTALLED FOR POWER GENERATION FROM 50.62% IN 1963

ESTIMATED POTENTIAL OF SMALL HYDRO - 15,000 MW - SMALL HYDRO POWER INTRODUCED IN 1897

AGENCIES INVOLVED IN POWER DEVELPOMENT

CENTRAL ELECTRICITY AUTHORITY & CENTRAL WATER COMMISSION

STATE POWER DEPARTMENTS & ELECTRICITY BOARDS

MNES - MINISTRY OF NON-CONVENTIONAL ENERGY SOURCES

SEVERAL NGO ORGANIZATIONS (e.g. TERI)

INTERNATIONAL FUNDING AGENCIES WORLD BANK, UNDP, GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT FACILITY, THE ASIA ALTERNATIVE ENERGY PROGRAM (ASTAE), ASIAN DEVELOPEMENT BANK,INDIAN RENEWABLE ENERGY DEVELOPMENT AGENCY (IREDA)

SMALL HYDRO POWER SYSTEMS CLASSIFIED AS MINI, MICRO, AND SMALL DEPENDING ON CAPACITY OF PLANT.

MATURE TECHNOLOGY

HIGHEST PRIME MOVING EFFICIENCY

SPECTACULAR OPERATIONAL FLEXIBILITY

FIRST PLACE AMONG ALL RENEWABLE SOURCES

INSTALLED CAPACITY - WORLD 47,000 MW INDIA 500 MW -CLASSIFICATION WORLD NORMS - 5 KW TO 50 MW

UNTIL RECENTLY, SMALL-SCALE HYDRO POWER (SHP) IN INDIA CLASSIFIED AS BELOW (3MW GENERATING CAPACITY NOW INCREASED TO 25 MW)

BENEFITS:

DOES NOT POTENTIALLY CAUSE THE SUBMERGING OF FOREST/AGRICULTURAL LAND, RESERVOIR ENLARGEMENT, RESIDENTIAL RELOCATION OR SEISMOLOGICAL THREATS.

GENERATION OF HYDROPOWER PRODUCES NO GREENHOUSE, AIR POLLUTANTS OR ANY WASTE PRODUCTS.

ENERGY IN REMOTE AND HILLY AREAS WHERE EXTENSION OF GRID SYSTEM UN-ECONOMICAL

NON POLLUTING AND ENVIRONMENTALLY BENIGN

WATER SUPPLY

SMALL SCALE IRRIGATION

SMALL SCALE AGRICULTURE INDUSTRY RICE & OIL MILLS, WOOD INDUSTRIES SAW MILLS

LIKELY PROBLEMS TO BE ADDRESSED

RIPARIAN OWNERS, FISHERIES, ENVIRONMENT AGENCIES, PLANNING DEPARTMENT, LICENCING AUTHORITIES, ELECTRICAL UTILITIES, WILDLIFE PROTECTION SOCITIES AND GENERAL PUBLIC

DEVELOPMENT OF SMALL HYDRO POWER PROJECTS AND THRUST AREAS STATE SECTOR AS WELL AS THROUGH PRIVATE SECTOR PARTICIPATION IN VARIOUS STATES.

THRUST AREAS NATION-WISE RESOURCE ASSESSMENT

SETTING UP OF COMMERCIAL SHP PROJECTS,

RENOVATION AND MODERNIZATION OF OLD SHP PROJECTS DEVELOPMENT AND UP-GRADATION OF WATER MILLS (GARATS) AND

INDUSTRY BASED RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

MNES INCENTIVES

DETAILED SURVEY AND INVESTIGATION DETAILED PROJECT REPORT PREPARATION

INTEREST SUBSIDY FOR COMMERCIAL PROJECTS,

CAPITAL SUBSIDY FOR SHP PROJECTS IN NORTH-EASTERN REGION, RENOVATION & MODERNIZATION OF OLD SHP STATIONS AND FOR DEVELOPMENT / UP-GRADATION OF WATER MILLS.

