power systems project areas

8/8/2019 power systems project areas

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EXPERT SYSTEMS AND SOLUTIONS

Email: [email protected]

[email protected]

Cell: 9952749533www.researchprojects.info

PAIYANOOR, OMR, CHENNAI

Call For Research Projects Final

year students of B.E in EEE, ECE, EI,

M.E (Power Systems), M.E (Applied

Electronics), M.E (Power Electronics)

Ph.D Electrical and Electronics.

Students can assemble their hardware in our

Research labs. Experts will be guiding theprojects.


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C.THANGA RAJ,

M.E. POWER ELECTRONICS AND DRIVES,

GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,

TIRUNELVELI-7.

GUIDED BY

Dr. N.S. Mari Muthu,

Prof. & Head,Department of EEE,

Govt. College of Engineering,

Tirunelveli.

POWER ELECTRONICS BASED ELECTRICAL

ENERGY CONSERVATION IN INDUSTRIES

BY CONTROLLING VOLTAGE,FREQUENCY

AND POWER FACTOR


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What is energy conservation?

In a broad sense, energy conservation means economizing on the use of energy without adversely affecting economic growth and development. In short,

it is the prevention of wasteful use of energy, thus enabling it for using otherproductive activity.

Why energy conservation? The energy demand-supply gap in India is substantial and is increasing.

It is expected to reach 100000 MW by the year 2012. Thus frequent power

failure in the future.

Bridging the gap through an increase in supply is an expensive option.

Cost of installation of additional generating capacity of 1 MW is Rs. 5 crores or

more.

One unit of energy saved is equivalent to two units generated.

Cheaper and more practical is the Reduce demand option particularly for

industrial customers.

Simplest way to reduce energy demand is to use energy efficiency.


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Why do we concentrate on Industries?

In India, Industries consuming 50 % of total energy available.

Industrial HT tariffs in India are among the highest in the world.

In fact in 1970s, Industrial tariffs in many states in India were nearlyhalf of domestic tariffs.

In Andhra Pradesh

In 1975: Industrial tariff 18 paise / unit.

Domestic tariff -- 40 paise / unit

This situation has been reversed in 2003.

Other complicated Industrial tariff structure:

HT tariffs comprise demand charges and energy charges (Rs 300 / kVA,Rs. 3.50 / unit in TNEB)

Overdraw charges

- Industrial unit consumption exceeds the contract demand by 10 %, itcould be subject to pay excess charges.


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Power factor penalties

If power factor is less than 0.9 (average) industry will be paid

compensation.

Over the last decade, industrial consumers have migrated away fromthe grid.

Therefore, only the solution for the above is Energy Conservation.

Impact of reduction of energy cost

Industry segment Energy cost as a % ofmanufacturing

cost

Profit beforetax (Rs

million)

Increase in profits by a 5 per centreduction in energy cost

Cement 40.60 360 21.85

Aluminum 40.60 620 10.65

Caustic soda 37.90 600 5.40

Metal products 29.20 750 11.30

Fertilizers 18.68 580 15.20


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WORLD WIDE INDUSTRIAL TARIFFS

India has one of the highest industrial tariffs in the world (second place).


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Induction motor Drives:

Variable speed drives for pumps and fans

Voltage control fro partial loaded Induction motor.

Variable speed drives:

Pump drive have applications in several industries such

as chemical plants, photo-chemical plants, refineries,

boilers, etc,

Earlier:

The fluid flow was obtained by adjustment of opening of

valves (by throttling) Inefficient.

When openings of the valves are reduced

Friction component increased (pressure increases)

new operating point Q.


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Energy Efficient operation of Induction motor drives at partial load

In many applications, induction motor operates under no load (or) lightly

loaded for prolonged periods.

Example: pressing machine, conveyers, rock crushers, drill presses,

wood saw, mixer drive in biscuit industry.

Results: Low efficiency and low power factor.


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Reduced voltage operation in such cases helps improvement in both efficiency

and power factor.

Table: Motor efficiency and power factor atdifferent loads in percent (4 pole m/c)

HP KW HP Power Factor

100% 75% 50%100% 75% 50%

5.0 3.7 82 82 80 .88 .84 .75

10.0 7.5 85 84 81 .85 .77 .64

25.0 18.5 89 89 87 .89 .85 .75

50.0 37.0 91 91 89 .84 .81 .73

75.0 55.0 92 92 91 .85 .81 .69

100 75.0 92 92 91 .91 .89 .86


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Partial Load cont..

Maximum efficiency of Induction motor only at core loss =

copper loss.

