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Honors Modern European History

221 – 3

Mr. Rauer / K-213

Understanding

Historical Periods

Of History

Warfare is the Agent

of Historic Change

Recorded history begins at approximately

3,500 B.C.

Prior to that everything is called “Pre-

Historic”

3,500 BC – 2017 AD (5,517 Years)

Approximately 200 years of peace

Technology improves the quality of

weapons

People become more aggressive2

The most violent century in the history of the world ?

The Twentieth Century !

Ancient

History

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Renaissance

Soldiers

The Nine

Principles of War

The Modern Warrior

of the 21st Century

Chapter Twelve (12)

Recovery and Rebirth:The Age of the Renaissance

Honors Modern European

History 221 – 3

Mr. Rauer / K-213

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Meaning and Characteristics

of the Italian Renaissance

Renaissance = Rebirth

The work and legacy of Jacob

Burkhardt - Historian

The Civilization of the

Renaissance in Italy (1860)

Major Features

Urban society

Age of recovery

Rebirth of Greco-Roman

culture

Emphasis on individual

ability

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The Making of Renaissance Society

Economic Recovery

Expansion of trade

Italian cities lose economic supremacy

Hanseatic League

Venetian Trading Empire

The Year 1000

The Year 1500

The Making of Renaissance Society

Economic Recovery

Industries old and new

Textiles

Printing

Mining

metallurgy

Banking and the Medici

Florence

Symbol for the Florin = FL

Hungary = “Forint”

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Medici Family

Bankers to the Pope

Branches in:

Venice, Milan, Rome, Avignon,

Bruges, London, Lyons

Social Changes in the Renaissance

The Nobility (2 – 3 percent of population)

Ideals: Baldassare Castiglione (1478 – 1529)

The Book of the Courtier (1528)

How people should act – ideals and

expectations for your station in life

Peasants and Townspeople (85 – 90 percent

of population)

Decline of manorialism and serfdom

Urban hierarchy

Patricians, petty burghers, shopkeepers,

artisans, guild-masters, guildsmen, workers,

and unemployed

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The Family in Renaissance Italy

Marriage

Arranged, to strengthen business or family ties

The importance of the dowry

Father-husband: head of family

Wife managed household

Children

The dangers of childbirth and childhood

Sexual Norms

Disparity in ages of spouses

Extramarital sexual relationships

The Italian States in the Renaissance

The Five Major States

The duchy of Milan

The republic of Venice

The republic of Florence

The Medici

The Papal States

The Kingdom of Naples

Will Seek to Develop a

Balance of Power

Among the Major States

Warfare in Italy

Fragmentation and the balance of power

France and Spain fight over the peninsula

Valois Family vs. Habsburg Family

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The Birth of Modern Diplomacy

Resident Agents –

Ambassadors

“ferret” out useful

information

Protect their state

Interests of the

state super-cede

all other

considerations

Hans Holbein – The Ambassadors

Niccolo Machiavelli (1469 – 1527)

and the New Statecraft

The Prince

Goals: acquisition, maintenance, and

expansion of political power.

Is it better for a prince to be loved or to be

feared? Power & Human Nature

Made numerous diplomatic missions

Wrote the Prince – With knowledge of the

history of Rome and current Italian

political affairs

Cesare Borgia (son of Pope Alexander VI)

The Intellectual Renaissance in Italy

The emergence of humanism

The studia humanitatis (Study of Humanity), based on Greco-Roman literature

The importance of Petrarch (1304 – 1374)(Father of Italian Humanism)

Humanism in Fifteenth-Century Italy

Civic Humanism – FlorenceCicero as modelLeonardo Bruni (1370 – 1444)

Growing interest in Greek civilization

Humanist consciousnessLorenzo Valla (1407 – 1457)

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Education in the Renaissance

The subjects and goals liberal studies

“The Classics”

History, moral philosophy, eloquence (rhetoric), letters (grammar and logic), poetry, mathematics, astronomy, and music

The School of

Athens

Raphael

1509 – 1511

Apostolic Palace -

Vatican

Alexander the Great?

Plato or DaVinci?

Michelangelo?