COMMERCIAL SHP PROJECTS

13 STATES INDIAN STATES NAMELY, HIMACHAL PRADESH, UTTAR PRADESH, PUNJAB, HARYANA, MADHYA PRADESH, KARNATAKA, KERALA, ANDHRA PRADESH, TAMIL NADU, ORISSA, WEST BENGAL, MAHARASHTRA AND RAJASTHAN HAVE ANNOUNCED POLICIES - PRIVATE SECTOR PARTICIPATION.

FACILITIES AVAILABLE - WHEELING OF POWER PRODUCED, BANKING, ATTRACTIVE BUY-BACK RATE, FACILITY FOR THIRD PARTY SALE, ETC

OVER 760 SITES OF ABOUT 2000 MW CAPACITY - OFFERED / ALLOTTED IN THESE STATES

INDIAN RENEWABLE ENERGY DEVELOPMENT AGENCY (IREDA), FINANCIAL INSTITUTION UNDER MNES, PROVIDES SOFT LOANS FOR SETTING UP OF SHP PROJECTS UPTO 25 MW CAPACITY

MANUFACTURING BASE IN INDIA

WELL-ESTABLISHED MANUFACTURING BASE

8 MANUFACTURERS IN THE COUNTRY IN THE FIELD OF SMALL HYDRO MANUFACTURING/ SUPPLYING VARIOUS TYPES OF TURBINES, GENERATORS, CONTROL EQUIPMENT, ETC.

CONCEPT OF HYDRO ELECTRIC POWER

HYDRO SYSTEM MAKES USE OF FALLING WATER IN A STREAM OR RIVER OR STORAGE DAM BETWEEN TWO POINTS TO GENERATE MECHANICAL POWER THROUGH A TURBINE WHICH IS CONVERTED INTO ELECTRICAL POWER THROUGH A GENERATOR ATTACHED TO TUBINE IN A POWER HOUSE. POWER IS EXPRESSED AS KW OR MW DEPENDING ON CAPACITY OF STATION

AMOUNT OF WATER FLOW DIVERTED FROM STREAM OR RIVER OR DAM CALLED DISCHARGE (Q) EXPRESSED IN LITRES /SEC OR CUMECS OR CUSECS AND DIFFERENCE IN ELEVATION BETWEEN TWO UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM POINTS CALLED GROSS HEAD (H) EXPRESSED IN FEET OR METRES

ELECTRICITY GENERATED IN ALTERNATING CURRENT (AC) MODE AND GENERATING VOLATGE EXPRESSED AS VOLTS (V) OR KILO VOLTS (KV) DEPENDING ON CAPACITY OF STATION

AFTER FLOW AND GROSS HEAD BETWEEN TWO POINTS MEASURED - HYDRAULIC POWER CALCULATED AS BELOW

POWER = QXHX9.81 WATTS; Q IN LITERS PER SECOND AND H GROSS HEAD IN METERS

NET HEAD AFTER ALLOWING FOR FRICTIONAL LOSSES IN WATER CONDUCTOR SYSTEM AND PENSTOCKS CALCULATED USING FORMULAE

IN CASE OF MICRO HYDEL PROJECTS, FRICTION LOSS TAKEN AS 25% OF GROSS HEAD. NET HEAD (h) = GROSS HEAD FRICTION LOSSES. USED TO CALCULATE NET HYDRAULIC POWER

MECHANICAL POWER CALCULATED USING TURBINE EFFICIENCY. FOR SMALL SHP - 65%

USEFUL ELECTRICAL POWER CALCUALTED USING GENERATOR EFFICIENCY -GENERALLY 80% FOR SMALL SIZE GENERATORS (INDUCTION GENERATORS SUITABLE FOR DIRECT DRIVE)

TYPICAL CALCULATION FOR THE BILGAON SCHEME DISCHARGE Q = 390 LPS (0.35 CUMECS)

