Power Point Presentation from … T. MADHAVAN, M.Sc., M.L.I.S., M.Ed., M.Phil., Lecturer in Zoology … For bio-science students EXIT session begins

Power Point Presentation from … T. MADHAVAN, M.Sc., M.L.I.S., M.Ed., M.Phil., Lecturer in Zoology… For bio-science studentsEXIT

session begins


Obesity

Marasmus

Kwashiorkar

Hypoglycemia

Hyperglycemia

Diabetes mellitus

Obesity

Marasmus

Kwashiorkar

Hypoglycemia

Hyperglycemia

Diabetes mellitus


Reasons

Therapy

Effects

Body Mass Index


BMI is anthropometric measure [always measured in metric] that uses height and weight to estimate nutritional status in adults.

BMI can indicate body shape and the degree of obesity.

Both high and low BMI are associated with increased morbidity and mortality.

African populations, such as the Turkana, and Samoans, are very tall and slim and hence have a very low BMI, whereas Inuit, who are short and

stocky, have a high BMI.

In adults, weight is used to estimate nutritional status. This can be done using Body Mass Index (BMI), where:

BMI (kg/m2) = Weight (kg) / (Height (m2)) Values of BMI in healthy individuals usually fall within the range 17 to 25 kg/m2.

Body Mass Index


Body Mass Body Mass IndexIndex


ObesityObesity

the storage of excess of body fat results for a significant impairment of health.

leads to variety of diseases such as

- diabetes

- hypertension

- atheroscelerotic heart diseaseIt is the level of 10% above the standard

weight for subjects of same age and sex is considered as obesity.


Wrong diet Lack of exercise Increased appetite

Genetic reasons Metabolic disorders Endocrine disorders


avoid lethargic life styles

regular physical activity

regular health check up

intake of balanced diet

avoid alcohol, quit smoking


Marasmus is more likely to occur in poor people in underdeveloped countries who live in cities.

It is due to the Protein Energy Malnutrition.

It affects principally infants under 15 months of age.

The child may also suffer repeated infections (such as gastroenteritis) due to poor hygiene, and may be "treated" with non-nutritious fluids such as water or rice water.


-: Clinical features :-

retardation of growth and reduction of weight.

wasting of muscles and subcutaneous fat

appears as old aged (bones are covered by the skin)

-: Causes :-rapid succession of pregnancies.

early and abrupt weaning. [stops breast feeding].

artificial feeding with very dilute milk or milk products.

contaminated feeds and repeated Gastro intestinal infections.

Treating of infants with rice water or some other non-nutritious fluid.


Treatment:

longer re-feeding periods usually required

restoration of water and electrolytes balance

nutritious diet must be given without contamination

Prevention:

- Avoid weaning.

- Encouraging breast feeding.

- developing hygienic environment.

- regular feeding of infants with nutritious diet


Kwashiorkar is more endemic where the food supply becomes scarce especially in rural areas

It is also due to the Protein Calorie Malnutrition.

It affects the infants upto the age 5.

Gastroenteritis, measles and malaria are all notorious precipitating causes of Kwashiorkar.


-: Clinical features :-

belly region is enlarged due to enlargement of liver

Child becomes apathetic and miserable

face and feet will have oedema

wastage of muscles,

failure of growth,

-: Causes :-Treating of infants with rice water or some other non-nutritious fluid.

contaminated feeds and repeated Gastro intestinal infections.

Insufficient feeding, Food with low protein diet.


Treatment:

Milk is a good base supplement with protein food

Vitamins and Minerals increase normalcy

Dermatosis must be cleared.

Prevention:

- Avoid the ignorance and poverty.

- Encouraging food from Animal origin.

- Sufficient milk, cereals and legumes do better.


GLUCOSE

GLYCOGENGLUCOSE

GLYCOGEN

SUGAR LEVEL IN THE BLOOD120 mg / 100 ml

INSULIN

GLUCOGON



After a carbohydrate meal,

the body may produces too much pituitary hormone or

too little insulin.

thus the amount of sugar in the blood rises abnormally

about 140mg/dl.

And when the condition is maintained for a prolonged

time, It is known as Hyperglycemia

The normal blood glucose level is 70 to 110 mg/dl.


Hyperglycemia: Effects

Hyperglycemia over a long period may cause degenerative changes in several organs.

- several systems leading to malfunctions and mortality.

If the blood sugar approaches level of 400mg/dl or more, in a few days causes dehydration leading to coma and

death

In hyperglycemia the blood may contain as much as four times the normal amount of sugar.


If an excessive amount of insulin is injected into the body also, the amount of sugar is reduced to a dangerously low level causing Hypoglycemia

Hyperglycemia in itself is not lethal, but it is a symptom of a serious disease, diabetes mellitus.

Diabetic patients do not die of hyperglycemia, but if they are not given injections of insulin they may die

Hyperglycemia: Hyperglycemia: EffectsEffects


Hypoglycemia means a low plasma concentration.

Fasting increases a very low level of blood glucose.

It is termed as fasting hypoglycemia.

Hypoglycemia may result due to excess of insulin.

No fixed level of blood sugar at hypoglycemic condition.


Hypoglycemia: Effects

Fasting hypoglycemia:

Symptoms

- hunger,

- increased heart beat,

- tremulousness,

- weakness,

- nervousness and

- sweating (these are due to

sympathetic nervous system)

Other Symptoms confusion,

head ache,

uncoordination,

and slurred speech.(these are due to availability

of too little glucan to the brain)

if the plasma glucose concentration goes low,

Serious brain defects such as convulsions (epilepsy) and coma can occur.


Diabetes can be due to insulin deficiency or to a hypo-responsiveness to insulin

Persistent hyperglycemia leads to diabetes mellitus.

Diabetes is sometimes caused by a tumour or other condition in the pancreas that prevents the formation of insulin.


Type I (Insulin dependent)

diabetes

Type II (Insulin independent)

diabetes

Type I is less common.

It is due to the total or near total destruction of

the pancreatic cells

Insulin is almost or completely absent from the islets of langerhans and in the blood plasma

Type II occurs popularly

It is due insulin resistance.

Insulin target cells do not respond normally to the

circulating insulin.

This may result due to obesity, over-eating and lack of

exercise

Diet control and exercise will help to increase the insulin

receptors.


Documents

Power Point Presentation from … T. MADHAVAN, M.Sc., M.L.I.S., M.Ed., M.Phil., Lecturer in Zoology … For bio-science students EXIT session begins