Power-to-gas and power-to-fuel - products and specific use ...€¦ · Ludwig-Bölkow-Systemtechnik (LBST) (2017): Sektorenkopplung - Die Rolle von Wasserstoff als Begleiter des Stromsystems,

29.06.2018 © 2018 BECKER BÜTTNER HELD CONSULTING AG Philipp Jahnke & Julia Sandén 1

Strommarkttreffen am 29.06.2018Power-to-gas und power-to-fuel: Technological development and systemic effects

Power-to-gas and power-to-fuel - products and specific use cases

Philipp Jahnkea, c & Julia Sandéna, b

a Becker Büttner Held Consulting AG (BBHC)

b Institute for Climate Protection, Energy and Mobility (IKEM)

c Technical University of Berlin


Agenda

1. Overview: Products and Technologies

2. Potential use cases


Product and Technology overview -power-to-gas

Hydrogen

Electrolysis: 2H2O → 2H2 + O2 (through the use of electrical energy)

Low-temperature electrolysis

alkaline electrolysis

Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM)

High-temperature electrolysis

Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cell (SOEC)

Methane

Methanation: CO + 3H2→CH4 + H2O or CO2 + 4H2→CH4 + 2H2O

Catalytic methanation (nickel-based catalyst)

Biological methanation (use of microorganisms)

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2020 2030 2040 2050

CAPEX prediction

alkaline PEM SOEC Catalytic & Biological

€/kW

dena (2017), dena (2018), frontier economics (2018), DECHEMA (2017), LBST& BHL (2016)


Product and Technology overview -power-to-liquid

Diesel, gasoline & kerosene

Fischer-Tropsch synthesis:

1. liquid fuel from hydrogen and carbon monoxide

2. refinery process

Methanol synthesis + upgrading & refining:

1. hydrogen and carbon dioxide or carbon monoxide to methanol

2. Upgrading & refining €/kW

0

200

400

600

800

2020 2030 2040 2050

Investment cost prediction

Fischer-Tropsch synthesis Methanol synthesis + u. & r.

dena (2017), dena (2018), frontier economics (2018), DECHEMA (2017), LBST& BHL (2016)


Agenda

1. Overview: Products and Technologies

2. Potential use cases


Potential use cases

Pri

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(mo

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Fle

ets

Hea

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ruck

s

Pu

blic

tra

nsp

ort

Rai

l tra

nsp

ort

Avi

atio

n

Sh

ipp

ing

Ind

ust

rial

pro

cess

h

eat

Hea

tin

g o

f b

uild

ing

s

Ste

el in

du

stry

Ref

iner

y

Ch

emic

al in

du

stry

Hydrogen × × × × × - × × × × × ×

Methane × × × × - - × × × - - -

Gasoline × × - - - - - - - - - -

Diesel × × × × × - × - - - - -

Kerosene - - - - - × - - - - - -

Methanol - - - - - - - - - - - ×

Propylene - - - - - - - - - - - ×

Ethylene - - - - - - - - - - - ×

Ammonia - - - - - - - - - - - ×

Mobility Heating Industry process

PtG/PtF-products

Use

ca

ses


Heavy trucks I

Emission target for the transport sector: 40-42 % GHG reduction by 2030 compared to 1990

Current status: 39.7 Mil.t of CO2 were emitted in 2014 by heavy trucks; road freights are increasing and so are their corresponding emissions

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Hydrogen Synth. Methane Synth. Diesel Strom Natural gas Konv. Diesel

Cost comparison of alternative fuels

CAPEX OPEX Cost of carbon supply Electricity generation cost Additional electricity charges Product cost

ct/tkm

BMUB (2016), UBA (2017)


Heavy trucks II

A wide range of alternatives, all with different infrastructure requirement

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

Hydrogen Synth. Methane Synth. Diesel Electricity Electricity Natural gas Konv. Diesel

H2 FCV truck CNG/LNG truck Diesel truck BEV truck Overhead line truck CNG/LNG truck Diesel truck

Comparison of TCO

Vehicle cost Fuel cost Consumption tax

ct/tkm


Aviation

BMUB (2017b), IATA (2012).

Emission targets for the aviation industry (set by the International Aviation Industry):

A cap on net aviation CO2 emissions from 2020 (carbon-neutral growth)

A reduction in net aviation CO2 emissions of 50 % by 2050, relative to 2005 levels

Current status: 2,2 Mio. t CO2-eq. was emitted by the German aviation 2015. On an international level 859 Mio. t CO2-eq. was emitted in 2017

Lack of alternatives if a large CO2 emission reduction should be achieved

Without PtX it will not be possible to reach the emission reduction targets

Need for a fuel with:

High energy density (energy content per volume)

High specific energy (energy content per mass)

Good storage capacity0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Synth. Kerosene Konv. Kerosene

Cost comparison of alternative fuels

CAPEX OPEX

Cost of carbon supply Electricity generation cost

Additional electricity charges Product cost

ct/Pkm


Heating of buildings

Emission target for the building sector: 70 % CO2 reduction by 2030 compared to 1990

Current status: 119 Mio. t CO2-eq. was emitted by the building sector in 2014

75 % of the room hearting was generated by natural gas in 2015 (80 % in old buildings and 51 % in new buildings)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Hydrogen Synth. Methane Gas Mix Natural gas

Cost comparison of alternative energy carriers

CAPEX OPEX Cost of carbon supply Electricity generation cost Additional electricity charges Product cost Consumption tax

ct/kWh

BMUB (2016)

Step by step approach by integrating hydrogen and synth. Methane into the existing gas grid

Gas Mix: 80 vol. % natural gas, 10 vol. % hydrogen and 10 vol. %. Synth Methane.