GROSS HEAD (H) = 9 M

HYDRAULIC POWER = 390X9X9.81 = 34433 WATTS =34.43 KW

FRICTION LOSS = 0.25X9 = 2.25M

NET HEAD (h) = 9-2.25 = 6.73 M

NET HYDRAULIC POWER = 390X 6.75XX9.81 = 25824 WATTS = 25.82 KW

EFFICIENCY OF TURBINE =65%

NET MECHANICAL POWER = NET HYDRAULIC POWER X TURBINE EFFICIENCY = 258241x 0.65 = 16786 W = 16.78 KW

GENERATOR EFFICIENCY = 80%

ELECTRICAL POWER = NET MECHANICAL POWER X GENERATOR EFFICIENCY = 16786 X 0.80 = 13428 W =13.43KW

TYPICAL LAYOUTS

RUN OFF- THE RIVER SCHEMES OR DAM BASED SCHEMES. SMALL HYDRO POWER POWER PROJECTS USUALLY RUN- OFF- THE RIVER SCHEMES.

RUN OFF THE RIVER LAY OUT

INVESTIGATION, PLANNING AND DESIGN OF MICRO HYDEL SCHEMES

INVESTIGATION: INVOLVES FOUR STAGES: RECONNAISSANCE, PRE-FEASIBILITY, FEASIBILITY (DPR), AND DETAILED DESIGN

RECONNAISSANCE STAGE ASSESS LOAD REQUIREMENTS

STREAM CLOSE TO CONSUMERS WITH LEAST TECHNICAL CHALLENGES; ENSURE COMMUNITY IS MOTIVATED, COMMITTED AND WILLING TO PAY; ENSURE LOCAL MANAGEMENT OF SCHEME

LOCATE PROJECT CLOSE TO ROAD; SELECT PERENNIAL STREAM FLOW WITH STEEP SLOPE; ASCERTAIN FLOW RATE BY LOCAL ENQUIRES. FLOW RATE TO SATISFY 75% AVAILABILITY CRITERIA IF NOT CLOSE TO GRID

BROAD ASSESSMENT OF POWER REQUIREMENT - IDENTIFY LOCATION FOR INTAKE, HEAD AVAILABLE, POWER HOUSE AND TRANSMISSION ROUTE

MEASURE HEAD AND FLOW RATE - DETERMINE POWER OUTPUT AND CHOOSE EQUIPMENT -HIGHER HEAD LOWER COST PER INSTALLED KILOWATT -INITIAL INVESTMENT HIGH, BUT RUNNING COSTS, MOSTLY MAINTENANCE, LOW SYSTEM EFFICIENCY -ASSUME 45 PER CENT. COMPARE LIKELY ANNUAL INCOME WITH CAPITAL COST -GUIDE TO FINANCIAL VIABILITY - ANNUAL INCOME LESS THAN 10 PER CENT NOT VIABLE. IF 1025 PER CENT POSSIBLE. ANNUAL INCOME MORE THAN 25 PER CENT, VIABLE.

PRESENT IN MEETINGS - FINDINGS TO COMMUNITY. LOCAL GOVERNMENT STAFF AND DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATIONS TO ATTEND.

DECIDE ON PRE-FEASIBILITY AND FUNDING FOR STUDIES

PRE-FEASIBILITY STAGE

ESTABLISH DISCHARGE OBSERVATION SITE AT OR NEAR INTAKE LOCATION AND OBSERVE FOR ATLEAST 2 YEARS DURING LEAN SEASON TO FIX 50% AND 75 % AVAILABILITY OF FLOWS FOR POWER GENERATION.

ALSO ESTIMATE FLOOD DISCHARGE AT INTAKE AND POWER HOUSE LOCATIONS

CARRY SURVEYS OF LOCATION OF STRUCTURES AND TRANSMISSION ROUTE TO CONSUMER CENTERS

SURVEY AVAILABILITY OF LOCAL CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS.

