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2007 Eaton Corporation. All rights reserved.
Power Quality Overview
October 2015
Dan Carnovale, PSEC Manager
2013 Eaton Corporation. All rights reserved.
Power Quality Events
Outage
Surge
Swell
Sag
Harmonics
2
1
3
4
5
What is Power Quality?
The concept of powering and grounding sensitive electronic equipment in a manner that is suitable to the operation of that equipment.1
What works for YOU and YOUR system???
1 IEEE 1100-1992
sensitive
4
How Much Downtime is Acceptable?
Power Availability Equivalent Power Disruptions (yr)
99.9%
99.99%
99.999%
99.9999999%
8.8 hours
0.88 hours
5.3 minutes
< 3 seconds
ISPs,
e-Business,
Communications,
Electronics mfg.
N+ Redundancy
Pharma Processing
Server Operating Systems
Generators and Some UPS
Hospitals, Airports, Universities
Generator Only
Residential Homes
Typical Grid Power
Specification driven or problem resolution driven
SPDs
UPS
HMT
SRT EVR
HCU
Specification Driven Problem Resolution Driven
PFC
2013 Eaton. All Rights Reserved.
7
Sources
Normal
(550 kVA, 5% Impedance)
Alternate (18% Impedance;
Simulates a Generator)
EPRI Sag Generator (200A)
Surge Generator (7 kV)
Natural Gas Generator
(150 kW)
Solar Power (44 kW)
* High Current Test Set (30 kA)*
Loads
Residential, Commercial,
Industrial, Data Center
320 Computer Power Supplies
(160 kVA, Harmonic Load)
Resistive Load Bank (250 kW)
Motor-Generator Sets
Variable Frequency Drives
300 hp Induction Motor
Electric Vehicle
Supply Equipment
8
Purpose
Teach Power system issues, especially power
quality problems, are difficult to understand
Demonstrate This is a full scale demonstration
facility its not a mock up! Using PQ meters and
system software, you can see the results
Seeing is believing!
Demystify There is a considerable amount of
mis-information and confusion in the marketplace
regarding PQ and energy savings
Help End users in selecting the most appropriate
(economic and technical) solution
R&D/Testing Evaluate and test equipment by Eaton
and others
Fox_news_story.flvKVAR Slides.pptx
Technical vs. Economic Solutions
9
Max Temp 176 F Max Temp 105 F
Standard Transformer
Harmonic Mitigating
Transformer Loaded with
100%
Harmonics
75 kVA
105
176
Solutions for EFFICIENCY
A Culture of SAFETY
Remote racking with FlashGard
MCC
Remote Power Racking II
( RPR2 )
Understanding Arc Flash
Hazards
Standard vs Flashgard MCC Arc Flash.mpgMCC Arc Flash Risk Compare.mpgAccident Racking Breaker.wmv18 Cal Clothes Test.mpeg
12 2013 Eaton. All Rights Reserved. 12
Visitors
Dr. Ralph Wyndrum IEEE President, USA
you make Power Quality seem fun.
