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POWER-TO-X – A KEY TECHNOLOGY FOR AN INTERNATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY TRADING SYSTEMProf. Christopher HeblingDirector Division Energy Technologies and Systems; Business Division Hydrogen TechnologiesFraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems, Freiburg, Germany - christopher.hebling@ise.fraunhofer.de

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Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISEVision

Our driving motivation is to secure the livelihood of present and future generations and protect our natural resources.

With our pioneering research and development work, we hold a leading role internationally in the field of renewable energy systems and technologies.

This enables us to contribute significantly to creating a sustainable, economic, secure and socially just energy supply worldwide, paving the way for an energy supply based exclusively on renewable energy sources.

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Energy Transformation Towards Renewable Energies Must Move Faster to Reach Emission Targets and Limit Global Warming to 1.5°C

2015 UN Climate Change Conference in Paris

IPCC Special Report October 2018https://www.de-ipcc.de/img/content/SR1.5_Cover.jpg

Data source: NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS). Credit: NASA/GISS

Stand: 2019

o Annual mean

• Lowess smoothing

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Fraunhofer-Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISEResearch for the Energy Transformation

Budget 2018

©Fraunhofer ISE / Fotograf Guido Kirsch

Directors

Prof. Dr. Hans-Martin Henning

Dr. Andreas Bett

Staff

ca. 1250

Scientists, engineers, students

© Fraunhofer ISE/ Guido Kirsch

Operation 83,5 Mio. EUR

Investment 10,8 Mio. EUR

Total 94,3 Mio. EUR

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Fraunhofer ISEAreas of Research

ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES AND SYSTEMSProf. Dr. Hans-Martin Henning

Energy Efficient Buildings

Solar Thermal Power Plants andIndustrial Processes

Hydrogen Technologies and Electrical Energy Storage

Power Electronics, Grids andSmart Systems

PHOTOVOLTAICSDr. Andreas Bett

Silicon Photovoltaics

III-V and ConcentratorPhotovoltaics

Emerging PhotovoltaicTechnologies

Photovoltaic Modulesand Power Plants

©EUMETSAT 2018 Foto

s: (1

) ©Fr

aunh

ofer

ISE/

Brau

ngar

dt, (

2,3,

5,7)

©Fr

aunh

ofer

ISE/

Dirk

Mah

ler,

(8)©

EUM

ETSA

T 20

18

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Sustainable Mobility

Fuel cell car at the solar hydrogen filling station at Fraunhofer ISE

Hydrogen TechnologiesDefossilization of Transport, Chemicals and Process Heat

Synthetic Fuels

Development of catalysts and processes incl. LCA analyses for Power-to-Liquid

processes

DieselOME

Power-to-X Technologies

Water electrolysis as basic technology for renewable fuels

Foto

s ©

Fr

aunh

ofer

ISE

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Targets and Phases of the Energy TransformationA Cost and Climate Compatible Transformation of the Energy System

System Integration

Synthetic Fuels

Final Defossilization

1990 2010 2030 2040

Increased coupling between the electricity, heat and transport sectors

Continued advancements in technology development and energy efficiency

at least -40% at least -55%GHG Emission Reduction

20502020

Basic Technologies

-80% to -95 %

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Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE) of Photovoltaik Projects2010 – 2018 (country-average; utility-scale)

Source: Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2018, IRENA

Current global PPA and auction price datafor 2020:

0.048 USD/kWh

Gas GTGas CC

CoalNuclear

Plants even in Germany alreadyachive (2018):

0.04 USD/kWh

Source: LCOE – Renewable Energy Techn. 2018, Fraunhofer ISE

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Renewable Capacities are GrowingGlobal Wind and Photovoltaic Installations beyond 1TW Total Capacity

Source: IRENA, 2019, http://resourceirena.irena.org/gateway/dashboard/

Renewables in 2018:

2356 GW Global RenewableGeneration Capacity:

564 GW Wind

481 GW Photovoltaics

1295 GW Hydro

118 GW Bioenergy

175 GW increase in global newrenewable generation capacity in 2018 (86% Solar and Wind)

540

24

1045 GW

481

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1 000

1 100

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Inst

alle

d Ca

paci

ty (G

W)

