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Power of Power of Pollinators Pollinators Lindsay Rogers Nebraska Game & Parks Commission Nebraska Project WILD

Power of Pollinators - outdoornebraska.gov · potatoes, pumpkins, almonds, tequila) Wildlife depends on production of ... Types of Insect Pollinators ‐Bees ‐Butterflies

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Page 1: Power of Pollinators - outdoornebraska.gov · potatoes, pumpkins, almonds, tequila) Wildlife depends on production of ... Types of Insect Pollinators ‐Bees ‐Butterflies

Power ofPower ofPollinatorsPollinators

Lindsay RogersNebraska Game & Parks Commission

Nebraska Project WILD

Page 2: Power of Pollinators - outdoornebraska.gov · potatoes, pumpkins, almonds, tequila) Wildlife depends on production of ... Types of Insect Pollinators ‐Bees ‐Butterflies

Why is Why is pollination pollination important? important?

Page 3: Power of Pollinators - outdoornebraska.gov · potatoes, pumpkins, almonds, tequila) Wildlife depends on production of ... Types of Insect Pollinators ‐Bees ‐Butterflies

Do you LikeDo you LikeChocolate?Chocolate?

Coffee?Coffee?Almonds?

apples?Bananas?Tequila? Tequila?

Page 4: Power of Pollinators - outdoornebraska.gov · potatoes, pumpkins, almonds, tequila) Wildlife depends on production of ... Types of Insect Pollinators ‐Bees ‐Butterflies

“Pollination is one of the mostPollination is one of the most important mechanisms in the 

d fmaintenance and promotion of biodiversity and, in general, life on Earth. Pollination benefits society by increasing food y y gsecurity and improving livelihoods “livelihoods. 

‐Convention on Biological Diversity, Sustaining Life on Earth

Page 5: Power of Pollinators - outdoornebraska.gov · potatoes, pumpkins, almonds, tequila) Wildlife depends on production of ... Types of Insect Pollinators ‐Bees ‐Butterflies

Q: Insect pollinators helpQ:  Insect pollinators help produce products amounting t $ ll i thto $_______ annually in the U.S.

A $20 thousandA. $20 thousand

B. $20 million

$C. $20 billion

D. $20 trillion

Page 6: Power of Pollinators - outdoornebraska.gov · potatoes, pumpkins, almonds, tequila) Wildlife depends on production of ... Types of Insect Pollinators ‐Bees ‐Butterflies

A $20 BILLIONAnswer:  $20 BILLION

Foods

BeveragesBeverages

Spices & Condiments

FibersFibers

Medicines

Page 7: Power of Pollinators - outdoornebraska.gov · potatoes, pumpkins, almonds, tequila) Wildlife depends on production of ... Types of Insect Pollinators ‐Bees ‐Butterflies

F d P d tiFood Production

70% of the world’s crop plants depend on pollination (apples, bananas, 

blueberries, chocolate, coffee, melons, potatoes, pumpkins, almonds, tequila)

Wildlife depends on production of berries and fruits for foodberries and fruits for food

Page 8: Power of Pollinators - outdoornebraska.gov · potatoes, pumpkins, almonds, tequila) Wildlife depends on production of ... Types of Insect Pollinators ‐Bees ‐Butterflies

So how does So, how does pollination pollination

work? work?

Pollination Pollination 101101

Page 9: Power of Pollinators - outdoornebraska.gov · potatoes, pumpkins, almonds, tequila) Wildlife depends on production of ... Types of Insect Pollinators ‐Bees ‐Butterflies

Pollen is moved from the stamen to the pistil where the 

ovules are fertilized

Stamen: male part of theStamen: male part of the flower

Pistil: female part of the flower

Page 10: Power of Pollinators - outdoornebraska.gov · potatoes, pumpkins, almonds, tequila) Wildlife depends on production of ... Types of Insect Pollinators ‐Bees ‐Butterflies
Page 11: Power of Pollinators - outdoornebraska.gov · potatoes, pumpkins, almonds, tequila) Wildlife depends on production of ... Types of Insect Pollinators ‐Bees ‐Butterflies

So then what? 

When the pollen reaches the ovuleWhen the pollen reaches the ovule,this results in the production of fertile

dseeds.

Some plants will self fertilize, otherswill cross pollinate. 

What’s the difference? 

Page 12: Power of Pollinators - outdoornebraska.gov · potatoes, pumpkins, almonds, tequila) Wildlife depends on production of ... Types of Insect Pollinators ‐Bees ‐Butterflies

Self‐pollination pvs. 

