Tracesure I

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Tracesure IÓ What is it ?What is it ?

Slow releasing rumino-reticular bolusSlow releasing rumino-reticular bolus Unique leaching bolus weighing 55 gUnique leaching bolus weighing 55 g Does not lose shape or sizeDoes not lose shape or size

Ó What is it for ?What is it for ? supplementation with Iodinesupplementation with Iodine 3,400 mg3,400 mg

SeleniumSelenium 500 mg 500 mg Cobalt Cobalt 500 mg 500 mg

Tracesure IÓ Trace elementsTrace elements

essential micro-nutrientsessential micro-nutrients very small quantities requiredvery small quantities required often involved in enzyme structure/functionoften involved in enzyme structure/function often interactoften interact

Tracesure I: release of elements

Ó IodineIodine 3,400 mg over 180 days = 18.7 mg/day3,400 mg over 180 days = 18.7 mg/dayÓ SeleniumSelenium 500 mg over 180 days = 2.7 mg/day500 mg over 180 days = 2.7 mg/dayÓ CobaltCobalt 500 mg over 180 days = 2.7 mg/day500 mg over 180 days = 2.7 mg/day

Ó For cattle:For cattle:Ó One bolus: over 200 kg - 550 kgOne bolus: over 200 kg - 550 kgÓ Two boluses: Over 550 kgTwo boluses: Over 550 kg

Tracesure I Storage of Trace Elements

Ó IODINEIODINE short-livedshort-lived supplementation every 1-2 wkssupplementation every 1-2 wks

Ó SELENIUMSELENIUM good storagegood storage

Ó COBALTCOBALT little storagelittle storage need constant supplementation for vit B12need constant supplementation for vit B12

IODINEÓ Constituent of Thyroid hormones T3/T4Constituent of Thyroid hormones T3/T4Ó T3/T4 affect: T3/T4 affect: metabolic ratemetabolic rate growthgrowth

reproductionreproduction health/survival of offspringhealth/survival of offspringlactationlactation brain developmentbrain development lung/heart lung/heart developmentdevelopment resistance to infectionresistance to infection

IODINEÓ Major site of absorption: rumenÓ Soils : high incidence of I2 deficiency in Ireland iodine not essential to plants levels differ in various grasses high in rye and white clover low in cocksfoot winter pasture is high and summer pasture is low

IODINEÓ Soils:Soils: pasture may contain goitrogens -pasture may contain goitrogens -

-- rape, kale, turnipsrape, kale, turnips

Contain either:Contain either:(a) cyanates (a) cyanates

which inhibit Iwhich inhibit I22 uptake uptake by thyroid, orby thyroid, or (b) (b) thiouracids which interfere with thiouracids which interfere with oxidation of I oxidation of I22 in thyroid in thyroid

IODINE

Ó Soils:Soils: Addition of lime to pasture Addition of lime to pasture decreases Idecreases I22 uptake uptake FYM reduces IFYM reduces I22 of of pasture by 10Xpasture by 10X High protein feeding or High protein feeding or undefeeding causes reduced Iundefeeding causes reduced I22 uptakeuptake

IODINE: deficiencyÓ Little hard information in UKLittle hard information in UKÓ Often associated with “late pregnancy” Often associated with “late pregnancy”

problemsproblems Failure to reproduce efficientlyFailure to reproduce efficiently

Low conception ratesLow conception rates Increased metritisIncreased metritis early EDearly ED re-absorptionre-absorption sub-oestrussub-oestrus loss of libido in bullsloss of libido in bulls

IODINE: levels

Low Marginal Normal

<50 51-105 >105

PII levels: PII levels: g/Lg/L

IODINE: levelsÓ Measured by T4 or plasma inorganic iodine Measured by T4 or plasma inorganic iodine

(PII)(PII)Ó Milk: care with PII due to X-contaminationMilk: care with PII due to X-contamination

Low Marginal Normal

<50 51-105 >105

PII levels: mg/LPII levels: mg/L

SELENIUMÓ Se and Vit. E linkedSe and Vit. E linkedÓ Component of glutathione peroxidase Component of glutathione peroxidase

(GSHPx)(GSHPx)Ó Catalyses removal of peroxide radicals: toxic Catalyses removal of peroxide radicals: toxic

to cellsto cellsÓ Absorbed form duodenumAbsorbed form duodenumÓ Transferred to rbcTransferred to rbc

Tracesure I Timing of administration

Ó IodineIodine

late pregnancylate pregnancy

minimum 2 months before calvingminimum 2 months before calving at turn outat turn out

IONOX : target patient

Ó CattleCattleÓ FemalesFemalesÓ HeifersHeifers and cows and cowsÓ Beef and dairyBeef and dairyÓ Prior to calvingPrior to calvingÓ During dry period when receiving no During dry period when receiving no

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Iodine Deficiency

Study DesignÓ Recruit herds via VS based on clinical historyRecruit herds via VS based on clinical historyÓ 10 animals, heifers or cows, 10 animals, heifers or cows, notnot receiving receiving

supplementary mineralssupplementary mineralsÓ Blood sample and assay PII levelsBlood sample and assay PII levelsÓ Treat 5 with Ionox / Tracesure I bolusTreat 5 with Ionox / Tracesure I bolusÓ Resample same 10 animals 4 weeks laterResample same 10 animals 4 weeks later

Results: No. herds by County

Leicestershire 3 (7.5)Cumbria 3 (7.5)Hampshire 4 (10)Cheshire 3 (7.5)Lancashire 7 (17.5)Clwyd 8 (20)Buckinghamshire 3 (7.5)Cornwall 2 (5)Herefordshire 1 (2.5)Dorset 2 (5)Somerset 1 (2.5)Yorkshire 2 (5)Devon 1 (2.5)Total 40

By Herd, by PII Status

PII status02468

101214161820

No herds

PII status

L

M N47.5%

25% 27.5%

By PII Status, by Animal

PII status0

50

100

150

200

250

PII status

L

54.7%

M

22.2%

N

23.1%

PII Status of All Animals Pre-Treatment

Ionox Control

No. tested 218 219

Low PII status 122(56%)

117(53%)

Marginal PIIstatus

47(21.6%)

50(22.8%)

Normal PIIstatus

49(22.4%)

52(23.7%)

Low and Marginal PII Animals only

Ionox ControlPre-Treatment: mean 38.7 40.1

Pre-Treatment: SD 25.0 25.6

Post-Treatment:mean

192.6 61.6

Post-Treatment: SD 130.9 96.1

Response to Treatment

Ionox Control0

20406080

100120140160180200

PII

Ionox Control

Pre MeanPost Mean

Ionox is Tracesure I