Refinery I

Emission target for the industry sector: 40-59 % CO2 reduction by 2030 compared to 1990

Current status: 189 Mio. t CO2-eq. was emitted by building sector in 2015

Refineries are responsible for ca. 20 % of these emissions

Hydrogen from natural gas steam reforming is currently used in the refineries

Changing to green hydrogen would not require any changes of the existing production process

By using green hydrogen ca 1,4 Mio.t CO2-eq. emissions could be avoided each year

LBST& BHL (2016)


Refinery II

Large CO2 reduction potential combined with minor cost difference of the end product

Possible entry-market for Electrolyses

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Diesel produced with greenhydrogen

Conventionally produced diesel

Cost comparison of diesel

Production cost

0

5

10

15

20

25

Ggreen Hydrogen Hydrogen from steam reforming

Cost comparison of hydrogen

CAPEX OPEX

Cost of carbon supply Electricity generation cost

€/kg ct/l


Conclusion I

Mobility

A wide range of alternatives (private transport, heavy trucks etc.) as well as a lack of alternatives (aviation etc.)

Different infrastructure requirements and need for a change of technologies

Heating

Distinction between existing and new buildings necessary

Integrating hydrogen and synth. methane into the existing gas grid vs. district heating

Chemical industry

Limited availability of alternatives (biomethane)

Further use of existing technologies and infrastructure


Conclusion II

What's needed in order to bring PtX products to the market?

Investment cost reduction and efficiency increase for the PtX-technologies

Potential tax reductions

Infrastructure development (e.g. for hydrogen)

Expansion of renewable energies

Increase in price for CO2 emissions


Thank youfor your attention!

Philipp Jahnke, BBHC BerlinTel +49 (0)30 611 28 40-927

[email protected]

Julia Sandén, BBHC BerlinTel +49 (0)30 611 28 [email protected]


References

Bundesministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz, Bau und Reaktorsicherheit (BMUB) (2016): Klimaschutzplan 2050. https://www.bmu.de/fileadmin/Daten_BMU/Download_PDF/Klimaschutz/ klimaschutzplan_2050_bf.pdf (Letzter Zugriff: 18.06.2018)

Bundesministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz, Bau und Reaktorsicherheit (BMUB) (2017): Klimaschutz in Zahlen. https://www.bmu.de/fileadmin/Daten_BMU/Pools/Broschueren/klimaschutz_in_zahlen_2017_ bf.pdf (Letzter Zugriff: 18.06.2018)

Deutsche Energie Agentur (dena) (2017a): Roadmap Power to Gas. https://shop.dena.de/fileadmin/ denashop/ media/Downloads_Dateien/esd/9215_Broschuere_Baustein_einer_Integrierten_ Energiewende_Roadmap_Power_to_Gas.pdf (Letzter Zugriff: 18.06.2018)

Deutsche Energie Agentur (dena) (2018): dena-Leitstudie Integrierte Energiewende. Abrufbar unter: https://shop.dena.de/fileadmin/denashop/media/Downloads_Dateien/esd/9214_dena-Leitstudie-Integrierte-Energiewende_Zwischenfazit.pdf (Letzter Zugriff: 18.06.2018)

Frontier Economics (2018): Die zukünftigen Kosten strombasierter synthetischer Brennstoffe (Agora Verkehrswende & Agora Energiewende, 129/04-S-2018/DE). https://www.agora-energiewende.de/fileadmin/Projekte/2017/SynKost_2050/Agora_SynCost-Studie_WEB.pdf (Letzter Zugriff: 18.06.2018)

International Air Transport Association (IATA) (2012): Policy - Climate Change. http://www.iata.org/ policy/environment/Pages/climate-change.aspx (Letzter Zugriff: 18.06.2018).


References

Ludwig-Bölkow-Systemtechnik (LBST) (2017): Sektorenkopplung - Die Rolle von Wasserstoff als Begleiter des Stromsystems, Seminar „Erneuerbare Energien“, Hochschule Karlsruhe Technik und Wirtschaft, 28.06.2017. https://www.hs-karlsruhe.de/fileadmin/hska/EIT/Aktuelles/seminar_erneurbare_energien/Sommer_2017/Folien/170628SektorenkopplungBuenger.pdf (Letzter Zugriff: 18.06.2018)

Ludwig-Bölkow-Systemtechnik (LBST) & Bauhaus Luftfahrt (BHL) (2016): Power-to-Liquids - Potentials and perspectivesfor the future supply of renewable aviation fuel (UBA, ISSN: 2363-829X). http://www. lbst.de/news/2016_docs/161005_uba_hintergrund_ptl_barrierrefrei.pdf (Letzter Zugriff: 18.06.2018)

Umweltbundesamt (UBA) (2016a): Integration von Power to Gas/Power to Liquid in den laufenden Transformationsprozess. https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/sites/default/files/medien/1/ publikationen/position_power_to_gas-power_to_liquid_web.pdf (Letzter Zugriff: 18.06.2018)

Umweltbundesamt (UBA) (2016b): Klimaschutzbeitrag des Verkehrs bis 2050. https://www. umweltbundesamt.de/sites/default/files/medien/1410/publikationen/texte_56_2016_klimaschutzbeitrag_des_verkehrs_2050_getagged.pdf (Letzter Zugriff: 18.06.2018)

Umweltbundesamt (UBA) (2017): Emissionen des Verkehrs. https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/ daten/verkehr/emissionen-des-verkehrs#textpart-1 (Letzter Zugriff: 18.06.2018)

Documents

Power-to-gas and power-to-fuel - products and specific use ...€¦ · Ludwig-Bölkow-Systemtechnik (LBST) (2017): Sektorenkopplung - Die Rolle von Wasserstoff als Begleiter des Stromsystems,