BASED ON DESIGN FLOWS AND HEAD - FIX INSTALLED CAPACITY AND ANNUAL POWER GENERATION

CONDUCT RAPID EIA AND PREPARE EMP

FIX PRELIMINARY DESIGN FEATURES OF CIVIL AND ELECTRICAL WORKS, LAY OUT DRAWINGS, COST ESTIMATES, BENEFIT- COST ANALYSIS AND PRE-FEASIBILITY REPORT AND JUSTIFICATION FOR FUNDING

DECIDE EXTENT OF LOCAL PARTICIPATION

POSE SCHEME TO GOVT/AID AGENCIES FOR APPROVAL AND FUNDING FOR FEASIBILITY STUDIES

FEASIBILITY (DETAILED PROJECT REPORT) STAGE

CONDUCT DETAILED SURVEYS AND INVESTIGATIONS FOR ALL COMPONENTS OF PROJECT. FIX GROSS HEAD

ESTABLISH DESIGN FLOWS FOR POWER AND FLOOD DISCHARGE. COLLECT DATA ON OTHER WEATHER PARAMETERS

DESIGN FLOW NORMS 90% PROBABILITY DISCHARGE FOR ALL HYDRO PROJECTS. HAS BEEN RELAXED FOR SHPs TO 75% AVAILABILITY. FOR MICRO HYDRO SCHEMES 50% AVAILABILITY

DETERMINE GEOLOGICAL CONDITIONS AT ALL CIVIL ENGINEERING SITES AND AVAILABILITY FOR CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS. CARRY OUT EIA AND EMP.

CARRY OUT HYDROPOWER PLANNING STUDIES BASED ON 10 DAILY OR MONTHLY FLOWS AND FIX FIRM POWER GENERATION AND NUMBER OF UNITS TO BE INSTALLED. FIX SIZE AND TYPE OF TURBINES TO FIT IN GENERALLY WITH INDIGENOUS MANUFACTURE

PLAN AND DESIGN LAY OUT AND ALL CIVIL AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING FEATURES AND ENSURE COST REDUCTION WITH TECHNOLOGY INNOVATION (USE OF LOCAL MATERIALS AND LABOR FOR SHPs). PREPARE TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS AND TENDER DOCUMENTS FOR CONSTRUCTION. PROVIDE FOR STANDBY DIESEL UNIT

PREPARE DETAILED COST ESTIMATES FOR ALL FEATURES. IDENTIFY LOCAL VOLUNTARY INPUTS, IF ANY. ASSESS BENEFITS. CONDUCT COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS AND ESTABLISH ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY.

PREPARE PROJECT REPORT WITH COST ESTIMATES FOR ALL CIVIL AND ELECTRICAL WORKS, CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULE, ECONOMIC ANALYSIS. OBTAIN ENVIRONMENTAL CLEARANCE.

POSE SCHEME FOR GOVT./INTERNATIONAL/ NGO ASSISTANCE

DETAILED DESIGN

AFTER APPROVAL/SECURING OF FUNDS FOR IMPLEMENTATION, MOBILIZE CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITY. CARRY OUT ANY RESIDUAL INVESTIGATIONS. FLOAT TENDERS FOR CONSTRUCTION AND PROCUREMENT OF MATERIALS, ELECTRICAL AND MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT. EVALUATE TENDERS AND AWARD CONTRACTS

MOBILIZE CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT AT SITE AND INVOLVE LOCAL PEOPLE IN ALL ACTIVITIES

ESTABLISH PROJECT MONITORING MECHANISM

CARRY OUT DETAILED DESIGN OF ALL COMPONENTS OF PROJECT

TESTING AND COMMISSIONING OF PROJECT

TRAINING OF OPERATIONAL PERSONNEL

FORMALLY INAUGURATE THE PROJECT

PREPARE COMPLETION REPORT

COMPONENTS OF A MICRO HYDRO POWER PROJECT

IN GENERAL, LARGER THE SCALE OF A SYSTEM, MORE THE NUMBER OF COMPONENTS.

INTAKE: WATER FROM THE RIVER/SPRING/DAM/IRRIGATION CHANNEL IS DIVERTED FROM ITS MAIN COURSE. GENERALLY WEIR USED TO DIVERT WATER THROUGH INTAKE INTO OPEN CHANNEL.

WATER CONDUCTOR SYSTEM : LEADS WATER FROM INTAKE TO HEAD OF PENSTOCK.