Cross‐pollination

With cross pollination, you get more genetic diversity in the plan thisgenetic diversity in the plan... this leads to a plant that is better able to survive. 

Cloning vs BreedingCloning vs. Breeding

Page 13: Power of Pollinators - outdoornebraska.gov · potatoes, pumpkins, almonds, tequila) Wildlife depends on production of ... Types of Insect Pollinators ‐Bees ‐Butterflies

So THEN what? 

After fertilization, some plants producefruit in order to attract animals...

Animals eat the fruit and disperse theAnimals eat the fruit and disperse theseeds

Other plants, simply produce the seed and rely on wind to disperse the 

d Oth t till thseeds... Others water, still others.... 

This gets into seed dispersal methods... g panother day! 

Page 14: Power of Pollinators - outdoornebraska.gov · potatoes, pumpkins, almonds, tequila) Wildlife depends on production of ... Types of Insect Pollinators ‐Bees ‐Butterflies

Meet the Meet the PollinationPollination

super powerssuper powers

Pollinator Pollinator SpeciesSpecies

Page 15: Power of Pollinators - outdoornebraska.gov · potatoes, pumpkins, almonds, tequila) Wildlife depends on production of ... Types of Insect Pollinators ‐Bees ‐Butterflies

Q: Which species provideQ:  Which species provide pollination services ________?

A. Insects B. BirdsC BatsC. BatsD. WindE. Self‐pollinationF All of the aboveF. All of the above

Page 16: Power of Pollinators - outdoornebraska.gov · potatoes, pumpkins, almonds, tequila) Wildlife depends on production of ... Types of Insect Pollinators ‐Bees ‐Butterflies

A: All of the above(insects, birds, bats, wind, self‐pollination)

80% of flowering plants rely80% of flowering plants rely on animals for pollination

99% of animal pollinators are pinsects

Page 17: Power of Pollinators - outdoornebraska.gov · potatoes, pumpkins, almonds, tequila) Wildlife depends on production of ... Types of Insect Pollinators ‐Bees ‐Butterflies

Insect Insect PollinatorsPollinators

Page 18: Power of Pollinators - outdoornebraska.gov · potatoes, pumpkins, almonds, tequila) Wildlife depends on production of ... Types of Insect Pollinators ‐Bees ‐Butterflies

Types of Insect PollinatorsTypes of Insect Pollinators

B‐ Bees‐ Butterflies ‐WaspsMoths‐Moths

‐ Flies‐ Beetles‐ AntsAnts

Syrphid Fly (honey bee mimic)

Page 19: Power of Pollinators - outdoornebraska.gov · potatoes, pumpkins, almonds, tequila) Wildlife depends on production of ... Types of Insect Pollinators ‐Bees ‐Butterflies

Q: Which species of bees is NOT native to North America? 

A. Mason Bee

B. Honey Bee

C. Bumble Bee

Page 20: Power of Pollinators - outdoornebraska.gov · potatoes, pumpkins, almonds, tequila) Wildlife depends on production of ... Types of Insect Pollinators ‐Bees ‐Butterflies

A: Honey BeeA: Honey Bee

So, why is it here? Imported for agriculture. 

Page 21: Power of Pollinators - outdoornebraska.gov · potatoes, pumpkins, almonds, tequila) Wildlife depends on production of ... Types of Insect Pollinators ‐Bees ‐Butterflies

BeesBees• Bees are one of the most common and efficient pollinatorsand efficient pollinators

• 20,000 species of bees world‐wide• 4 000 species of bees in North• 4,000 species of bees in North America

• Types of beesh b blhoney, bumble, carpenter, mason, leafcutter, sweat, and diggerdigger

Page 22: Power of Pollinators - outdoornebraska.gov · potatoes, pumpkins, almonds, tequila) Wildlife depends on production of ... Types of Insect Pollinators ‐Bees ‐Butterflies

Bees Most are solitary not social, therefore not aggressive

Most DO NOT live in a hive... this is l f i l b (i honly for social bees (i.e.. honey 

bees)

Branched body hairs help collect pollenpollen

Use pollen & nectar as foodUse pollen & nectar as food

Page 23: Power of Pollinators - outdoornebraska.gov · potatoes, pumpkins, almonds, tequila) Wildlife depends on production of ... Types of Insect Pollinators ‐Bees ‐Butterflies

True or False?True or False? Butterflies have taste buds on their antennae? 

