POWER POINT PRESENTATION

CSC 134COMPUTER AND INFORMATION

PROCESSING

AFIEDA BINTI ABD JALIL (2013720777)

FARAH ASHIKIN BINTI SHUKOR (2013996897)

NOR ATIKAH BINTI ISMAIL (2013147707)

DOLLY

ANIMAL CLONNING

3.HOW THEY MADE DOLLY?

2.WHO IS DOLLY?

4.RISK OF CLONNING 5.ADVANTAGES

1.DEFINITION

6.DISADVANTAGES

1. DEFINITIONCloning is a process of producing similar

populations of genetically identical individuals

that occurs in nature when organisms such as

bacteria, insect or plants reproduce asexually.

2. WHO IS DOLLY??In 1997 Dolly the sheep became the first vertebrate cloned

from the cell of an adult animal. Not only was this a

remarkable scientific breakthrough but it immediately gained

interest and concern from around the world on the future of

cloning technology as it would effect humans.

• Dolly the sheep was successfully cloned in Britain in 1996 by the

scientist “Ian Wilmut” and was put down in February 2003 after

developing a lung infection and arthritis.

• Dolly was a genetic copy of the Finn Dorset ewe.

• Her birth, showed that nuclei from specialized adult cells can be

reprogrammed into all the cells of an organism.

• The technique that led to Dolly is called somatic cell nuclear transfer

and has remained essentially unchanged over the last decade.

3. HOW THEY MADE DOLLY??• Embryo splitting - Artificially splitting a single embryo at a very

early stage of development. In the natural process this would

create twins. However, because this is done at an early stage and

there are usually less than eight cells you can only make a few

clones. Both the nuclear genes and mitochondria genes would

be identical.

• Nuclear replacement - Genetic material (nucleus from embryonic,

fetal, or adult cell) is removed and placed into an unfertilized egg or

embryo, whose nucleus has been removed. In this case the nuclear

genes remain the same but the mitochondria DNA would be different.

This has the potential to create the clone of an adult organism as well

as many clones at once.

How do we know that Dolly is not the progeny of an unsuspected mating of the foster mother?

• She has a white face and the foster mother is a Scottish Blackface

• DNA fingerprinting reveals bands found in Finn Dorset sheep (the

breed that supplied the mammary cells), not those of Scottish

Blackface sheep

4. RISK OF CLONNING• Reproductive cloning is expensive and highly

inefficient.

• Cloned animals tend to have more compromised

immune function and higher rates of infection, tumor

growth, and other disorders.

• Genomes of cloned mice are compromised, 4% of

genes function abnormally.

• The abnormalities do not arise from mutations in the genes but

from changes in the normal activation or expression of certain

genes.

• A process called "imprinting" chemically marks the DNA from the

mother and father so that only one copy of a gene (either the

maternal or paternal gene) is turned on. Defects in the genetic

imprint of DNA from a single donor cell may lead to some of the

developmental abnormalities of cloned embryos.

5. ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGE OF ANIMAL CLONING

Advantages of Animal Cloning• There will be an endless supply of

animals to clone, and we will never run out of food from animals, because we have been able to clone based on previous efforts, the most famous of these was the first ever cloning of an animal, Dolly the lamb which was a successful cloning where Dolly was a healthy lamb.

Disadvantages of Animal Cloning• Although the cloned animal will

be identical. It will only possess about half the life span of the normal animal which has been cloned. An example is from the famous ‘Dolly’ previous mentioned which only lived for 6 years, whereas normal sheep can live up to about 10 years of age, so a great decrease in age.

• One of the greatest breakthroughs of all time, cloning has been discovered, something which could be revolutionary if we use it to our advantage through continuing on with our research and studies into it, with discoveries that could change our lives forever.

• Many believe cloning is quite inhumane, especially that of religious and some governmental parties which don’t want to move forward with this research. They think life is just too precious to take away, even if it is a clone in which we are testing.