Solar Photovoltaic

Offshore Wind

Onshore Wind

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Strategic Focal Points for PhotovoltaicIntegration und High Efficiency

System analysis consider Photovoltaik (PV) as thedominant power generation technology for the energytransformation

Increase of PV-expansion of additional 500 GW is necessary in Germany only

Competition of land utilization is increasing

Solutions:

Double use of Surface Areas(Agro-PV, Floating-PV, Road-Integrated-PV)

Builing Integration BIPV(roofs, facades)

High Efficient Solar Cellsreduce the area consumption (tandem cells)

400 600 800 1000 1200 14000.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

Inte

nsity

[W m

-2nm

-1]

Wavelength [nm]

1.12 eV

AM1.5

1.44 eV1.88 eV

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Averaged Capacity Factor for Wind and Solar Energy in Europe1995 bis 2015

Source: dwd.de/klima

Wind Solar

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Full Load Hours of Photovoltaic and Wind Power Plants Combined

Source: IEA (2017) Renewables

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Hydrogen Value Chain and ApplicationsPower-to-X

HydroPower

Wind

Solar

Fuel Cell Mobility, Cars, Trucks, Buses, Trains, Forklifts, Ships, etc.

Fuel Cell Systems, Gas Engines and Turbines

Fertilizer, etc.

Sustainable base chemicals, OME,DME, Polymers, Formic Acid, etc.

Fuels:OME, DME,Fischer Tropsch, Kerosin, etc.

Products with AdvancedProperties

Hydrogen Direct Use and Catalytic Conversion

Haber-Bosch

Ammonia

MeOH-Synthesis

Methanol

Raffineries

Sustainable Feedstock

Air

CO2 / CO

H2O

Industry / Biomass

Nitrogen

Power

Power

CO2

Water Electrolysis

H2 O2

+-

Hydrogen

Co-Elektrolysis

H2O

Hydrogen

COH2 O2

+-

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ConclusionsGlobal trade of renewable energy is required and is beginning now

The transformation of energy systems in line with GHG emission targets is technically feasible The importance of electric energy is increasing and renewablesS (solar, wind) will be dominant Large scale hydrogen production and transportation will be starting globally in the 2020s Renewable Electricity in Power-to-X Applications Coupling of sectors: electricity use (directly, indirectly) for heat, chemistry and mobility Large scale conversion of renewable electricity into synthetic energy carriers (hydrogen, liquid fuels) Transformation is cost competitive if CO2 emissions appropriately penalized

Internationally harmonized and certified standards with a strong governance frameworks are needed for hydrogen-based energy carriers and chemicals

International research cooperations and energy partnerships are a prerequisite for faster progress, longterm tradingrelationships and a secure investment environment

There is no single solution to turn emissions around: Renewables, efficiency & a host of innovative technologies, including storage, hydrogen technologies and negative CO2 emissions are all required

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Thank You for Your Attention

Fraunhofer-Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISEchristopher.hebling@ise.fraunhofer.de, www.ise.fraunhofer.de

Power-to-X – A key technology for an international renewable energy trading systemFraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE�VisionEnergy Transformation Towards Renewable Energies Must Move Faster to Reach Emission Targets and Limit Global Warming to 1.5°CFraunhofer-Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE�Research for the Energy TransformationFraunhofer ISE�Areas of ResearchHydrogen Technologies�Defossilization of Transport, Chemicals and Process HeatTargets and Phases of the Energy Transformation�A Cost and Climate Compatible Transformation of the Energy System���Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE) of Photovoltaik Projects�2010 – 2018 (country-average; utility-scale) Renewable Capacities are Growing�Global Wind and Photovoltaic Installations beyond 1TW Total CapacityStrategic Focal Points for Photovoltaic�Integration und High EfficiencyAveraged Capacity Factor for Wind and Solar Energy in Europe�1995 bis 2015Full Load Hours of Photovoltaic and Wind Power Plants CombinedHydrogen Value Chain and Applications�Power-to-XConclusions�Global trade of renewable energy is required and is beginning now�Thank You for Your Attention