Mike Holt (www.MikeHolt.com)
EPRI
IEEE PES/IAS Chapters
Industrial/Commercial/
Residential End Users 20%
55%
25%
Types of Visitors
Eaton Employees
End Users
Students, Consultants,Distributors, Partners
http://www.ieee.org/index.html?WT.mc_id=hpf_logohttp://www.epri.com/
University of Pittsburgh
IBEW
Carnegie Mellon University
Notre Dame
Penn State University
Ohio State University
Point Park University
Youngstown State University
and others
13
Students and Universities
Senior Design Projects Harmonic Demo
Surge Demo
Load Bank Automation
Data Center Build-out
I learned more here in 2 hours than I did during an entire 16 week class! EE Student (Junior, Undisclosed University)
See and Learn Physical Experience
In-depth Demo Training
Power Quality Theory
Electrical Distribution
and more
The Power Systems Experience Center Full-scale power system
Compare economic vs. technical solutions
Demonstrate and test PQ, arc flash and energy solutions for:
Residential
Commercial
Industrial
Utility
Data Center
Green Technologies
www.eaton.com/experience
15
Power Quality Concepts
Effective Grounding
Surge Solutions
Harmonic Solutions
Voltage Variation Solutions
16
Interruption Sag Swell
Undervoltage
Line Noise Switching Transients Harmonic Distortion
Overvoltage
Common Power Problems
Voltage Variation
Solutions
Surge
Solutions
Harmonic
Solutions
17
Surge Protection
The two sources of surges/transient overvoltages that account for the majority of all events are switching and lightning
Effective Grounding
Surge Solutions Harmonic
Solutions
Voltage Variation Solutions
18
Symptoms of Voltage Transients
Equipment damage
Insulation breakdown on electrical conductors
Premature aging of electrical and electronic
equipment
Process interruption
Data loss and data transfer rate reduction
19
Equipment Damage
Catastrophic
damage to
equipment
can occur as
a result of a
high energy
transient
voltage
event
20
Insulation Breakdown on Conductors
Insulation rating on
conductors is typically twice
line voltage plus 1000V
Transient voltages can be
well in excess of 20kV
insulation breakdown and
motor winding failure can
occur
21
Premature Aging and Failure
Damage to
trace on
electronic
printed
circuit
board
Electronic
Rust
22
Where Do Voltage Transients Come From?
20% External
Lightning
Capacitor
switching
Short circuits
80% Internal
Load switching
Short circuits
Capacitor switching
Imaging equipment
VS Drives
Arc welders
Light dimmers
Surge - With Protection
Load
L
G
20,000 Volts
20 Amps
10 2000 A
Ohms Law
I=E/R
I=200V/10
I=20 Amps
Some residual let-
through voltage.
Manageable by load
Installation Lead Length Can Increase Let-Through Voltage by 15- 25v Per Inch
Installation Criteria Order of Importance:
1) Lead Length - 75% reduction
2) Twisting Wires - 23% reduction
3) Larger Wire - minimal reduction
Additional Let-Through Voltage Using
IEEE C1 (6000V, 3000A) Waveform (UL1449 Test Wave)
25
Surge Protection
Problem Description:
Power electronic
devices have taken
over our world
at home, work
and school
Eaton Solution:
Surge Protection
Costs do not include the substantial cost that may be required
to hire electrician to repair/replace the infrastructure wiring
INFRASTRUCTURE APPLIANCES ELECTRONICS
$7-25,000 Typical $4-$15,000 Typical $5-20,000 Typical
Air conditioner, heat
pump, electric hot
water tank, lighting
control, garage door
openers, lighting,
security system, pool
pump, hot tub
controls
Refrigerators, stoves,
microwave ovens,
countertop appliances,
dishwashers,
washer/dryer,
electrical tools,
treadmill, other
exercise equipment
Televisions, stereo systems,
personal computers, video
games, entertainment
centers, DVD players,
printer/fax/copier, satellite
receivers, internet modems,
telephone, answering
machines, clock radios,
MP3 players, various
battery chargers
The average
college
student has
18 electronic
devices
26
Grounding Example
300 kVA
208/120 V
300 kVA
208/120 V
500 kVA
480 V
Phone Lines
in
PVC Conduit
208 V
Metering
480 V
1200 A 208 V
800 A
Phone
Room
27
Grounding Example
Isolated
Ground
Rod! 300 kVA 208/120 V
208 V
800 A
Computer
or Phone
Equipmen
t
Dont Use Isolated Ground
Rods!
NEC Violation
IEEE Emerald Book Violation
28
Solutions for Transient Voltages
SPD Series
Commercial/Industrial surge protection
Integrated or side-mount
CVX
OEM and value line
AEGIS
Critical 120V and 230V loads
Residential
Complete Home Surge Protectors
Surge Strips
29
Multi-Cycle Voltage Variations
Sags are responsible for a