The Impact of Printing

Johannes Gutenberg / Mainz, Germany

Movable type and Gutenberg’s Bible (1455 or 1456)

Books Cheaper – Affordable Literacy Increases

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The Artistic Renaissance

Art in the Early Renaissance

A new realism

Perspective and organization

Movement and anatomical structure

Invention at the Medici court: Sandra Botticelli (1445 – 1510)

Donato di Donatello (1386 – 1466)

David

Filippo Brunelleschi (1377 – 1446)

Church of San Lorenzo

Assertion of human individuality: portraits

Da Vinci the

inventor

Leonardo Da Vinci Lives (& Dies) in France

Patronage of Francis I

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The Artistic RenaissanceThe Artistic High Renaissance

Raphael (1483 – 1520)School of Athens

Michelangelo (1475 – 1564)The Sistine Chapel

Donato Bramante (1444 – 1514)

The Artist and Social Status

The economic rewards of artistic genius

Marble of Carrara, Italy

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The Northern Artistic Renaissance

Jan van Eyck (c. 1390 – 1441)

Giovanni Arnolfini and His Bride

Albrecht Dürer (1471 – 1528)

Adoration of the Magi

Music in the Renaissance

Guillaume Dufay (c. 1400 – 1474)

The madrigal

A madrigal is a secular vocal music

composition of the Renaissance and early

Baroque eras. Traditionally, polyphonic

madrigals are unaccompanied; the number

of voices varies from two to eight, and most

frequently from three to six.

The European State in the Renaissance

The Growth of the French Monarchy

Louis XI, the Spider (1461 – 1483)Territorial expansion and royal control

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The War of the Roses (1455 – 1485)Fought over the Succession to the English Crown

•Henry VI – Unstable

•Edward IV (York ) Comes to Power (1483)

Final Phase

Richard III -- House of York (White Rose)

• Brother – Murders Edwards two Sons?

Vs.

Henry Tudor -- House of Lancaster (Red Rose)

• Gains Support of Many Nobles

Battle of Bosworth Field 1485 (Next Slide)

Richard III Killed

Henry Tudor Becomes Henry VII

Established the Tudor Dynasty

Marries Elizabeth of York

Result: English Monarchy is Strengthened

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35

Battle of Bosworth Field -- 22 August 1485

35

Decides the Kingship of England!

The European State in the Renaissance

The Growth of the French Monarchy

Louis XI, the Spider (1461 – 1483)Territorial expansion and royal control

England: Civil War and a New Monarchy

The Wars of the Roses

The administrative and financial reforms of Henry VII (1485 – 1509)

Unification of SpainFernand and Isabella - 1492

Holy Roman Empire: The Success of the HabsburgsVienna

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37

Spanish Re-conquest of Spain

(“Reconquista”)

Portugal / Castile / Aragon

1469 = Ferdinand of Aragon

+ Isabella of Castile

Establish a Christian Kingdom

1492 Last Islamic State is Conquered

(Granada)

All Spain Must be Catholic

Muslims / Jews Converted

or Left Spain

Inquisition = Heretics

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The European State in the Renaissance

The Growth of the French Monarchy

Louis XI, the Spider (1461 – 1483)Territorial expansion and royal control

England: Civil War and a New Monarchy

The Wars of the Roses

The administrative and financial reforms of Henry VII (1485 – 1509)

Unification of SpainFernand and Isabella - 1492

Holy Roman Empire: The Success of the HabsburgsVienna

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Holy Roman Empire

Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV Decrees

Monarch will be Elected

Holy Roman Emperor Issues the “Golden Bull”

of 1356

Seven Prince Electors Established

Archbishops: Trier; Cologne; Mainz

Princes: King of Bohemia; Duke of Saxony;

Count of the Palatine; Margrave of

Brandenburg

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Meet Throughout Germany for Elections

Hapsburg Family of Austria is Elected

Repeatedly

Hapsburg Family Makes a Series of Dynastic

Marriages with the Royal Houses of Europe

Holy Roman Empire; Low Countries; Spain;

Italy

Capital = Vienna, Austria

Prince - Electors

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The Struggle for Strong Monarchy in Eastern Europe

Russia

Ivan III (1462 – 1505): overthrow of the Mongols

The Ottoman Turks and the End of the Byzantine Empire

The spread of the Ottoman Turks

Fall of Constantinople to the Turks (1453)

The European State in the Renaissance

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The Church in the Renaissance

The Problem of Heresy and Reform

John Wyclif (c. 1328 – 1384) and Lollardy

The push for a vernacular BibleAttack on practices not mentioned in Scripture

John Hus (1374 – 1415) and the Hussites

Criticism of worldliness and corruption of the clergyBurned at the stake (1415)

Reform of the Church

Church councilsSacrosancta and Frequens

The Renaissance Papacy

Julius II (1503 – 1513), “warrior-pope”

Nepotism

Sixtus IV (1471 – 1484) and his nephews

Alexander VI (1492 – 1503) and the Borgias

Degrades the Office of the Papacy

Assassinations

Mistresses (4)

Illegitimate Children (9)

Cesare

Lucrezia

Marries three times

for political gain

Alexander VI

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