Page 24: Power of Pollinators - outdoornebraska.gov · potatoes, pumpkins, almonds, tequila) Wildlife depends on production of ... Types of Insect Pollinators ‐Bees ‐Butterflies

FALSE!FALSE!

Their taste buds are on their feet.... antenna are for smelling! 

l “ ” l h hFemales “taste” plants with their feet to find the right plant to lay their eggs on. 

B fl b d 2 000Butterfly taste buds are 2,000 times more sensitive than human’s.

Page 25: Power of Pollinators - outdoornebraska.gov · potatoes, pumpkins, almonds, tequila) Wildlife depends on production of ... Types of Insect Pollinators ‐Bees ‐Butterflies

ButterfliesButterflies

Long tongue called a proboscis.... its used like a straw to drink nectar. 

Wings are covered with delicate scales

Life Cycle – complete metamorphosisEggLarva (caterpillar)Pupa (chrysalis)Adult

Page 26: Power of Pollinators - outdoornebraska.gov · potatoes, pumpkins, almonds, tequila) Wildlife depends on production of ... Types of Insect Pollinators ‐Bees ‐Butterflies

Q: Which is not a pollinator species in Nebraska? 

A. WaspsB B tlB. BeetlesC. AntsD. BatsE FliesE. Flies

Page 27: Power of Pollinators - outdoornebraska.gov · potatoes, pumpkins, almonds, tequila) Wildlife depends on production of ... Types of Insect Pollinators ‐Bees ‐Butterflies

A: BatsA: BatsNebraska’s bats are insectivoresinsectivores. 

b k hNebraska has thousands of wasps, flies, beetles, and ants that help a ts t at e ppollinate our plants. 

Page 28: Power of Pollinators - outdoornebraska.gov · potatoes, pumpkins, almonds, tequila) Wildlife depends on production of ... Types of Insect Pollinators ‐Bees ‐Butterflies

The Role of The Role of FlowersFlowers

Page 29: Power of Pollinators - outdoornebraska.gov · potatoes, pumpkins, almonds, tequila) Wildlife depends on production of ... Types of Insect Pollinators ‐Bees ‐Butterflies

What do these two pictures have to do with each other?other?

Page 30: Power of Pollinators - outdoornebraska.gov · potatoes, pumpkins, almonds, tequila) Wildlife depends on production of ... Types of Insect Pollinators ‐Bees ‐Butterflies

They’re both ADVERTISEMENTS

Flowers attract pollinators just likejust like billboards attract 

lpeople

Page 31: Power of Pollinators - outdoornebraska.gov · potatoes, pumpkins, almonds, tequila) Wildlife depends on production of ... Types of Insect Pollinators ‐Bees ‐Butterflies

Flowers rely on several llstrategies to attract pollinators:

‐ Nectar: nutritional value‐ Pollen: nutritional valuePollen: nutritional value‐ Fragrance

‐ sweet: beessweet: bees‐ fruity: beetles‐ rotten: flies & waspsp

‐ Color‐ StructureStructure

Page 32: Power of Pollinators - outdoornebraska.gov · potatoes, pumpkins, almonds, tequila) Wildlife depends on production of ... Types of Insect Pollinators ‐Bees ‐Butterflies

Nectar

Page 33: Power of Pollinators - outdoornebraska.gov · potatoes, pumpkins, almonds, tequila) Wildlife depends on production of ... Types of Insect Pollinators ‐Bees ‐Butterflies

Pollen

Page 34: Power of Pollinators - outdoornebraska.gov · potatoes, pumpkins, almonds, tequila) Wildlife depends on production of ... Types of Insect Pollinators ‐Bees ‐Butterflies

Pollen

Page 35: Power of Pollinators - outdoornebraska.gov · potatoes, pumpkins, almonds, tequila) Wildlife depends on production of ... Types of Insect Pollinators ‐Bees ‐Butterflies

Color‐ Bees and butterflies see in color‐ Different eye structure than humansUV i l t bl ll (NOT d) If‐ UV, violet, blue, yellow (NOT red)... If a 

flower is red, it is not pollinated by a bee or butterflybutterfly. 