At no load, core loss has large value, efficiency reduced.

Reduction in voltage, increase the copper loss but reduces core

losses by a large amount.

At some voltage, core loss = copper loss; maximum efficiency.

For each loading, there is an optimum value of voltage for loss

minimization.

From no load and blocked rotor test, we can find core loss and

copper loss.


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EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

Rating of the motor : 1 Hp, 1470 rpm,1.9A, 3

phase, class E, 50 Hz, Delta connected

Induction Motor NO LOAD TEST

BLOCKED ROTOR TEST

V0 in Volts I0 in Amps W0 in Watts

385 1.0 192

Vsc in Volts Isc in Amps Wsc in Watts

145.2 1.9 312


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No load phase current Is = 0.58 A

No load voltage = 385 V

Total resistance / phase refers to stator

R01 = Ps / 3 * Is2

= 86 ohm

Z01 = 132 ohm

X01 = 100.1 ohm

Rotor resistance refer to stator ( R2i ) = 38.9 ohm

Stator resistance ( R ) = 47.1 ohm

No load power factor = Pi / 3 * V * I0 = 192 / 3 * 385 * 0.58 = 0.29

Energy component of no load line current Il e = 1.0 * 0.29 = 0.29 A

Magnetic component of no load line current ( Il m ) = 0.96 A

Energy component of no load phase current ( Ie ) = 0.58 * 0.29

= 0.168 A

R0 = V / Ie = 385 / 0.168 = 2, 292 ohm Magnetic component of no load phase current = 0.55 A

X0 = 385 / 0.55 = 700 ohm


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No Load Loss Vs Voltage

Voltage((V)

380 375 370 365 360 355 350 345 340 335 330 325 320 315

No loadloss (W)

176 168 160 152 152 144 136 136 128 128 128 120 112 104

Copper loss Vs line current

Current(A)

1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9

Loss (W) 86.

4

104.5 124.4 146 169.3 194.4 211.18 249.6 280 312


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Proposed Load Current Vs Voltage

Load Current(A)

1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5

Voltage (v) 315 335 355 375 385


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motor Speed(rpm)

HP 3000 1500 1000 750

2.5 1.0 1.0 1.5 2.0

5.0 2.0 2.0 2.5 3.5

7.5 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.5

10.0 3.0 4.0 4.5 5.5

15.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.5

20.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 9.0

25.0 6.0 7.0 9.0 10.5

30.0 7.0 8.0 10.0 12.0

40.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 15.0

50.0 11.0 12.5 16.0 18.0

75.0 16.0 17.0 21.0 23.0

100.0 21.0 23.0 26.0 28.0

150.0 31.0 33.0 36.0 38.0

200.0 40.0 42.0 45.0 47.0

250.0 46.0 50.0 53.0 55.0

Transformer

KVA

Required

Capacitor

KVAR*

9 4

12 6

18 8

24 12

30 15

36 18

57 25

95 45

128 50

160 75


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Cos2

0.85 0.90 0.95 0.96 0.97 0.98 0.99 1.0

Tan2 0.62 0.48 0.33 0.29 0.25 0.20 0.14 0.0

Cos1 Tan1

0.50 1.73 1.112 1.248 1.403 1.441 1.481 1.529 1.590 1.732

0.55 1.52 0.898 1.034 1.190 1.227 1.268 1.315 1.376 1.518

0.60 1.33 0.713 0.849 1.005 1.042 1.083 1.130 1.191 1.334

0.65 1.17 0.549 0.685 0.840 0.887 0.918 0.966 1.026 1.169

0.70 1.02 0.400 0.536 0.691 0.728 0.769 0.817 0.878 1.020

0.80 0.75 0.130 0.266 0.421 0.458 0.499 0.547 0.608 0.750

0.85 0.62 0.135 0.291 0.328 0.369 0.417 0.477 0.620

0.86 0.59 0.109 0.264 0.301 0.343 0.390 0.451 0.593

0.89 0.51 0.028 0.183 0.220 0.262 0.309 0.370 0.512

0.91 0.45 0.127 0.164 0.205 0.252 0.313 0.455

0.92 0.42 0.097 0.134 0.175 0.223 0.283 0.426

0.95 0.33 0.037 0.078 0.125 0.186 0.328

0.96 0.29 0.041 0.088 0.149 0.292

0.97 0.25 0.047 0.108 0.251


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Conclusion

Adoption of Energy Conservation.,

1. Reduce effective demand

2. Help in abatement of green house

gases and other pollutants

3. Detuned filter must be used

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