DE-SILTING BASIN WITH SPILLWAY : SMALL TANK DESIGNED TO DESILT WATER. PROVIDE SPILLWAY - A FLOW REGULATOR FOR THE CHANNEL. COMBINED WITH CONTROL GATES TO PROVIDE MEANS OF EMPTYING CHANNEL. SPILL FLOW FED BACK TO RIVER

FOREBAY TANK: AT HEAD OF PENSTOCK. SERVES AS BUFFER TO CONTROL SUDDEN FLOW AND PRESSURE VARIATIONS. TO BE DESIGNED TO HOLD VOLUME OF WATER NEEDED TO OPERATE TURBINE-GENERATOR. TRASH RAKE/WIRE MESH NEEDED TO PREVENT SILT, LEAVES AND OTHER DEBRIS. OFTEN ENLARGED TO FORM A SMALL RESERVOIR. USEFUL IF THE WATER AVAILABLE NOT ENOUGH DURING DRY SEASON. A SPILLWAY COMPLETES THE FOREBAY TANK.

PENSTOCK: PIPELINE SUPPLYING WATER FROM FOREBAY TO TURBINE. MILD STEEL, UPVC AND HDPE - MOST COMMONLY USED MATERIALS

POWER HOUSE: HOUSES TURBINE GENERATOR WITH MECHANICAL CONTROL VALVESAND ELECTRICAL CONTROL PANELS. SWITCH YARD AND CONNECTION TO DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM.

TAIL RACE CHANNEL: LEADS WATER FROM TURBINES(S) BACK INTO STREAM/RIVER/IRRIGATION CHANNEL

TURBINE AND GENERATOR: HYDRO POWER IN JET AT END OF PENSTOCK TRANSMITTED TO TURBINE RUNNER - CHANGES TO MECHANICAL POWER. RUNNER HAS BLADES OR BUCKETS. TURBINE GENERAL NAME REFERS TO RUNNER, NOZZLE AND SURROUNDING CASE. TURBINE EXPECTED TO PRODUCE POWER UNDER PART-FLOW CONDITIONS, ALSO PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN SELECTION. ALL TURBINES HAVE POWER-SPEED CHARACTERISTIC -TEND TO RUN MOST EFFICIENTLY AT A PARTICULAR SPEED, HEAD AND FLOW COMBINATION.

TURBINE ATTACHED TO GENERATOR. CONVERTS ROTATING POWER INTO ELECTRICAL POWER.

IMPULSE TURBINES HIGH HEAD PELTON AND TURGO. MEDIUM HEAD, MULTI-JET PELTON, TURGO & CROSS FLOW. LOW HEAD CROSS FLOW REACTION TURBINES MEDIUM HEAD - FRANCIS. LOW HEAD PROPELLAR AND KAPLAN

GENERATOR: ELECTRICITY GENERATED WHEN TURBINE DRIVES GENERATOR -MOST COMMON TYPE OF GENERATOR PRODUCES ALTERNATIVE CURRENT AND KNOWN AS ALTERNATOR. REGULAR SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS SIMPLEST OPTION, BUT IN LOWER RANGES OF POWER (

GHARATS

LOCATIONS WHERE WATER MILLS CALLED GHARATS - HALF A MILLION SERVE LOCAL NEED, MOSTLY GRAIN MILLING. BY APPLYING AFFORDABLE TECHNOLGY TO MOST OF THESE, AN ENERGY EQUIVALENT OF 2500 MW (ASSUMING 5 KW FROM EACH UNIT) CAN BE GENERATED AND 20 MILLION INDIANS GAINFULLY EMPLOYED.

TERI TECHNOLOGY OF REFIT OF GHARATS WITH REDESIGNED RUNNER, BEARINGS AND FLUME SUBSTANTIALLY REDUCES GRINDING TIME. LOWER TOTAL COST OF OWNERSHIP AND FREEDOM FROM MAINTENANCE.

UNDER A UNDP/GEF PROGRAMME MANY NEW TERI MILLS TO BE INSTALLED BOTH FOR POWER GENERATION AND MILLING.

COSTS ARE IN EURO CENTS AS THE ABOVE ANALYSIS IS FOR EUROPE