Page 36: Power of Pollinators - outdoornebraska.gov · potatoes, pumpkins, almonds, tequila) Wildlife depends on production of ... Types of Insect Pollinators ‐Bees ‐Butterflies

Structure‐ Long and skinny – butterflies, hummingbirds

Fl “li ” h i t lik b bl‐ Flower “lip” – heavy insects like bumble bees

‐ shallow flowers – insects with a short tongues like waspsg p

‐ wide‐open flowers – insects with sponge‐l k h f “ k ”like mouth parts for “soaking‐up” nectar.

small inconspicuous flowers small‐ small inconspicuous flowers – small inconspicuous insects (ants)

Page 37: Power of Pollinators - outdoornebraska.gov · potatoes, pumpkins, almonds, tequila) Wildlife depends on production of ... Types of Insect Pollinators ‐Bees ‐Butterflies

Declining pollinators...

Why?

Page 38: Power of Pollinators - outdoornebraska.gov · potatoes, pumpkins, almonds, tequila) Wildlife depends on production of ... Types of Insect Pollinators ‐Bees ‐Butterflies

The Reason for the Decline• Habitat Loss (nesting sites, feeding sites)

‐Wetlands‐ PrairiesW dl d‐Woodlands

• Loss of floral diversity• Loss of floral diversity• Development‐increased urbanization• Expansion of intensive agriculture (no natural areas adjacent to crops)

Page 39: Power of Pollinators - outdoornebraska.gov · potatoes, pumpkins, almonds, tequila) Wildlife depends on production of ... Types of Insect Pollinators ‐Bees ‐Butterflies

More reasons for decline• Pollution• Pesticides (dusts and micro‐encapsulated insecticides are bad)H bi id (b d• Herbicides (broadcast 

spraying and pellet use)• Disease• Disease• Competition with •non‐native & invasive  species• Climate change• Disruption in •migration routes

Page 40: Power of Pollinators - outdoornebraska.gov · potatoes, pumpkins, almonds, tequila) Wildlife depends on production of ... Types of Insect Pollinators ‐Bees ‐Butterflies

Q: Which of the following is NOT native to Nebraska?

A bl ( it h )A. blue (pitcher) sage

B. coneflower

C. butterfly milkweed

D. purple loosestrifeD. purple loosestrife

Page 41: Power of Pollinators - outdoornebraska.gov · potatoes, pumpkins, almonds, tequila) Wildlife depends on production of ... Types of Insect Pollinators ‐Bees ‐Butterflies

A: Purple LoosestrifeA: Purple Loosestrife

N ti dNon‐native and invasive species are l bl falso a problem for pollinators due to 

titi (fcompetition (from other insects) and l f ti l tloss of native plant species. 

Page 42: Power of Pollinators - outdoornebraska.gov · potatoes, pumpkins, almonds, tequila) Wildlife depends on production of ... Types of Insect Pollinators ‐Bees ‐Butterflies

The Consequences

Specialized pollinator for some plant species... Lose the pollinator, lose the plan (and vise versa).  

Loss of genetic diversity

Affect crop and fruit production

Drive up food prices

Page 43: Power of Pollinators - outdoornebraska.gov · potatoes, pumpkins, almonds, tequila) Wildlife depends on production of ... Types of Insect Pollinators ‐Bees ‐Butterflies

Helping Helping PollinatorsPollinators

What CanWhat Canshould you should you

do? do?

Page 44: Power of Pollinators - outdoornebraska.gov · potatoes, pumpkins, almonds, tequila) Wildlife depends on production of ... Types of Insect Pollinators ‐Bees ‐Butterflies

What needs to be done:

‐ Need better understanding of populations and economic importance of pollinatorsand economic importance of pollinators

‐ Understand their natural history and biology

‐Work to provide native habitat diversity including a succession of diverse flowersincluding a succession of diverse flowers

‐Citizen science (monitoring) 

‐Incentive programs to use pollinator friendly programs

‐ EDUCATION!!

Page 45: Power of Pollinators - outdoornebraska.gov · potatoes, pumpkins, almonds, tequila) Wildlife depends on production of ... Types of Insect Pollinators ‐Bees ‐Butterflies

In YOUR backyard...

‐ Provide local native food sources for larva and adultsand adults

‐ Chose several colors and shapes of flowers, fl i l i lflowers in clumps, successional

‐ Provide clean water

‐ Provide nesting sites : soft dirt, hollow branches, holes in wood

‐ Reduce (or eliminate) insecticide and herbicide use (spot treat). Avoid sprayingherbicide use (spot treat). Avoid spraying insecticide when flowers are in bloom.

Page 46: Power of Pollinators - outdoornebraska.gov · potatoes, pumpkins, almonds, tequila) Wildlife depends on production of ... Types of Insect Pollinators ‐Bees ‐Butterflies

Questions?Questions?